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Okebiorun M, Oberbeck C, Waite C, Clark S, Miller D, Barney Smith EH, Cornell KA, Browning J. Selective Optical Imaging for Detection of Bacterial Biofilms in Tissues. J Imaging 2023; 9:160. [PMID: 37623692 PMCID: PMC10455256 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The development of an imaging technique to accurately identify biofilm regions on tissues and in wounds is crucial for the implementation of precise surface-based treatments, leading to better patient outcomes and reduced chances of infection. AIM The goal of this study was to develop an imaging technique that relies on selective trypan blue (TB) staining of dead cells, necrotic tissues, and bacterial biofilms, to identify biofilm regions on tissues and wounds. APPROACH The study explored combinations of ambient multi-colored LED lights to obtain maximum differentiation between stained biofilm regions and the underlying chicken tissue or glass substrate during image acquisition. The TB imaging results were then visually and statistically compared to fluorescence images using a shape similarity measure. RESULTS The comparisons between the proposed TB staining method and the fluorescence standard used to detect biofilms on tissues and glass substrates showed up to 97 percent similarity, suggesting that the TB staining method is a promising technique for identifying biofilm regions. CONCLUSIONS The TB staining method demonstrates significant potential as an effective imaging technique for the identification of fluorescing and non-fluorescing biofilms on tissues and in wounds. This approach could lead to improved precision in surface-based treatments and better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Okebiorun
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Cody Oberbeck
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA or (E.H.B.S.)
| | - Cameron Waite
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Samuel Clark
- Department of Mathematics, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Dalton Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA (K.A.C.)
| | - Elisa H. Barney Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA or (E.H.B.S.)
- Autonomous Systems and Software Program, Luleå Tekniska Universitet, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kenneth A. Cornell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA (K.A.C.)
| | - Jim Browning
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA or (E.H.B.S.)
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Zhao A, Sun J, Liu Y. Understanding bacterial biofilms: From definition to treatment strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1137947. [PMID: 37091673 PMCID: PMC10117668 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1137947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex microbial communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances. Their formation is a multi-step process. Biofilms are a significant problem in treating bacterial infections and are one of the main reasons for the persistence of infections. They can exhibit increased resistance to classical antibiotics and cause disease through device-related and non-device (tissue) -associated infections, posing a severe threat to global health issues. Therefore, early detection and search for new and alternative treatments are essential for treating and suppressing biofilm-associated infections. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the formation of bacterial biofilms, associated infections, detection methods, and potential treatment strategies, aiming to provide researchers with the latest progress in the detection and treatment of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yipin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Yipin Liu,
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Biofilms in Surgical Site Infections: Recent Advances and Novel Prevention and Eradication Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010069. [PMID: 35052946 PMCID: PMC8773207 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common postoperative occurrences due to contamination of the surgical wound or implanted medical devices with community or hospital-acquired microorganisms, as well as other endogenous opportunistic microbes. Despite numerous rules and guidelines applied to prevent these infections, SSI rates are considerably high, constituting a threat to the healthcare system in terms of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and death. Approximately 80% of human SSIs, including chronic wound infections, are related to biofilm-forming bacteria. Biofilm-associated SSIs are extremely difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics due to several tolerance mechanisms provided by the multidrug-resistant bacteria, usually arranged as polymicrobial communities. In this review, novel strategies to control, i.e., prevent and eradicate, biofilms in SSIs are presented and discussed, focusing mainly on two attractive approaches: the use of nanotechnology-based composites and natural plant-based products. An overview of new therapeutic agents and strategic approaches to control epidemic multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, particularly when biofilms are present, is provided alongside other combinatorial approaches as attempts to obtain synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics and restore their efficacy to treat biofilm-mediated SSIs. Some detection and real-time monitoring systems to improve biofilm control strategies and diagnosis of human infections are also discussed.
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Cruz A, Condinho M, Carvalho B, Arraiano CM, Pobre V, Pinto SN. The Two Weapons against Bacterial Biofilms: Detection and Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1482. [PMID: 34943694 PMCID: PMC8698905 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are defined as complex aggregates of bacteria that grow attached to surfaces or are associated with interfaces. Bacteria within biofilms are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix made of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. It is recognized that bacterial biofilms are responsible for the majority of microbial infections that occur in the human body, and that biofilm-related infections are extremely difficult to treat. This is related with the fact that microbial cells in biofilms exhibit increased resistance levels to antibiotics in comparison with planktonic (free-floating) cells. In the last years, the introduction into the market of novel compounds that can overcome the resistance to antimicrobial agents associated with biofilm infection has slowed down. If this situation is not altered, millions of lives are at risk, and this will also strongly affect the world economy. As such, research into the identification and eradication of biofilms is important for the future of human health. In this sense, this article provides an overview of techniques developed to detect and imaging biofilms as well as recent strategies that can be applied to treat biofilms during the several biofilm formation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cruz
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Condinho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Cecília M. Arraiano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Vânia Pobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.C.); (B.C.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Sandra N. Pinto
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Rooney LM, Amos WB, Hoskisson PA, McConnell G. Intra-colony channels in E. coli function as a nutrient uptake system. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2461-2473. [PMID: 32555430 PMCID: PMC7490401 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to grow as aggregated assemblages has been known for many years, however their structure has remained largely unexplored across multiple spatial scales. The development of the Mesolens, an optical system which uniquely allows simultaneous imaging of individual bacteria over a 36 mm2 field of view, has enabled the study of mature Escherichia coli macro-colony biofilm architecture like never before. The Mesolens enabled the discovery of intra-colony channels on the order of 10 μm in diameter, that are integral to E. coli macro-colony biofilms and form as an emergent property of biofilm growth. These channels have a characteristic structure and re-form after total mechanical disaggregation of the colony. We demonstrate that the channels are able to transport particles and play a role in the acquisition of and distribution of nutrients through the biofilm. These channels potentially offer a new route for the delivery of dispersal agents for antimicrobial drugs to biofilms, ultimately lowering their impact on public health and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Rooney
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - William B Amos
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gail McConnell
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
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Anastasiadis P, Mojica KDA, Allen JS, Matter ML. Detection and quantification of bacterial biofilms combining high-frequency acoustic microscopy and targeted lipid microparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2014; 12:24. [PMID: 24997588 PMCID: PMC4113671 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immuno-compromised patients such as those undergoing cancer chemotherapy are susceptible to bacterial infections leading to biofilm matrix formation. This surrounding biofilm matrix acts as a diffusion barrier that binds up antibiotics and antibodies, promoting resistance to treatment. Developing non-invasive imaging methods that detect biofilm matrix in the clinic are needed. The use of ultrasound in conjunction with targeted ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) may provide detection of early stage biofilm matrix formation and facilitate optimal treatment. RESULTS Ligand-targeted UCAs were investigated as a novel method for pre-clinical non-invasive molecular imaging of early and late stage biofilms. These agents were used to target, image and detect Staphylococcus aureus biofilm matrix in vitro. Binding efficacy was assessed on biofilm matrices with respect to their increasing biomass ranging from 3.126 × 103 ± 427 UCAs per mm(2) of biofilm surface area within 12 h to 21.985 × 103 ± 855 per mm(2) of biofilm matrix surface area at 96 h. High-frequency acoustic microscopy was used to ultrasonically detect targeted UCAs bound to a biofilm matrix and to assess biofilm matrix mechanoelastic physical properties. Acoustic impedance data demonstrated that biofilm matrices exhibit impedance values (1.9 MRayl) close to human tissue (1.35 - 1.85 MRayl for soft tissues). Moreover, the acoustic signature of mature biofilm matrices were evaluated in terms of integrated backscatter (0.0278 - 0.0848 mm(-1) × sr(-1)) and acoustic attenuation (3.9 Np/mm for bound UCAs; 6.58 Np/mm for biofilm alone). CONCLUSIONS Early diagnosis of biofilm matrix formation is a challenge in treating cancer patients with infection-associated biofilms. We report for the first time a combined optical and acoustic evaluation of infectious biofilm matrices. We demonstrate that acoustic impedance of biofilms is similar to the impedance of human tissues, making in vivo imaging and detection of biofilm matrices difficult. The combination of ultrasound and targeted UCAs can be used to enhance biofilm imaging and early detection. Our findings suggest that the combination of targeted UCAs and ultrasound is a novel molecular imaging technique for the detection of biofilms. We show that high-frequency acoustic microscopy provides sufficient spatial resolution for quantification of biofilm mechanoelastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Anastasiadis
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Kristina D A Mojica
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Current address: Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - John S Allen
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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