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Manikanta P, Mounesh, Nikam RR, Mohanty J, Balakrishna RG, Sandeep S, Nagaraja BM. CdO Decorated with Polypyrrole Nanotube Heterostructure: Potent Electrocatalyst for the Detection of Antihistamine Drug Promethazine Hydrochloride in Environmental Samples. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11099-11107. [PMID: 37490749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of electrochemical sensor application, the development and fabrication of semiconducting metal oxides with the integration of conducting polymers for the trace-level detection of pharmaceutical medicines garnered considerable interest. Herein, we reported facile cadmium oxide decorated with polypyrrole nanotubes fabricated on a glassy carbon electrode (CdO@PPy/GCE) for efficient determination of antihistamine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMH). The as-synthesized CdO@PPy composite was characterized by various analytical tools like X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode for PMH detection was examined by voltammetry and amperometric methods, and the modified electrode exhibited lower charge transfer resistance compared to the bare GCE. Under the optimized condition, the fabricated electrode shows a wide linear range (50-550 μM), better sensitivity (0.13 μAμM-1 cm-2), low detection limit (10.83 nM) (S/N = 3), and excellent selectivity and reproducibility toward PMH detection. Moreover, the modified GCE depicted eminent practical ability for PMH detection in lake water and pharmaceutical tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manikanta
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India
| | - Mounesh
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India
| | - Rohit Rangnath Nikam
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India
| | - Jubate Mohanty
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India
| | - R Geetha Balakrishna
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India
| | - S Sandeep
- Department of Chemistry, S J College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru 570008, India
| | - Bhari Mallanna Nagaraja
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka 562112, India
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2
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Uçar A, Aydoğdu Tığ G, Er E. Recent advances in two dimensional nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensing platforms for trace-level detection of amino acids and pharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Ravele T, Fuku XG, Hlongwa NW, Nkambule TTI, Gumbi NN, Sekhosana KE. Advances in Electrochemical Systems for Detection of Anti‐Androgens in Water Bodies. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thompho Ravele
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Xolile G. Fuku
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Ntuthuko W. Hlongwa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Thabo T. I. Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Nozipho N. Gumbi
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Kutloano E. Sekhosana
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
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Shahbazi-Derakhshi P, Mahmoudi E, Majidi MM, Sohrabi H, Amini M, Majidi MR, Niaei A, Shaykh-Baygloo N, Mokhtarzadeh A. An Ultrasensitive miRNA-Based Genosensor for Detection of MicroRNA 21 in Gastric Cancer Cells Based on Functional Signal Amplifier and Synthesized Perovskite-Graphene Oxide and AuNPs. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:172. [PMID: 36831939 PMCID: PMC9953341 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present research work, the state-of-art label-free electrochemical genosensing platform was developed based on the hybridization process in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as an efficient redox probe for sensitive recognition of the miRNA-21 in human gastric cell lines samples. To attain this aim, perovskite nanosheets were initially synthesized. Afterward, the obtained compound was combined with the graphene oxide resulting in an effective electrochemical modifier, which was dropped on the surface of the Au electrode. Then, AuNPs (Gold Nano Particles) have been electrochemically-immobilized on perovskite-graphene oxide/Au-modified electrode surface through the chronoamperometry (CA) technique. Finally, a self-assembling monolayer reaction of ss-capture RNA ensued by the thiol group at the end of the probe with AuNPs on the modified electrode surface. miRNA-21 has been cast on the Au electrode surface to apply the hybridization process. To find out the effectiveness of the synthesized modifier agent, the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode has been analyzed through DPV (differential pulse voltammetry) and CV (cyclic voltammetry) techniques. The prepared biomarker-detection bioassay offers high sensitivity and specificity, good performance, and appropriate precision and accuracy for the highly-sensitive determination of miRNA-21. Different characterization methods have been used, such as XRD, Raman, EDS, and FE-SEM, for morphological characterization and investigation of particle size. Based on optimal conditions, the limit of detection and quantification have been acquired at 2.94 fM and 8.75 fM, respectively. Furthermore, it was possible to achieve a wide linear range which is between 10-14 and 10-7 for miRNA-21. Moreover, the selectivity of the proposed biosensing assay was investigated through its potential in the detection of one, two, and three-base mismatched sequences. Moreover, it was possible to investigate the repeatability and reproducibility of the related bio-assay. To evaluate the hybridization process, it is important that the planned biomarker detection bio-assay could be directly re-used and re-generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Shahbazi-Derakhshi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-616471, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia 5756-151818, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Science University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Elham Mahmoudi
- Catalyst and Reactor Research Lab, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-616471, Iran
| | - Mir Mostafa Majidi
- Catalyst and Reactor Research Lab, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-616471, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591-634311, Iran
| | - Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-616471, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Science University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-616471, Iran
| | - Aligholi Niaei
- Catalyst and Reactor Research Lab, Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-616471, Iran
| | - Nima Shaykh-Baygloo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia 5756-151818, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Science University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
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Klusáčková M, Nebel R, Macounová KM, Krtil P. Crystal Size Dependence of the Photo-Electrochemical Water Oxidation on Nanoparticulate CaTiO3. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H, Amiri M, Javar HA, Yousif QA, Salavati-Niasari M. A facile green synthesis of a perovskite-type nanocomposite using Crataegus and walnut leaf for electrochemical determination of morphine. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Khan MJ, Pugazhendhi A, Schoefs B, Marchand J, Rai A, Vinayak V. Perovskite-based solar cells fabricated from TiO 2 nanoparticles hybridized with biomaterials from mollusc and diatoms. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132692. [PMID: 34718006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) convert solar energy into electrical energy. Current study employs fabrication of PVSCs using calcium titanate (CaTiO3) prepared by co-precipitation of TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) and CaCO3 NP with later synthesized from mollusc shell. Furthermore, frustules of diatom, Nitzschia palea were used to prepare silica doped CaTiO3 (Si-CaTiO3) nanocomposite. CaTiO3 NP and Si-CaTiO3 nanocomposites film were made on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass plate using spin coater separately for two different kinds of PVSCs tested at different intensities of light. The perovskite materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Thickness of the film was measured by profilometer. The maximum power density (PDmax) of CaTiO3 made PVSCs was 0.235 mW/m2 under white LED light and 0.041 mW/m2 in broad spectrum light. Whereas, PDmax of PVSCs with Si-CaTiO3 was higher about 0.0083 mW/m2 in broad spectrum light and was 0.0039 mW/m2 in white LED light. This is due to the fact that CaTiO3 allowed blue and red light in broad spectrum to pass through it without being absorbed compared to white LED light which gets reflected. On the offset, in PVSC made of Si-CaTiO3 since diatoms frustules are made up of nanoporous architecture it increases the overall porosity of PVSC making them potentially more efficient in broad spectrum of light compared to white LED light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Jahir Khan
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Benoit Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Metabolism and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Metabolism and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Anshuman Rai
- MMU, Deemed University, School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ambala, Haryana, 133203, India
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India.
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Umesh NM, Antolin Jesila J, Wang SF, Govindasamy M, Alshgari RA, Ouladsmane M, Asharani I. Fabrication of highly sensitive anticancer drug sensor based on heterostructured ZnO-Co3O4 capped on carbon nitride nanomaterials. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Elshikh MS, Chen TW, Mani G, Chen SM, Huang PJ, Ali MA, Al-Hemaid FM, Al-Mohaimeed AM. Green sonochemical synthesis and fabrication of cubic MnFe 2O 4 electrocatalyst decorated carbon nitride nanohybrid for neurotransmitter detection in serum samples. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105305. [PMID: 33126185 PMCID: PMC7786591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The binary nanomaterials and graphitic carbon based hybrid has been developed as an important porous nanomaterial for fabricating electrode with applications in non-enzymatic (bio) sensors. We report a fast synthesis of bimetal oxide particles of nano-sized manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) via a high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation method for C (30 kHz and 70 W/cm2). The nanocomposites were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, XPS, EDS, TEM to ascertain the effects of synthesis parameters on structure, and morphology. The MnFe2O4/GCN modified electrode demonstrated superior electrocatalytic activity toward the neurotransmitter (5-hydroxytryptamine) detection with a high peak intensity at +0.21 V. The appealing application of the MnFe2O4/GCN/GCE as neurotransmitter sensors is presented and a possible sensing mechanism is analyzed. The constructed electrochemical sensor for the detection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (STN) showed a wide working range (0.1-522.6 μM), high sensitivity (19.377 μA μM-1 cm-2), and nano-molar detection limit (3.1 nM). Moreover, it is worth noting that the MnFe2O4/GCN not only enhanced activity and also promoted the electron transfer rate towards STN detection. The proposed sensor was analyzed for its real-time applications to the detection of STN in rat brain serum, and human blood serum in good satisfactory results was obtained. The results showed promising reproducibility, repeatability, and high stability for neurotransmitter detection in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - G Mani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Jui Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - M Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Al-Hemaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Al-Mohaimeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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Rajaji U, Arya Nair JS, Chen SM, Sandhya KY, Alshgari RA, Jiang TY. A disposable electrode modified with metal orthovanadate and sulfur-reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical detection of anti-rheumatic drug. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CVO@SRG composite was prepared by a hydrothermal method and the voltammetric measurement of an organic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamaheswari Rajaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - J. S. Arya Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 547, India
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - K. Y. Sandhya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 547, India
| | - Razan A. Alshgari
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting-Yu Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si 31253, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Tseng TW, Luo TT, Tseng KY, Hong YX, Huang GC. Bent-bis(triazolyl)-based coordination polymers tuned by dicarboxylate ligands: syntheses, structures and properties. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven new coordination polymers based on the bent 1,1'-(oxybis(1,4-phenylene))-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazole) ligand, with diverse structures and novel topologies, that are directed by the dicarboxylate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Wen Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Tzuoo-Tsair Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xian Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Guang-Cheng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
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12
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Tseng TW, Luo TT, Kan SJ, Nguyen DDA. Auxiliary ligand-modulated trisimidazole-based coordination polymers: syntheses, structures and photoluminescence properties. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Five coordination polymers having 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene and the varied O-donor auxiliary ligands were designed and synthesized. Further, the auxiliary ligands modulated these complexes with structural diversities and novel topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Wen Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Tzuoo-Tsair Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Shou-Ju Kan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
| | - Doan Duy-An Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106
- Taiwan
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Qian L, Durairaj S, Prins S, Chen A. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 175:112836. [PMID: 33272868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The surging growth of the pharmaceutical industry is a result of the rapidly increasing human population, which has inevitably led to new biomedical and environmental issues. Aside from the quality control of pharmaceutical production and drug delivery, there is an urgent need for precise, sensitive, portable, and cost-effective technologies to track patient overdosing and to monitor ambient water sources and wastewater for pharmaceutical pollutants. The development of advanced nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds has garnered immense attention due to their advantages, such as high sensitivity and selectivity, real-time monitoring, and ease of use. This review article surveys state-of-the-art nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection and quantification of six classes of significant pharmaceutical compounds, including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer drugs. Important factors such as sensor/analyte interactions, design rationale, fabrication, characterization, sensitivity, and selectivity are discussed. Strategies for the development of high-performance electrochemical sensors and biosensors tailored toward specific pharmaceuticals are highlighted to provide readers and scientists with an extensive toolbox for the detection of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. Our aims are two-fold: (i) to inspire readers by further elucidating the properties and functionalities of existing nanomaterials for the detection of pharmaceuticals; and (ii) to provide examples of the potential opportunities that these devices have for the advanced sensing of pharmaceutical compounds toward safeguarding human health and ecosystems on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Sharmila Durairaj
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Scott Prins
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada.
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