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Bicak M, Lückerath K, Kalidindi T, Phelps ME, Strand SE, Morris MJ, Radu CG, Damoiseaux R, Peltola MT, Peekhaus N, Ho A, Veach D, Malmborg Hager AC, Larson SM, Lilja H, McDevitt MR, Klein RJ, Ulmert D. Genetic signature of prostate cancer mouse models resistant to optimized hK2 targeted α-particle therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15172-15181. [PMID: 32532924 PMCID: PMC7334567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918744117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hu11B6 is a monoclonal antibody that internalizes in cells expressing androgen receptor (AR)-regulated prostate-specific enzyme human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2; KLK2). In multiple rodent models, Actinium-225-labeled hu11B6-IgG1 ([225Ac]hu11B6-IgG1) has shown promising treatment efficacy. In the present study, we investigated options to enhance and optimize [225Ac]hu11B6 treatment. First, we evaluated the possibility of exploiting IgG3, the IgG subclass with superior activation of complement and ability to mediate FC-γ-receptor binding, for immunotherapeutically enhanced hK2 targeted α-radioimmunotherapy. Second, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of a single high activity vs. fractionated activity. Finally, we used RNA sequencing to analyze the genomic signatures of prostate cancer that progressed after targeted α-therapy. [225Ac]hu11B6-IgG3 was a functionally enhanced alternative to [225Ac]hu11B6-IgG1 but offered no improvement of therapeutic efficacy. Progression-free survival was slightly increased with a single high activity compared to fractionated activity. Tumor-free animals succumbing after treatment revealed no evidence of treatment-associated toxicity. In addition to up-regulation of canonical aggressive prostate cancer genes, such as MMP7, ETV1, NTS, and SCHLAP1, we also noted a significant decrease in both KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen ) and FOLH1 (prostate-specific membrane antigen) but not in AR and KLK2, demonstrating efficacy of sequential [225Ac]hu11B6 in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesude Bicak
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Teja Kalidindi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael E Phelps
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Sven-Erik Strand
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael J Morris
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Caius G Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mari T Peltola
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Norbert Peekhaus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Austin Ho
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Darren Veach
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Diaprost AB, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Steven M Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Hans Lilja
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7DQ Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael R McDevitt
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Robert J Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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2
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Bicak M, Wang X, Gao X, Xu X, Väänänen RM, Taimen P, Lilja H, Pettersson K, Klein RJ. Prostate cancer risk SNP rs10993994 is a trans-eQTL for SNHG11 mediated through MSMB. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:1581-1591. [PMID: 32065238 PMCID: PMC7526792 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How genome-wide association studies-identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affect remote genes remains unknown. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) association meta-analysis on 496 prostate tumor and 602 normal prostate samples with 117 SNPs revealed novel cis-eQTLs and trans-eQTLs. Mediation testing and colocalization analysis demonstrate that MSMB is a cis-acting mediator for SNHG11 (P < 0.01). Removing rs10993994 in LNCaP cell lines by CRISPR/Cas9 editing shows that the C-allele corresponds with an over 100-fold increase in MSMB expression and 5-fold increase in SNHG11 compared with the T-allele. Colocalization analysis confirmed that the same set of SNPs associated with MSMB expression is associated with SNHG11 expression (posterior probability of shared variants is 66.6% in tumor and 91.4% in benign). These analyses further demonstrate variants driving MSMB expression differ in tumor and normal, suggesting regulatory network rewiring during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesude Bicak
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaoni Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xing Xu
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert J Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genome Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Montoya Perez I, Jambor I, Pahikkala T, Airola A, Merisaari H, Saunavaara J, Alinezhad S, Väänänen RM, Tallgrén T, Verho J, Kiviniemi A, Ettala O, Knaapila J, Syvänen KT, Kallajoki M, Vainio P, Aronen HJ, Pettersson K, Boström PJ, Taimen P. Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification in Men With a Clinical Suspicion of Prostate Cancer Using a Unique Biparametric MRI and Expression of 11 Genes in Apparently Benign Tissue: Evaluation Using Machine-Learning Techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:1540-1553. [PMID: 31588660 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate risk stratification of men with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (cSPCa) remains challenging despite the increasing use of MRI. PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a unique biparametric MRI protocol (IMPROD bpMRI) combined with clinical and molecular markers in men with cSPCa. STUDY TYPE Prospective single-institutional clinical trial (NCT01864135). SUBJECTS Eighty men with cSPCa. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T, surface array coils. Two T2 -weighted and three diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) acquisitions: 1) b-values 0, 100, 200, 300, 500 s/mm2 ; 2) b-values 0,1500 s/mm2 ; 3) b-values 0, 2000 s/mm2 . ASSESSMENT IMPROD bpMRI examinations were qualitatively (IMPROD bpMRI Likert score) and quantitatively (DWI-based Gleason grade score) prospectively reported. Men with IMPROD bpMRI Likert 3-5 had two targeted biopsies followed by 12-core systematic biopsies (SB); those with IMPROD bpMRI Likert 1-2 had only SB. Additionally, 2-core from normal-appearing prostate areas were obtained for the mRNA expression of ACSM1, AMACR, CACNA1D, DLX1, PCA3, PLA2G7, RHOU, SPINK1, SPON2, TMPRSS2-ERG, and TDRD1 measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. STATISTICAL TESTS Univariate and multivariate analysis using regularized least-squares, feature selection and tournament leave-pair-out cross-validation (TLPOCV), as well as 10 random splits of the data in training-testing sets, were used to evaluate the mRNA, clinical and IMPROD bpMRI parameters in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (SPCa) defined as Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4. The evaluation metric was the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS IMPROD bpMRI Likert demonstrated the highest TLPOCV AUC of 0.92. The tested clinical variables had AUC 0.56-0.73, while the mRNA and additional IMPROD bpMRI parameters had AUC 0.50-0.67 and 0.65-0.89 respectively. The combination of clinical and mRNA biomarkers produced TLPOCV AUC of 0.87, the highest TLPOCV performance without including IMPROD bpMRI Likert. DATA CONCLUSION The qualitative IMPROD bpMRI Likert score demonstrated the highest accuracy for SPCa detection compared with the tested clinical variables and mRNA biomarkers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1540-1553.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Montoya Perez
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ivan Jambor
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Pahikkala
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Airola
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Merisaari
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saeid Alinezhad
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Terhi Tallgrén
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Verho
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Aida Kiviniemi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Ettala
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Knaapila
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari T Syvänen
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula Vainio
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu J Aronen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Stoyanova R, Pollack A, Takhar M, Lynne C, Parra N, Lam LLC, Alshalalfa M, Buerki C, Castillo R, Jorda M, Ashab HAD, Kryvenko ON, Punnen S, Parekh DJ, Abramowitz MC, Gillies RJ, Davicioni E, Erho N, Ishkanian A. Association of multiparametric MRI quantitative imaging features with prostate cancer gene expression in MRI-targeted prostate biopsies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53362-53376. [PMID: 27438142 PMCID: PMC5288193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard clinicopathological variables are inadequate for optimal management of prostate cancer patients. While genomic classifiers have improved patient risk classification, the multifocality and heterogeneity of prostate cancer can confound pre-treatment assessment. The objective was to investigate the association of multiparametric (mp)MRI quantitative features with prostate cancer risk gene expression profiles in mpMRI-guided biopsies tissues.Global gene expression profiles were generated from 17 mpMRI-directed diagnostic prostate biopsies using an Affimetrix platform. Spatially distinct imaging areas ('habitats') were identified on MRI/3D-Ultrasound fusion. Radiomic features were extracted from biopsy regions and normal appearing tissues. We correlated 49 radiomic features with three clinically available gene signatures associated with adverse outcome. The signatures contain genes that are over-expressed in aggressive prostate cancers and genes that are under-expressed in aggressive prostate cancers. There were significant correlations between these genes and quantitative imaging features, indicating the presence of prostate cancer prognostic signal in the radiomic features. Strong associations were also found between the radiomic features and significantly expressed genes. Gene ontology analysis identified specific radiomic features associated with immune/inflammatory response, metabolism, cell and biological adhesion. To our knowledge, this is the first study to correlate radiogenomic parameters with prostate cancer in men with MRI-guided biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Stoyanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mandeep Takhar
- Reserach and Development, GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charles Lynne
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nestor Parra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lucia L C Lam
- Reserach and Development, GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Christine Buerki
- Reserach and Development, GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosa Castillo
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Merce Jorda
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Oleksandr N Kryvenko
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sanoj Punnen
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dipen J Parekh
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew C Abramowitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Elai Davicioni
- Reserach and Development, GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas Erho
- Reserach and Development, GenomeDx Biosciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adrian Ishkanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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5
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Bachurska SY, Staykov DG, Bakardzhiev IV, Antonov PA, Belovezhdov VT. Diagnostic Value of ERG in Prostate Needle Biopsies Containing Minute Cancer Foci. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2017; 59:84-90. [PMID: 28384107 DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men population worldwide. The small amount of the tissue in prostate needle biopsy is often sufficient for the correct interpretation. Novel antibodies, as ERG, could add to the diagnostic value of IHC study in analysing difficult core biopsies. AIM The aim of the present study was to establish a diagnostic use of ERG in a work-up of prostate needle biopsies containing minute PC, individually and in combination with AMACR/34βE12. MATERIALS AND METHODS From total number of 1710 consecutive prostate needle biopsies based on HE stain 114 biopsies containing minute PC. Selected biopsies were incubated with anti-ERG, AMACR and 34βE12 antibodies using immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS Among 98 selected biopsies, 57 showed positive and 41 negative ERG staining. AMACR staining was positively expressed in 86 of the cases and completely absent in remaining 12. In 9 of the AMACR-negative cases the final diagnosis was establish by manifestation of ERG expression in the tumour foci. 95 of the biopsies demonstrated lack of 34βE12 expression and only 3 cases showed weak patchy staining. Among these cases 2 were ERG-positive. CONCLUSION ERG antibody could be especially helpful in the cases with controversial expression of AMACR and 34βE12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Y Bachurska
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dmitriy G Staykov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Petar A Antonov
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Veselin T Belovezhdov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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6
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Stratification of aggressive prostate cancer from indolent disease—Prospective controlled trial utilizing expression of 11 genes in apparently benign tissue. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:255.e15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Biomarkers for prostate cancer: present challenges and future opportunities. Future Sci OA 2015; 2:FSO72. [PMID: 28031932 PMCID: PMC5137959 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has variable biological potential with multiple treatment options. A more personalized approach, therefore, is needed to better define men at higher risk of developing PCa, discriminate indolent from aggressive disease and improve risk stratification after treatment by predicting the likelihood of progression. This may improve clinical decision-making regarding management, improve selection for active surveillance protocols and minimize morbidity from treatment. Discovery of new biomarkers associated with prostate carcinogenesis present an opportunity to provide patients with novel genetic signatures to better understand their risk of developing PCa and help forecast their clinical course. In this review, we examine the current literature evaluating biomarkers in PCa. We also address current limitations and present several ideas for future studies.
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8
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Väänänen RM, Ochoa NT, Boström PJ, Taimen P, Pettersson K. Altered PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG expression in histologically benign regions of cancerous prostates: a systematic, quantitative mRNA analysis in five prostates. BMC Urol 2015; 15:88. [PMID: 26294063 PMCID: PMC4546243 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-015-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG are commonly overexpressed biomarkers in prostate cancer, but reports have emerged demonstrating altered expression also in areas outside the tumour foci in cancerous prostates. Our aim was to measure PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG expression systematically in all regions of prostate cross-sections, matching the data to corresponding tissue morphology. Methods TMPRSS2-ERG and PCA3 mRNA levels were measured with quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays in 270 samples from cross-sections of five radical prostatectomy specimens. ERG expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results TMPRSS2-ERG mRNAs were detected in three patients and in 15 tissue samples in total. These included two carcinoma samples and 13 histologically benign samples, eight of which were located next to malignant tumours or PIN (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) lesions and five of which did not reside in the vicinity of any evident carcinoma foci. ERG protein expression was limited to areas of TMPRSS2-ERG mRNA expression, but did not identify all of them. PCA3 expression was detected in all five cross-sections, with statistically significant, three-fold higher expression in carcinoma regions. Conclusions TMPRSS2-ERG expression was detected in carcinoma foci, regions next to them, and in samples not adjacent to carcinoma foci. Claimed as a cancer-associated phenomenon, this fusion gene measurement could, if validated with a larger cohort, be utilized as an addition to histological analysis to predict current or future cancer risk in men with negative biopsies. Molecular changes outside the carcinoma foci are also indicated for PCA3, as its expression was only moderately increased in the carcinoma regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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9
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Winchester D, Ricks-Santi L, Mason T, Abbas M, Copeland RL, Beyene D, Jingwi EY, Dunston GM, Kanaan YM. SPINK1 Promoter Variants Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Predisposing Alterations in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:3811-3819. [PMID: 26124326 PMCID: PMC4545211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Several studies reported that patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) experienced a 10% increased incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) after the first 5 years of diagnosis. We investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) and the increased risk of BPH and PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped three SNPs in a cases-control study, including BPH and PCa cases. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to analyze clinical and genotypic data. RESULTS We found an inverse association between SNP rs10035432 and BPH under the log-additive (p=0.007) model. No association was found between these SNPs and PCa risk. However, we observed a possible association between rs1432982 and lower-grade PCa (p=0.05) under the recessive model. CONCLUSION SPINK1 promoter variants are likely to be associated with the risk of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle Winchester
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - Tshela Mason
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Muneer Abbas
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Desta Beyene
- Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | | | - Georgia M Dunston
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Yasmine M Kanaan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
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10
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Boström PJ, Bjartell AS, Catto JWF, Eggener SE, Lilja H, Loeb S, Schalken J, Schlomm T, Cooperberg MR. Genomic Predictors of Outcome in Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68:1033-44. [PMID: 25913390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Given the highly variable behavior and clinical course of prostate cancer (PCa) and the multiple available treatment options, a personalized approach to oncologic risk stratification is important. Novel genetic approaches offer additional information to improve clinical decision making. OBJECTIVE To review the use of genomic biomarkers in the prognostication of PCa outcome and prediction of therapeutic response. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Systematic literature review focused on human clinical studies reporting outcome measures with external validation. The literature search included all Medline, Embase, and Scopus articles from inception through July 2014. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS An improved understanding of the genetic basis of prostate carcinogenesis has produced an increasing number of potential prognostic and predictive tools, such as transmembrane protease, serine2:v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (TMPRSS2:ERG) gene fusion status, loss of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, and gene expression signatures utilizing messenger RNA from tumor tissue. Several commercially available gene panels with external validation are now available, although most have yet to be widely used. The most studied commercially available gene panels, Prolaris, Oncotype DX Genomic Prostate Score, and Decipher, may be used to estimate disease outcome in addition to clinical parameters or clinical nomograms. ConfirmMDx is an epigenetic test used to predict the results of repeat prostate biopsy after an initial negative biopsy. Additional future strategies include using genetic information from circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood to guide treatment decisions at the initial diagnosis and at subsequent decision points. CONCLUSIONS Major advances have been made in our understanding of PCa biology in recent years. Our field is currently exploring the early stages of a personalized approach to augment traditional clinical decision making using commercially available genomic tools. A more comprehensive appreciation of value, limitations, and cost is important. PATIENT SUMMARY We summarized current advances in genomic testing in prostate cancer with a special focus on the estimation of disease outcome. Several commercial tests are currently available, but further understanding is needed to appreciate the potential benefits and limitations of these novel tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Anders S Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology), and Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University and Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jack Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Departments of Urology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Brikun I, Nusskern D, Gillen D, Lynn A, Murtagh D, Feczko J, Nelson WG, Freije D. A panel of DNA methylation markers reveals extensive methylation in histologically benign prostate biopsy cores from cancer patients. Biomark Res 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 25548652 PMCID: PMC4278343 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-014-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men with a negative first prostate biopsy will undergo one or more additional biopsies if they remain at high suspicion of prostate cancer. To date, there are no diagnostic tests capable of identifying patients at risk for a positive diagnosis with the predictive power needed to eliminate unnecessary repeat biopsies. Efforts to develop clinical tests using the epigenetic signature of cores recovered from first biopsies have been limited to a few markers and lack the sensitivity and specificity needed for widespread clinical adoption. METHODS We developed methylation-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for a panel of 24 markers that are preferentially methylated in prostate cancer. We modified the bisulfite conversion conditions to allow the integration of the methylation information from multiple markers. We determined the methylation status of the 24 markers in 213 prostate biopsy cores from 104 patients, 37 prostate cancer patients and 67 controls. We performed logistic regression on combinations of markers as well as the entire panel of 24 markers to identify the best candidates for a diagnostic test. RESULTS The marker panel differentiated between cancer cores and benign cores from non-cancer patients with 100% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Furthermore, the panel detected significant methylation in benign cores from prostate cancer patients that was not present in controls. Using methylation of 5 out of 24 to define a cancer case, the analysis of a single benign biopsy core identified 62% of prostate cancer patients undergoing repeat biopsies. ROC curve analysis showed that markers commonly methylated in benign cores from cancer patients are the best candidates for a diagnostic test. The results suggest that 5 to 10 markers will be needed to achieve optimal predictive power. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that epigenetic field effects differ significantly between cancer patients and controls. Their detection in benign biopsy cores can form the basis of diagnostic tests to identify patients in need of repeat biopsies, reducing the cost of continued PCA screening by up to 40%. They could also be used to identify prostate cancer patients with low grade disease who are likely candidates for active surveillance or focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Brikun
- />Euclid Diagnostics LLC, Crown Point, Indiana USA
| | | | - Daniel Gillen
- />Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Amy Lynn
- />Consultants in Laboratory Medicine, Toledo, Ohio USA
| | | | - John Feczko
- />Pathology Consultants, Michigan City, Indiana USA
| | - William G Nelson
- />Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Diha Freije
- />Euclid Diagnostics LLC, Crown Point, Indiana USA
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13
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Velaeti S, Dimitriadis E, Kontogianni-Katsarou K, Savvani A, Sdrolia E, Pantazi G, Stefanakis S, Trangas T, Pandis N, Petraki K. Detection of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9597-602. [PMID: 24961351 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ets-related gene fusions are among the most common molecular alterations in prostate cancer (PCa) and are detected in more than 50 % of PCas. Transmembrane protease serine 2 and Ets-related gene fusion (TMPRSS2-ERG) is the most frequently identified chimeric gene and has been associated with undifferentiated and invasive phenotypes. TMPRSS2-ERG has also been detected in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions and more rarely in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) regions mainly in PCa-bearing glands. The possibility that the fusion TMPRSS2-ERG may be present in BPH samples in the absence of apparent PCa was addressed. Out of 115 BPH samples, three were found positive employing RT-PCR. The presence of the fusion gene was confirmed by FISH for these samples, and an additional four samples were found to carry the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion out of 43 tested by the later approach. The presence of the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion did not result in altered expression of 12 putative downstream targets. These findings indicate that TMPRSS2-ERG may or may not lead to PCa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Velaeti
- Department of Genetics, "Saint Savvas" Anticancer Hospital, Alexandras Ave. 172, 11522, Athens, Greece
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Schmid M, Trinh QD, Graefen M, Fisch M, Chun FK, Hansen J. The role of biomarkers in the assessment of prostate cancer risk prior to prostate biopsy: which markers matter and how should they be used? World J Urol 2014; 32:871-80. [PMID: 24825472 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) screening has been substantially influenced by the clinical implementation of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In this context, improvement of early PCa detection and stage migration as well as reduced PCa mortality were achieved, and up-to-date PSA represents the gold standard biomarker of PCa diagnosis together with clinical findings. Nonetheless, PSA shows weakness in discriminating between malign and benign prostatic disease or indolent and aggressive cancers. As a result, the expansion of PSA screening is extensively debated with regard to overdetection and ultimately overtreatment, keeping in mind that PCa is still the third leading cause of cancer-specific mortality in the Western male population. Consequently, today's task is to increase the accuracy of PCa detection and furthermore to allow stratification for indolent PCa that might permit active surveillance and to filter out aggressive cancers necessitating treatment. Thus, novel biomarkers, especially in combination with approved clinical risk factors (e.g., age or family history of PCa), within multivariable prediction models carry the potential to improve many aspects of PCa diagnosis and to enable risk classification in clinical practice. Multivariable models lead to superior accuracy for PCa prediction instead of the use of a single risk factor. The aim of this article was to present an overview of known risk factors for PCa together with new promising blood- and urine-based biomarkers and their application within risk models that may allow risk stratification for PCa prior to prostate biopsy. Risk models may optimize PCa detection and classification with regard to improved PCa risk assessment and avoidance of unnecessary prostate biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Schmid
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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