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Abufaraj M, Siyam A, Ali MR, Suarez-Ibarrola R, Yang L, Foerster B, Shariat SF. Functional Outcomes after Local Salvage Therapies for Radiation-Recurrent Prostate Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020244. [PMID: 33440752 PMCID: PMC7826752 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the rate and severity of functional outcomes after salvage therapy for radiation recurrent prostate cancer. METHODS This systematic review of the MEDLINE/PubMed database yielded 35 studies, evaluating salvage radical prostatectomy (RP), brachytherapy (BT), high-intensity focal ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy (CT) after failure of primary radiation therapy. Data on pre- and post-salvage rates and severity of functional outcomes (urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and lower urinary tract symptoms) were collected from each study. RESULTS The rates of severe urinary incontinence ranged from 28-88%, 4.5-42%, 0-6.5%, 2.4-8% post salvage RP, HIFU, CT and BT, respectively. The rates of erectile dysfunction were relatively high reaching as much as 90%, 94.6%, 100%, 62% following RP, HIFU, CT and BT, respectively. Nonetheless, the high pre-salvage rates of ED preclude accurate estimation of the effect of salvage therapy. There was an increase in the median IPSS following salvage HIFU, BT and CT ranging from 2.5-3.4, 3.5-12, and 2, respectively. Extended follow-up showed a return-to-baseline IPSS in a salvage BT study. The reported data suffer from selection, reporting, publication and period of study biases, making inter-study comparisons inappropriate. CONCLUSIONS local salvage therapies for radiation recurrent PCa affect continence, lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual functions. The use of local salvage therapies may be warranted in the setting of local disease control, but each individual decision must be made with the informed patient in a shared decision working process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abufaraj
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1080 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; (A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Abdelmuez Siyam
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; (A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Mustafa Rami Ali
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; (A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Suarez-Ibarrola
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg—Medical Centre, 79098 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada;
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming school of medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Beat Foerster
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland;
| | - Shahrokh F. Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1080 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; (A.S.); (M.R.A.)
- Institute for Urology and Human Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10075, USA
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-140-4002-6150; Fax: +43-140-4002-3320
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Madan R, Dracham CB, Khosla D, Goyal S, Yadav AK. Erectile dysfunction and cancer: current perspective. Radiat Oncol J 2020; 38:217-225. [PMID: 33233032 PMCID: PMC7785841 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the major but underreported concerns in cancer patients and survivors. It can lead to depression, lack of intimacy between the couple, and impaired quality of life. The causes of erectile dysfunction are psychological distress and endocrinal dysfunction caused by cancer itself or side effect of anticancer treatment like surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. The degree of ED depends on age, pre-cancer or pre-treatment potency level, comorbidities, type of cancer and its treatment. Treatment options available for ED are various pharmacotherapies, mechanical devices, penile implants, or reconstructive surgeries. A complete evaluation of sexual functioning should be done prior to starting anticancer therapy. Management should be individualized and couple counseling should be an integral part of the anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Madan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Chinna Babu Dracham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Queen’s NRI Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Divya Khosla
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Goyal
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Exterkate L, Peters M, Somford DM, Vergunst H. Functional and oncological outcomes of salvage cryosurgery for radiorecurrent prostate cancer. BJU Int 2020; 128:46-56. [PMID: 33043572 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes of salvage cryosurgery (SCS) for radiorecurrent prostate cancer (rrPCa). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 169 consecutive patients with biopsy confirmed rrPCa were retrospectively analysed. All patients underwent SCS in a single referral centre between 2006 and 2018. The primary outcome was biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) according to the Phoenix definition (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] nadir +2 ng/mL). The secondary outcomes were overall survival, BRFS defined as a PSA level of >0.5 ng/mL, metastasis-free survival, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)-free survival, and functional outcomes. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo system. PSA was measured every 3-6 months postoperatively. Functional outcomes were scored as reported by patients at outpatient visits. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and uni- and multivariable Cox regression were performed. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 36 (18-66) months. The BRFS after 5 and 8 years was 52% (95% confidence interval [CI] 43-62%) and 45% (95% CI 35-57%), respectively. At multivariable analysis PSA level at initial diagnosis, initial treatment, interval between primary treatment and SCS, age at SCS, and post-SCS PSA nadir were significant factors for BRFS. The 5-year ADT-free survival was 70% (95% CI 62-79%). Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥III complications occurred in 1.2% (two/169) of patients. In all, 19% (29/156) of patients had new-onset urinary incontinence defined as >1 pad/24 h and 92% (57/62) of patients had new-onset erectile dysfunction. Persistent urinary fistula occurred in 6.5% (11/169) of patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows acceptable oncological outcomes of SCS considering the salvage character of the treatment. The occurrence of serious complications such as urinary incontinence and fistula should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Exterkate
- Department of Urology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Max Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik M Somford
- Department of Urology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Vergunst
- Department of Urology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Golbari NM, Katz AE. Salvage Therapy Options for Local Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Primary Radiotherapy: a Literature Review. Curr Urol Rep 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 28688020 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-017-0709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While recurrence after primary treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is not uncommon, there is currently no consensus on the most appropriate management after radiation treatment failure. This article seeks to explore the currently utilized modalities for salvage treatment for radiorecurrent PCa. We focused our review on the oncologic outcomes and reported toxicity rates in the latest studies examining salvage radical prostatectomy (SRP), salvage cryotherapy (SCT), salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and re-irradiation. RECENT FINDINGS There does not appear to be any significant difference in overall survival for more invasive salvage radical prostatectomy compared to the minimally invasive salvage approaches. Additionally, there seems to be a trend towards lower morbidity rates associated with minimally invasive and focal salvage treatment. We are encouraged by the results presented in this review and find that there is clearly a role for emerging minimally invasive and focal therapies as durable options for salvage treatment in patients with radiorecurrent PCa.
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Percutaneous MR-guided focal cryoablation for recurrent prostate cancer following radiation therapy: retrospective analysis of iceball margins and outcomes. Eur Radiol 2017; 27:4828-4836. [PMID: 28409355 PMCID: PMC5635095 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate iceball margins after magnetic resonance (MR)-guided focal salvage prostate cryoablation and determine the correlation with local outcome. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on 47 patients that underwent percutaneous MR-guided focal cryoablation for biopsy-proven locally recurrent prostate cancer after primary radiotherapy. Preprocedural diagnostic and intraprocedural MR images were analysed to derive three-directional iceball margins. Local tumour progression after cryoablation was defined as evident tumour recurrence on follow-up MRI, positive MR-guided biopsy or biochemical failure without radiological evidence of metastatic disease. RESULTS Mean iceball margins were 8.9 mm (range -7.1 to 16.2), 10.1 mm (range 1.1-20.3) and 12.5 mm (range -1.5 to 22.2) in anteroposterior, left-right and craniocaudal direction respectively. Iceball margins were significantly smaller for tumours that were larger (P = .008) or located in the posterior gland (P = .047). Significantly improved local progression-free survival at 1 year post focal cryoablation was seen between patients with iceball margin >10 mm (100%), 5-10 mm (84%) and <5 mm (15%) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Iceball margins appear to correlate with local outcome following MR-guided focal salvage prostate cryoablation. Our initial data suggest that freezing should be applied at minimum 5 mm beyond the border of an MR-visible recurrent prostate tumour for successful ablation, with a wider margin appearing desirable. KEY POINTS • Shortest iceball margin most often occurred in anteroposterior direction • Margins were smaller in tumours that were larger or posteriorly located • Minimum iceball margin was a predictor of early local tumour progression • A minimum 5-mm margin seems required for effective cryoablation of recurrent PCa.
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Kongnyuy M, Berg CJ, Kosinski KE, Habibian DJ, Schiff JT, Corcoran AT, Katz AE. Salvage focal cryosurgery may delay use of androgen deprivation therapy in cryotherapy and radiation recurrent prostate cancer patients. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 33:810-813. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1306121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Voznesensky M, Annam K, Kreder KJ. Understanding and Managing Erectile Dysfunction in Patients Treated for Cancer. J Oncol Pract 2016; 12:297-304. [PMID: 27072383 PMCID: PMC5015452 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2016.010678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer can cause sexual adverse effects by direct and indirect pathways. It can involve sexual organs, indirectly affect body image, or cause fatigue or depression with subsequent effects on libido. Erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to obtain or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse, can also result from adverse effects of cancer treatment, such as fatigue, pain, or anxiety about therapy. In addition, depressed feelings about having cancer can affect sexuality, causing a range of signs and symptoms that can lead to ED. Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, and radiation can all cause sexual adverse effects. Additional factors that play a role include patient age and degree of ED before starting cancer treatment. In this article, we discuss how chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, and radiation affect erectile function as well as possible treatment options for ED.
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