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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): Effect of injection site. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:280-288. [PMID: 36973133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular (IM) injection of alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) when injected at a cranial versus a caudal site. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, masked, randomized crossover study. ANIMALS A total of 13 healthy bearded dragons weighing 0.48 ± 0.1 kg. METHODS Alfaxalone (10 mg kg-1) was administered IM to 13 bearded dragons in the triceps muscle (cranial treatment) or the quadriceps muscle (caudal treatment) separated by 4 weeks. Pharmacodynamic variables included movement score, muscle tone score and righting reflex. Blood was obtained from the caudal tail vein using a sparse sampling methodology. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Differences in variables between injection sites were analyzed using a nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Time to loss of righting reflex score was not different, median (interquartile range), between cranial and caudal treatments [8 (5-11) and 8 (4-12) minutes, respectively, p = 0.72]. Time to recovery of righting reflex was also not different between cranial and caudal treatments [80 (44-112) and 64 (56-104) minutes, respectively, p = 0.75]. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations were not significantly different between treatments. The population estimate (95% confidence intervals) for volume of distribution per fraction absorbed was 1.0 (0.79-1.20) L kg-1, clearance per fraction absorbed was 9.6 (7.6-11.6) mL minute-1 kg-1, absorption rate constant was 2.3 (1.9-2.8) minute-1 and elimination half-life was 71.9 (52.7-91.1) minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Regardless of the injection site, IM alfaxalone (10 mg kg-1) produced reliable chemical restraint in central bearded dragons, appropriate for nonpainful diagnostic procedures or anesthetic premedication.
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Félix L, Correia R, Sequeira R, Ribeiro C, Monteiro S, Antunes L, Silva J, Venâncio C, Valentim A. MS-222 and Propofol Sedation during and after the Simulated Transport of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1309. [PMID: 34943224 PMCID: PMC8698739 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of anesthetics has been suggested as a strategy to hamper live fish transport-induced stress. Still, there is insufficient data available on the use of alternative anesthetics to MS-222. This study investigated the use of propofol to mitigate stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, 143.8 ± 20.9 g and 20.4 ± 0.9 cm) during a 6 h simulated transport. Individuals (n = 7) were divided into three groups: control, 40 mg L-1 MS-222, and 0.8 mg L-1 propofol. A naïve group non-transported was also considered. During the 6 h transport and 24 h after, the response to external stimuli, opercular movements, water quality parameters, behavior, blood hematology and other physiological values, the histopathology of the gills, the quality of the fillet, and oxidative-stress changes in gills, muscle, brain, and liver were evaluated. Propofol increased swimming activity of fish but decreased opercular movements and responses to external stimuli, indicating oscillations of the sedation depth. Water pH and glucose levels increased, while hematocrit (HCT) and lactate decreased in propofol groups at 6 h. At this time-point, MS-222 also induced a decrease in the HCT and lactate levels while increasing cortisol levels. Despite these effects, the stress-related behaviors lessened with anesthetics compared to the control group. After the recovery period, physiological responses normalized in animals from both anesthetic groups, but the control still had high cortisol levels. Overall, propofol is a good alternative for the transportation of this species, showing efficient sedation without compromising health or fillet quality. However, further pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics knowledge is required to support its use in aquaculture settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Félix
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Universidade of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Correia
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Rita Sequeira
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Cristiana Ribeiro
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Sandra Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Luís Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
| | - José Silva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.C.); (J.S.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Valentim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Universidade of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.M.); (L.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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