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Hech B, Knych H, Desprez I, Weiner D, Ambros B. Pharmacokinetics of hydrorphone hydrochloride after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:152-159. [PMID: 38158281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetic profile of hydromorphone 0.2 mg kg-1 administered by the intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) route in ferrets. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, crossover study. ANIMALS A group of eight adult ferrets weighting (mean ± standard deviation) 1.02 ± 0.22 kg. METHODS Hydromorphone hydrochloride 0.2 mg kg-1 was administered IV or SC with a washout period of 7 days. Blood samples were collected from a jugular catheter before administration of hydromorphone and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 720 minutes after hydromorphone administration. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a non-linear mixed effects model. RESULTS The hydromorphone effective half-life was (t1/2) 45 min-1. Systemic clearance (Cls) and the volume of distribution (Vdss) following IV administration were 84.8 mL kg-1 min-1 and 5.59 L kg-1, respectively. The maximum observed plasma concentration was 59.53 ± 14.02 ng mL-1 within 10 minutes following SC administration. The SC bioavailability was 102.0%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of IV and SC hydromorphone (0.2 mg kg-1) was characterized by a high clearance, short terminal half-life and large volume of distribution. Hydromorphone plasma concentrations remained greater than 2 ng mL-1 for 2 hours in most ferrets, a threshold reported to provide antinociceptive effects in other species. Hydromorphone was well absorbed following SC injection, providing an alternative administration route for clinical use in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Hech
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Heather Knych
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Desprez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Barbara Ambros
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ortega McCormack JJ, Reed RA, Epstein KL, Camus MS, Knych HK. Longitudinal evaluation of fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma and synovial fluid following application of transdermal fentanyl patches over one carpal joint. Vet Surg 2023; 52:1150-1157. [PMID: 37537748 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if transdermally delivered fentanyl can achieve greater concentrations of fentanyl in synovial fluid when applied over a synovial structure. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult horses. METHODS Each horse had two 100 μg/h fentanyl matrix patches applied on the dorsal aspect of one, randomly assigned, carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) for 48 h. Whole blood and bilateral synovial samples from the intercarpal joint were obtained at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Fentanyl concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS All subjects achieved detectable concentrations of fentanyl in both plasma and synovial fluid. Time to peak synovial and plasma concentration was 12 h. At 6 h, the synovial concentration in the untreated carpus (0.104 ng/mL ± 0.106) was lower than plasma fentanyl concentrations 0.31 ± 0.27 (p = .036). At 12 h, both treated (0.55 ng/mL ± 0.3) and untreated (0.53 ng/mL ± 0.28) synovial fluid fentanyl concentrations were lower than plasma (0.87 ng/mL ± 0.48) concentrations (p < .001 and p = .001, respectively). Synovial concentrations of fentanyl did not differ between treated and untreated joints (p > 0.608 for all time points). CONCLUSION Application of fentanyl matrix patches directly over the CMCJ did not result in increased fentanyl concentrations in the synovial fluid of the treated intercarpal joint in normal horses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE There is likely no analgesic advantage to placing fentanyl patches directly over the affected joint, as it did not result in increased synovial concentrations at the tested site.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ortega McCormack
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachel A Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kira L Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Melinda S Camus
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Lab, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Barton C, Hassel DM. Critical Care of the Colic Patient: Monitoring, Fluid Therapy, and More. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00023-8. [PMID: 37169620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful outcome to management of the critical colic patient is highly dependent on how the patient is monitored and treated, particularly, in the perioperative period. In this article, we will provide an update on monitoring techniques, advances in fluid therapy, nutrition management and pharmacotherapeutic agents, inclusive of pain monitoring and management, prokinetics, and management of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the hypercoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Barton
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biological Sciences, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biological Sciences, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Bookbinder L, Prisk A. Updates on Diagnosis and Management of Colic in the Field and Criteria for Referral. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00013-5. [PMID: 37121785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal colic is the most common primary care equine emergency and affects nearly one of four horses per year. Colic is a significant welfare concern for equine patients and a financial and emotional burden for owners. The primary care practitioner is instrumental in identifying critical cases quickly and making appropriate management recommendations to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bookbinder
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Amanda Prisk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Reed R, Trenholme N, Skrzypczak H, Chang K, Ishikawa Y, Barletta M, Quandt J, Knych H, Sakai D. Comparison of hydromorphone and butorphanol for management of pain in equine patients undergoing elective arthroscopy: a randomized clinical trial. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:490-498. [PMID: 35752564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of hydromorphone and butorphanol in horses undergoing arthroscopy and describe the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone in anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 40 adult horses admitted for elective arthroscopy. METHODS Horses were randomly assigned to be administered intravenous hydromorphone (0.04 mg kg-1; group TxH; n = 19) or butorphanol (0.02 mg kg-1; group TxB; n = 21) prior to surgery as part of a standardized anesthetic protocol. Pain was scored by two observers unaware of group assignment using the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP) and a composite pain scale (CPS) prior to surgery (baseline), 2 hours (P2) and 4 hours (P4) following recovery from anesthesia. Blood samples were collected at various time points for determination of plasma hydromorphone concentration using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effect model. RESULTS Median (range) baseline EQUUS-FAP was 1.2 (0.0-4.0) with no effect of group, time points or interaction. Baseline CPS was similar between groups. Group TxH baseline CPS was 2.5 (0.0-10.0), increased at P2 [4.5 (0-10.0); p = 0.046] and returned to baseline values at P4 [3.0 (0.0-11.0)]. Group TxB baseline CPS was 2.0 (0.0-8.0), increased at P2 [3.5 (0.0-11.0); p = 0.009] and P4 [5.0 (0.0-11.0); p < 0.001]. Pharmacokinetic terminal half-life was 774 ± 82.3 minutes, area under the curve was 1362 ± 314 ng minutes mL-1, clearance was 30.7 ± 7.23 mL minute-1 kg-1 and volume of distribution at steady state was 884 ± 740 mL kg-1. CONCLUSIONS Hydromorphone, but not butorphanol, decreased CPS back to baseline at P4 after recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hydromorphone may provide superior postoperative analgesia compared with butorphanol in horses undergoing arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Nicole Trenholme
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather Skrzypczak
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yushun Ishikawa
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jane Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Sakai
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Bacon EK, Donnelly CG, Bellone RR, Finno CJ, Velie BD. Melanocortin‐1 receptor influence in equine opioid sensitivity. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elouise K. Bacon
- Equine Genetics and Genomics Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Callum G. Donnelly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - Rebecca R. Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - Brandon D. Velie
- Equine Genetics and Genomics Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Ma C, Zhao D, Hu X, Li C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yuan L. Perioperative Effects of Hydromorphone in Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery under General Anesthesia. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.534.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hanafi AL, Reed RA, Trenholme HN, Sakai DM, Ryan CA, Barletta M, Quandt JE, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in horses. Vet Surg 2020; 50:410-417. [PMID: 33242227 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after IM and subcutaneous administration in horses. STUDY DESIGN prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover trial. ANIMALS Six adult horses weighing 494 ± 33 kg. METHODS Treatments included meperidine 1 mg/kg IM with saline 6 mL subcutaneously, meperidine 1 mg/kg subcutaneously with saline 6 mL IM, and saline 6 mL subcutaneously and 6 mL IM, with a 7-day washout between treatments. Plasma meperidine concentrations and pharmacodynamic values (thermal and mechanical thresholds, physiological variables, fecal production) were collected at various time points for 24 hours. Accelerometry data were obtained for 8 hours to measure locomotor activity. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model, and α was set at .05. RESULTS Meperidine terminal half-life (T1/2 ), maximal plasma concentrations, and time to maximal concentration were 186 ± 59 and 164 ± 56 minutes, 265.7 ± 47.2 and 243.1 ± 80.1 ng/mL at 17 ± 6, and 24 ± 13 minutes for IM at subcutaneous administration, respectively. No effect of treatment or time was observed on thermal or mechanical thresholds, heart rate, respiratory rate, locomotor activity, frequency of defecations, or fecal weight (P > .2 for all). CONCLUSION Maximum meperidine concentrations were achieved quickly with a short T1/2 in both treatment groups. Neither IM nor subcutaneous meperidine influenced thermal or mechanical threshold or physiological variables. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The short half-life and lack of detectable antinociceptive effect do not support IM or subcutaneous administration meperidine at 1 mg/kg for analgesia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hanafi
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rachel A Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Heather N Trenholme
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Daniel M Sakai
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jane E Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Skrzypczak H, Reed R, Barletta M, Quandt J, Sakai D. A retrospective evaluation of the effect of perianesthetic hydromorphone administration on the incidence of postanesthetic signs of colic in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:757-762. [PMID: 32830037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence of postanesthetic signs of colic (PASC) in horses and determine if perianesthetic administration of hydromorphone was associated with an increased risk of PASC. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, cohort study. ANIMALS A total of 409 horses. METHODS Anesthesia and clinical records of horses admitted for various procedures from July 2018 to September 2019 were reviewed. Signs of colic and interventions were recorded up to 48 hours after anesthesia. A binomial logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the type of surgery, administration of hydromorphone, the duration of anesthesia and the incidence of PASC. RESULTS Overall, 25 (6.1%) horses developed PASC within 48 hours of general anesthesia. Of 60 horses that underwent colic surgery, 16 (26.7%) developed PASC. Of 349 horses that underwent noncolic procedures, nine (2.6%) developed PASC. Thus, the incidence of PASC was higher in horses that underwent colic surgery than in horses that underwent noncolic procedures [odds ratio (OR) = 13.74 (5.73-32.95)]. No effect of hydromorphone on the incidence of PASC was identified [OR = 1.61 (0.71-3.62)]. Longer procedures (>2 hours) were identified as an independent risk factor for PASC [OR = 4.13 (1.52-11.22)]. CONCLUSIONS No association between hydromorphone and an increase in the incidence of PASC was identified. Anesthesia for colic surgery and duration of anesthesia were associated with an increased risk of PASC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hydromorphone did not increase the incidence of PASC in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Skrzypczak
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Rachel Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jane Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Sakai
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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