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Monzon AM, Arrías PN, Elofsson A, Mier P, Andrade-Navarro MA, Bevilacqua M, Clementel D, Bateman A, Hirsh L, Fornasari MS, Parisi G, Piovesan D, Kajava AV, Tosatto SCE. A STRP-ed definition of Structured Tandem Repeats in Proteins. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108023. [PMID: 37652396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Tandem Repeat Proteins (TRPs) are a class of proteins with repetitive amino acid sequences that have been studied extensively for over two decades. Different features at the level of sequence, structure, function and evolution have been attributed to them by various authors. And yet many of its salient features appear only when looking at specific subclasses of protein tandem repeats. Here, we attempt to rationalize the existing knowledge on Tandem Repeat Proteins (TRPs) by pointing out several dichotomies. The emerging picture is more nuanced than generally assumed and allows us to draw some boundaries of what is not a "proper" TRP. We conclude with an operational definition of a specific subset, which we have denominated STRPs (Structural Tandem Repeat Proteins), which separates a subclass of tandem repeats with distinctive features from several other less well-defined types of repeats. We believe that this definition will help researchers in the field to better characterize the biological meaning of this large yet largely understudied group of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Miguel Monzon
- Dept. of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Giovanni Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paula Nazarena Arrías
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Arne Elofsson
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pablo Mier
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Miguel A Andrade-Navarro
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Bevilacqua
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Damiano Clementel
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Layla Hirsh
- Dept. of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801 San Miguel, Lima 32, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Silvina Fornasari
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, CONICET, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, CONICET, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damiano Piovesan
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR 5237 CNRS, Université Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Cedex 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Silva RP, DiVenere AM, Amengor D, Maynard JA. Antibodies binding diverse pertactin epitopes protect mice from B. pertussis infection. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101715. [PMID: 35151691 PMCID: PMC8931430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many current acellular pertussis vaccines include the antigen pertactin, which has presumptive adhesive and immunomodulatory activities, but is rapidly lost from clinical isolates after the introduction of these vaccines. To better understand the contributions of pertactin antibodies to protection and pertactin's role in pathogenesis, we isolated and characterized recombinant antibodies binding four distinct epitopes on pertactin. We demonstrate that four of these antibodies bind epitopes that are conserved across all three classical Bordetella strains, and competition assays further showed that antibodies binding these epitopes are also elicited by B. pertussis infection of baboons. Surprisingly, we found that representative antibodies binding each epitope protected mice against experimental B. pertussis infection. A cocktail of antibodies from each epitope group protected mice against a subsequent lethal dose of B. pertussis and greatly reduced lung colonization levels after sublethal challenge. Each antibody reduced B. pertussis lung colonization levels up to 100-fold when administered individually, which was significantly reduced when antibody effector functions were impaired, with no antibody mediating antibody-dependent complement-induced lysis. These data suggest that antibodies binding multiple pertactin epitopes protect primarily by the same bactericidal mechanism, which overshadows contributions from blockade of other pertactin functions. These antibodies expand the available tools to further dissect pertactin's role in infection and understand the impact of antipertactin antibodies on bacterial fitness.
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Zhu S, Liuni P, Chen T, Houy C, Wilson DJ, James DA. Epitope screening using Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS): An accelerated workflow for evaluation of lead monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100358. [PMID: 34747565 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epitope mapping is an increasingly important aspect of biotherapeutic and vaccine development. Recent advances in therapeutic antibody design and production have enabled candidate mAbs to be identified at a rapidly increasing rate, resulting in a significant bottleneck in the characterization of "structural" epitopes, that are challenging to determine using existing high throughput epitope mapping tools. Here, a Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) epitope screening workflow was introduced that is well suited for accelerated characterization of epitopes with a common antigen. MAIN METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS The method is demonstrated on set of six candidate mAbs targeting Pertactin (PRN). Using this approach, five of the six epitopes were unambiguously determined using two HDX mixing timepoints in 24 h total run time, which is equivalent to the instrument time required to map a single epitope using the conventional workflow. CONCLUSION An accelerated HDX-MS epitope screening workflow was developed. The "screening" workflow successfully characterized five (out of six attempted) novel epitopes on the PRN antigen; information that can be used to support vaccine antigenicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Zhu
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Liuni
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tricia Chen
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camille Houy
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek J Wilson
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Andrew James
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bordetella pertussis pertactin knock-out strains reveal immunomodulatory properties of this virulence factor. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:39. [PMID: 29559630 PMCID: PMC5861065 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, has resurged and presents a global health burden worldwide. B. pertussis strains unable to produce the acellular pertussis vaccine component pertactin (Prn), have been emerging and in some countries represent up to 95% of recent clinical isolates. Knowledge on the effect that Prn deficiency has on infection and immunity to B. pertussis is crucial for the development of new strategies to control this disease. Here, we characterized the effect of Prn production by B. pertussis on human and murine dendritic cell (DC) maturation as well as in a murine model for pertussis infection. We incubated human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with multiple isogenic Prn knockout (Prn-KO) and corresponding parental B. pertussis strains constructed either in laboratory reference strains with a Tohama I background or in a recently circulating clinical isolate. Results indicate that, compared to the parental strains, Prn-KO strains induced an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by moDCs. This pro-inflammatory phenotype was also observed upon stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis of lungs from mice infected with B. pertussis Prn-KO revealed increased expression of genes involved in cell death. These in vitro and in vivo findings indicate that B. pertussis strains which do not produce Prn induce a stronger pro-inflammatory response and increased cell death upon infection, suggesting immunomodulatory properties for Prn.
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da Silva FR, Napoleão-Pego P, De-Simone SG. Identification of linear B epitopes of pertactin of Bordetella pertussis induced by immunization with whole and acellular vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:6251-8. [PMID: 25252193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis is a serious infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the gram-negative bacteria Bordetella pertussis. There has been a reemergence of this disease within the population of several countries that have well established vaccination programs. Analyzes of clinical isolates suggest an antigenic divergence between the vaccine-based strains to the circulating strains. Although antibodies against P.69 are involved in the observed protective immunity, the sequences recognized as antigenic determinants in P.133, the precursor for P.69, P.3.4 and P.30, have not be determined. Here, the precise mapping of linear B-cell epitopes within the predicted P.133 pertactin sequences was accomplished using the SPOT-synthesis of peptide arrays onto cellulose membranes and screening with murine sera generated by vaccination with either the Pertussis cellular (miPc) or Pertussis acellular (miPa) vaccine. A total of 23 major epitopes were identified by sera from miPc vaccinated mice, while thirteen were identified by sera from miPa vaccinated mice. Of these epitopes, 12 epitopes were specifically identified by antibodies produced in response to the miPc vaccine and two were specific to the miPa vaccine. These epitopes were distributed throughout the pertactin sequence but a significant number were concentrated to the P.30 Prn segment. An analysis of the epitope correlation homologies indicated that the variations from the observed mutations in pertactin would not constitute a problem using these vaccines. In addition, the mapping of epitopes demonstrated a higher number of linear B-cell epitopes immunized with the Pc vaccine than the Pa vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio R da Silva
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS)/Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT-IDN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pego
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS)/Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT-IDN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salvatore G De-Simone
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS)/Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT-IDN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Hegerle N, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussisand pertactin-deficient clinical isolates: lessons for pertussis vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1135-46. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Barkoff AM, Guiso N, Guillot S, Xing D, Markey K, Berbers G, Mertsola J, He Q. A rapid ELISA-based method for screening Bordetella pertussis strain production of antigens included in current acellular pertussis vaccines. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:142-8. [PMID: 24925807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive vaccinations, there have been pertussis epidemics in many countries including the Netherlands, the UK, Australia and the USA. During these epidemics Bordetella pertussis strains not producing the vaccine antigen pertactin (Prn) are emerging and increasing in numbers. However, methods for confirming PRN production of B. pertussis isolates are combined PCR or PCR-based sequencing tests and western blotting. Furthermore, data about production of pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) of these isolates are scarce. Fimbriae (Fim) production is usually determined by agglutination and reported as serotype. In this study we developed an easy, accurate and rapid method for screening PT and FHA production. Methods for Prn and Fim production have been published earlier. METHODS We analyzed altogether 109 B. pertussis strains, including 103 Finnish B. pertussis strains collected during 2006-2013, international strain Tohama I, French strains FR3496 (PT-negative), FR3693 (Prn-negative) and FR4624 (FHA-negative) and Fim-serotype reference strains S1 (producing only Fim2) and S3 (producing only Fim3). An indirect ELISA with whole bacterial cells as coating antigen was developed and used for rapid screening of the B. pertussis strains. Production of different antigens (PT, FHA, Prn, Fim2 and Fim3) was detected with specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). RESULTS From the 103 Finnish B. pertussis strains tested, all were positive for PT, FHA and Fim. Four were found negative for Prn, and they were isolated during 2011-2013. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed method proved to be useful and simple for rapid screening of different antigen production of B. pertussis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicole Guiso
- National Centre of Reference of Whooping Cough and Other Bordetelloses, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Guillot
- National Centre of Reference of Whooping Cough and Other Bordetelloses, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Dorothy Xing
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Kevin Markey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Guy Berbers
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening (LIS), Netherlands Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland.
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Bordetella pertussis proteins dominating the major histocompatibility complex class II-presented epitope repertoire in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:641-50. [PMID: 24599530 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00665-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of naturally processed Bordetella pertussis-specific T cell epitopes may help to increase our understanding of the basis of cell-mediated immune mechanisms to control this reemerging pathogen. Here, we elucidate for the first time the dominant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-presented B. pertussis CD4(+) T cell epitopes, expressed on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) after the processing of whole bacterial cells by use of a platform of immunoproteomics technology. Pertussis epitopes identified in the context of HLA-DR molecules were derived from two envelope proteins, i.e., putative periplasmic protein (PPP) and putative peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL), and from two cytosolic proteins, i.e., 10-kDa chaperonin groES protein (groES) and adenylosuccinate synthetase (ASS). No epitopes were detectable from known virulence factors. CD4(+) T cell responsiveness in healthy adults against peptide pools representing epitope regions or full proteins confirmed the immunogenicity of PAL, PPP, groES, and ASS. Elevated lymphoproliferative activity to PPP, groES, and ASS in subjects within a year after the diagnosis of symptomatic pertussis suggested immunogenic exposure to these proteins during clinical infection. The PAL-, PPP-, groES-, and ASS-specific responses were associated with secretion of functional Th1 (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) and Th2 (interleukin 5 [IL-5] and IL-13) cytokines. Relative paucity in the natural B. pertussis epitope display of MDDC, not dominated by epitopes from known protective antigens, can interfere with the effectiveness of immune recognition of B. pertussis. A more complete understanding of hallmarks in B. pertussis-specific immunity may advance the design of novel immunological assays and prevention strategies.
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Substantial gaps in knowledge of Bordetella pertussis antibody and T cell epitopes relevant for natural immunity and vaccine efficacy. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:440-51. [PMID: 24530743 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent increase in whooping cough in vaccinated populations has been attributed to waning immunity associated with the acellular vaccine. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) is a repository of immune epitope data from the published literature and includes T cell and antibody epitopes for human pathogens. The IEDB conducted a review of the epitope literature, which revealed 300 Bordetella pertussis-related epitopes from 39 references. Epitope data are currently available for six virulence factors of B. pertussis: pertussis toxin, pertactin, fimbrial 2, fimbrial 3, adenylate cyclase and filamentous hemagglutinin. The majority of epitopes were defined for antibody reactivity; fewer T cell determinants were reported. Analysis of available protective correlates data revealed a number of candidate epitopes; however few are defined in humans and few have been shown to be protective. Moreover, there are a limited number of studies defining epitopes from natural infection versus whole cell or acellular/subunit vaccines. The relationship between epitope location and structural features, as well as antigenic drift (SNP analysis) was also investigated. We conclude that the cumulative data is yet insufficient to address many fundamental questions related to vaccine failure and this underscores the need for further investigation of B. pertussis immunity at the molecular level.
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van Gent M, Bart MJ, van der Heide HGJ, Heuvelman KJ, Mooi FR. Small mutations in Bordetella pertussis are associated with selective sweeps. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46407. [PMID: 23029513 PMCID: PMC3460923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of pertussis, a highly contagious disease of the human respiratory tract. Despite high vaccination coverage, pertussis has resurged and has become one of the most prevalent vaccine-preventable diseases in developed countries. We have proposed that both waning immunity and pathogen adaptation have contributed to the persistence and resurgence of pertussis. Allelic variation has been found in virulence-associated genes coding for the pertussis toxin A subunit (ptxA), pertactin (prn), serotype 2 fimbriae (fim2), serotype 3 fimbriae (fim3) and the promoter for pertussis toxin (ptxP). In this study, we investigated how more than 60 years of vaccination has affected the Dutch B. pertussis population by combining data from phylogeny, genomics and temporal trends in strain frequencies. Our main focus was on the ptxA, prn, fim3 and ptxP genes. However, we also compared the genomes of 11 Dutch strains belonging to successful lineages. Our results showed that, between 1949 and 2010, the Dutch B. pertussis population has undergone as least four selective sweeps that were associated with small mutations in ptxA, prn, fim3 and ptxP. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a stepwise adaptation in which mutations accumulated clonally. Genomic analysis revealed a number of additional mutations which may have a contributed to the selective sweeps. Five large deletions were identified which were fixed in the pathogen population. However, only one was linked to a selective sweep. No evidence was found for a role of gene acquisition in pathogen adaptation. Our results suggest that the B. pertussis gene repertoire is already well adapted to its current niche and required only fine tuning to persist in the face of vaccination. Further, this work shows that small mutations, even single SNPs, can drive large changes in the populations of bacterial pathogens within a time span of six to 19 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein van Gent
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J. Bart
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. J. van der Heide
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kees J. Heuvelman
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Mooi
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Pertactin is required for Bordetella species to resist neutrophil-mediated clearance. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2901-9. [PMID: 20421378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00188-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertactin (PRN) is an autotransporter protein produced by all members of the Bordetella bronchiseptica cluster, which includes B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. It is a primary component of acellular pertussis vaccines, and anti-PRN antibody titers correlate with protection. In vitro studies have suggested that PRN functions as an adhesin and that an RGD motif located in the center of the passenger domain is important for this function. Two regions of PRN that contain sequence repeats (region 1 [R1] and R2) show polymorphisms among strains and have been implicated in vaccine-driven evolution. We investigated the role of PRN in pathogenesis using B. bronchiseptica and natural-host animal models. A Deltaprn mutant did not differ from wild-type B. bronchiseptica in its ability to adhere to epithelial and macrophage-like cells in vitro or to establish respiratory infection in rats but was cleared much faster than wild-type bacteria in a mouse lung inflammation model. Unlike wild-type B. bronchiseptica, the Deltaprn mutant was unable to cause a lethal infection in SCID-Bg mice, but, like wild-type bacteria, it was lethal for neutropenic mice. These results suggest that PRN plays a critical role in allowing Bordetella to resist neutrophil-mediated clearance. Mutants producing PRN proteins in which the RGD motif was replaced with RGE or in which R1 and R2 were deleted were indistinguishable from wild-type bacteria in all assays, suggesting that these sequences do not contribute to PRN function.
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Mooi FR. Bordetella pertussis and vaccination: the persistence of a genetically monomorphic pathogen. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:36-49. [PMID: 19879977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Before childhood vaccination was introduced in the 1950s, pertussis or whooping cough was a major cause of infant death worldwide. Widespread vaccination of children was successful in significantly reducing morbidity and mortality. However, despite vaccination, pertussis has persisted and, in the 1990s, resurged in a number of countries with highly vaccinated populations. Indeed, pertussis has become the most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease in developed countries with estimated infection frequencies of 1-6%. Recently vaccinated children are well protected against pertussis disease and its increase is mainly seen in adolescents and adults in which disease symptoms are often mild. The etiologic agent of pertussis, Bordetella pertussis, is extremely monomorphic and its ability to persist in the face of intensive vaccination is intriguing. Numerous studies have shown that B. pertussis populations changed after the introduction of vaccination suggesting adaptation. These adaptations did not involve the acquisition of novel genes but small genetic changes, mainly SNPs, and occurred in successive steps in a period of 40 years. The earliest adaptations resulted in antigenic divergence with vaccine strains. More recently, strains emerged with increased pertussis toxin (Ptx) production. Here I argue that the resurgence of pertussis is the compound effect of pathogen adaptation and waning immunity. I propose that the removal by vaccination of naïve infants as the major source for transmission was the crucial event which has driven the changes in B. pertussis populations. This has selected for strains which are more efficiently transmitted by primed hosts in which immunity has waned. The adaptation of B. pertussis to primed hosts involved delaying an effective immune response by antigenic divergence with vaccine strains and by increasing immune suppression through higher levels of Ptx production. Higher levels of Ptx may also benefit transmission by enhancing clinical symptoms. The study of B. pertussis populations has not only increased our understanding of pathogen evolution, but also suggests way to improve pertussis vaccines, underlining the public health significance of population-based studies of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits R Mooi
- Lab for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Netherlands Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, Natl Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands.
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Hozbor D, Mooi F, Flores D, Weltman G, Bottero D, Fossati S, Lara C, Gaillard M, Pianciola L, Zurita E, Fioriti A, Archuby D, Galas M, Binsztein N, Regueira M, Castuma C, Fingermann M, Graieb A. Pertussis epidemiology in Argentina: trends over 2004–2007. J Infect 2009; 59:225-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hijnen M, van Zoelen DJ, Chamorro C, van Gageldonk P, Mooi FR, Berbers G, Liskamp RMJ. A novel strategy to mimic discontinuous protective epitopes using a synthetic scaffold. Vaccine 2007; 25:6807-17. [PMID: 17689841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccines have been used for a long time and different types of vaccines have been developed, as yet no fully synthetic vaccines have been produced. The production of fully synthetic vaccines has probably not been realized so far due to the structural limitations of linear synthetic peptides to mimic the native shape of protein fragments which is often needed to induce protective antibodies. In this report we used the Bordetella pertussis protein pertactin as a model and show that a novel synthetic scaffold can be used to mimic structurally defined epitopes by confined presentation of several different peptide arms. Guided by modelling a construct was synthesized that induced protective antibodies directed towards a discontinuous epitope. This approach opens up the possibility to the design of new and fully synthetic vaccines that can induce protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hijnen
- Laboratory for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 1, PO Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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