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Krysztopa-Grzybowska K, Lach J, Polak M, Strapagiel D, Dziadek J, Olszewski M, Zasada AA, Darlińska A, Lutyńska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. The whole genome sequence of Polish vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0425923. [PMID: 38757975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04259-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, tuberculosis immunoprophylaxis is based solely on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, and some of the new potential tuberculosis vaccines are based on the BCG genome. Therefore, it is reasonable to analyze the genomes of individual BCG substrains. The aim of this study was the genetic characterization of the BCG-Moreau Polish (PL) strain used for the production of the BCG vaccine in Poland since 1955. Sequencing of different BCG lots showed that the strain was stable over a period of 59 years. As a result of comparison, BCG-Moreau PL with BCG-Moreau Rio de Janeiro (RDJ) 143 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 32 insertion/deletion mutations (INDELs) were identified. However, the verification of these mutations showed that the most significant were accumulated in the BCG-Moreau RDJ genome. The mutations unique to the Polish strain genome are 1 SNP and 2 INDEL. The strategy of combining short-read sequencing with long-read sequencing is currently the most optimal approach for sequencing bacterial genomes. With this approach, the only available genomic sequence of BCG-Moreau PL was obtained. This sequence will primarily be a reference point in the genetic control of the stability of the vaccine strain in the future. The results enrich knowledge about the microevolution and attenuation of the BCG vaccine substrains. IMPORTANCE The whole genome sequence obtained is the only genomic sequence of the strain that has been used for vaccine production in Poland since 1955. Sequencing of different BCG lots showed that the strain was stable over a period of 59 years. The comprehensive genomic analysis performed not only enriches knowledge about the microevolution and attenuation of the BCG vaccine substrains but also enables the utilization of identified markers as a reference point in the genetic control and identity tests of the stability of the vaccine strain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krysztopa-Grzybowska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Lach
- Biobank Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Polak
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- Biobank Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Mycobacterium Genetics and Physiology Unit, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszewski
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra A Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aniela Darlińska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lutyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Narvskaya O, Starkova D, Levi D, Alexandrova N, Molchanov V, Chernyaeva E, Vyazovaya A, Mushkin A, Zhuravlev V, Solovieva N, Vishnevskiy B, Mokrousov I. First insight into the whole-genome sequence variations in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-1 (Russia) vaccine seed lots and their progeny clinical isolates from children with BCG-induced adverse events. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:567. [PMID: 32811436 PMCID: PMC7437937 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The only licensed live Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine used to prevent severe childhood tuberculosis comprises genetically divergent strains with variable protective efficacy and rates of BCG-induced adverse events. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) allowed evaluating the genome stability of BCG strains and the impact of spontaneous heterogeneity in seed and commercial lots on the efficacy of BCG-vaccines in different countries. Our study aimed to assess sequence variations and their putative effects on genes and protein functions in the BCG-1 (Russia) seed lots compared to their progeny isolates available from immunocompetent children with BCG-induced disease (mainly, osteitis). Results Based on the WGS data, we analyzed the links between seed lots 361, 367, and 368 used for vaccine manufacture in Russia in different periods, and their nine progeny isolates recovered from immunocompetent children with BCG-induced disease. The complete catalog of variants in genes relative to the reference genome (GenBank: CP013741) included 4 synonymous and 8 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 3 frameshift deletions. Seed lot 361 shared variants with 2 of 6 descendant isolates that had higher proportions of such polymorphisms in several genes, including ppsC, eccD5, and eccA5 involved in metabolism and cell wall processes and reportedly associated with virulence in mycobacteria. One isolate preserved variants of its parent seed lot 361 without gain of further changes in the sequence profile within 14 years. Conclusions The background genomic information allowed us for the first time to follow the BCG diversity starting from the freeze-dried seed lots to descendant clinical isolates. Sequence variations in several genes of seed lot 361 did not alter the genomic stability and viability of the vaccine and appeared accumulated in isolates during the survival in the human organism. The impact of the observed variations in the context of association with the development of BCG-induced disease should be evaluated in parallel with the immune status and host genetics. Comparative genomic studies of BCG seed lots and their descendant clinical isolates represent a beneficial approach to better understand the molecular bases of efficacy and adverse events during the long-term survival of BCG in the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Narvskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia. .,St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, 191036, Russia.
| | - Daria Starkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Diana Levi
- Scientific Center for Expert Evaluation of Medical Products, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Natalia Alexandrova
- Scientific Center for Expert Evaluation of Medical Products, Moscow, 127051, Russia
| | - Vladimir Molchanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia. .,Present address: Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2518, USA.
| | | | - Anna Vyazovaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Alexander Mushkin
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, 191036, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Zhuravlev
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, 191036, Russia
| | - Natalia Solovieva
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, 191036, Russia
| | - Boris Vishnevskiy
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, 191036, Russia
| | - Igor Mokrousov
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
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Fitzpatrick M, Ho MM, Clark S, Dagg B, Khatri B, Lanni F, Williams A, Brennan M, Laddy D, Walker B. Comparison of pellicle and shake flask-grown BCG strains by quality control assays and protection studies. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 114:47-53. [PMID: 30711157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A global BCG vaccine shortage began in 2013 which impacted availability for infant vaccinations, as well as preclinical studies and clinical trials of new TB vaccines. Stakeholders met in 2015 at McGill University in Montreal to discuss the shortage and potential mitigation strategies. Manufacturing BCG through a more tractable liquid fermentation process instead of the traditional pellicle growth method was considered a potentially viable strategy. This pilot program compared pellicle-grown and shake flask-grown BCG strains (as a first step towards modeling fermenter-produced BCG vaccine) in selected quality control assays, as well as mouse and guinea pig protection studies. Conventional pellicle-grown, lyophilized BCG WHO Reference Reagents (Danish, Moreau, Russian, Tokyo strains) were obtained from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), UK. Strains were grown in shake flasks and glycerol stocks prepared. Shake flask-grown BCG culture preparations generally met the requirements of quality control testing at NIBSC. In mouse and guinea pig protection studies there were no significant differences in lung colony forming units (CFUs) between shake flask-grown and pellicle-grown preparations, with the exception of BCG Russian, where the shake flask-grown preparation protected better in mice (P = 0.0042), but the pellicle-grown preparation protected better in guinea pigs (P = 0.0015). Producing BCG vaccines by a more tractable liquid growth process could be a viable solution to the global BCG shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Mei Ho
- Bacteriology Division, MHRA-NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Simon Clark
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Belinda Dagg
- Bacteriology Division, MHRA-NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Bhagwati Khatri
- Bacteriology Division, MHRA-NIBSC, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Faye Lanni
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Ann Williams
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | | | - Dominick Laddy
- Aeras, 1405 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Barry Walker
- Aeras, 1405 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Zhang L, Ru HW, Chen FZ, Jin CY, Sun RF, Fan XY, Guo M, Mai JT, Xu WX, Lin QX, Liu J. Variable Virulence and Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Strains in Mice and Correlation With Genome Polymorphisms. Mol Ther 2015; 24:398-405. [PMID: 26643797 PMCID: PMC4817822 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is the only vaccine available for tuberculosis (TB) control. However, BCG is not an ideal vaccine and has two major limitations: BCG exhibits highly variable effectiveness against the development of TB both in pediatric and adult populations and can cause disseminated BCG disease in immunocompromised individuals. BCG comprises a number of substrains that are genetically distinct. Whether and how these genetic differences affect BCG efficacy remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed comparative analyses of the virulence and efficacy of 13 BCG strains, representing different genetic lineages, in SCID and BALB/c mice. Our results show that BCG strains of the DU2 group IV (BCG-Phipps, BCG-Frappier, BCG-Pasteur, and BCG-Tice) exhibit the highest levels of virulence, and BCG strains of the DU2 group II (BCG-Sweden, BCG-Birkhaug) are among the least virulent group. These distinct levels of virulence may be explained by strain-specific duplications and deletions of genomic DNA. There appears to be a general trend that more virulent BCG strains are also more effective in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Our findings have important implications for current BCG vaccine programs and for future TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Wei Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Zeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Tao Mai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen-Xi Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qing-Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Dagg B, Hockley J, Rigsby P, Ho MM. The establishment of sub-strain specific WHO Reference Reagents for BCG vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:6390-5. [PMID: 25312272 PMCID: PMC4226838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the latest addition to the sub-strain specific WHO Reference Reagents of BCG vaccine, an international collaborative study was completed to evaluate the suitability of a candidate BCG Moreau-RJ sub-strain as a WHO Reference Reagent of BCG vaccine. This follows the recent replacement of the WHO 1st International Reference Preparation for BCG vaccine, by three sub-strain specific WHO Reference Reagents of BCG vaccine (Danish 1331, Tokyo 172-1 and Russian BCG-I) in order to complete the coverage of most predominant sub-strains used for BCG vaccine production and distribution for use worldwide. The study used cultural viable count and modified ATP assays to quantify the preparation and multiplex PCR to confirm the identity of the sub-strain. The establishment of this WHO Reference Reagent of BCG vaccine of Moreau-RJ sub-strain was approved by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization meeting in October 2012. This preparation is available for distribution by NIBSC-MHRA, UK. The data from real-time stability monitoring demonstrated that these Reference Reagents of BCG vaccine are very stable in storage condition at -20°C. They serve as the valuable source of BCG Reference Reagents for use as comparators (1) for viability assays (such as cultural viable count and modified ATP assays); (2) for in vivo assays (such as the absence of virulent mycobacteria, dermal reactivity and protection assays) in the evaluation of candidate TB vaccines in non-clinical models; (3) for identity assays using molecular biology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Dagg
- Bacteriology Division, NIBSC-MHRA, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jason Hockley
- BioStatistics, NIBSC-MHRA, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Rigsby
- BioStatistics, NIBSC-MHRA, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Mei M Ho
- Bacteriology Division, NIBSC-MHRA, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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7
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Abstract
A hundred and five years ago, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin began a daunting task, which is unmatched even today, that led to the most widely used vaccine in human history. Despite a century of scientific advances, BCG (an acronym for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) remains the only vaccine for prevention of tuberculosis. Due to the fact that the use of BCG vaccines will continue, either as a stand-alone or as a prime vaccine in prime-boost immunization strategies, the World Health Organization (WHO) has underlined the necessity for further work toward better characterization, evaluation and quality control of the BCG vaccine, taking into account recent advances in genetics and molecular biology. The potential benefit of such improved characterization could be addressed to better and easier differentiation between sub-strains used by different manufacturers. It may help to ensure consistency of production in terms of genetic stability and it may also help the clinical evaluation of new antituberculosis vaccines. Last but not least, the state-of-the-art technologies could facilitate the quality control performed by the manufacturers and by National Control Authorities as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetelina Stefanova
- Bul Bio – National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (BB-NCIPD) Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
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8
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Krysztopa-Grzybowska K, Brzezińska S, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Polak M, Lutyńska A. Multiplex-PCR as an identity assay for Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau descendants. Biologicals 2013; 41:197-200. [PMID: 23490534 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, we assessed the identity of locally produced BCG vaccine via screening for the presence of genetic markers specific for particular Mycobacterium bovis BCG substrains - RD8, RD2, senX3-regX3, RD14, RD16, ΔRD1, DU2, a second copy of IS6110, mutation D322G in phoR, and deletions in fadD26-ppsA and Rv3887c regions. In order to increase the specificity of the multiplex-PCR test for locally produced BCG vaccine, we have modified previously developed primer sets by the introduction of a primer pair specific for deletion in Rv3887c. The modified multiplex-PCR specifically and reproducibly distinguished both BCG Moreau sublineages, and allowed, with no decrease in power, differentiation of BCG substrains of different origin. The growing knowledge of genetic differences among BCG vaccine strains enables improvements in the specificity of identity tests that will be useful both for routine release of vaccines and potential applications in clinical practice. Modified multiplex-PCR accompanied by PFGE analysis can serve as specific tools to monitor consistency in BCG manufacture.
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Krysztopa-Grzybowska K, Brzezińska S, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Polak M, Augustynowicz E, Lutyńska A. Descendant of daughter Brazilian BCG Moreau substrain in Poland. Vaccine 2012; 30:5512-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Seki M, Udagawa T, Sugawara I, Iwama K, Honda I, Fujita I, Hashimoto A, Yano I, Yamamoto S. The effect of passages during Japanese BCG vaccine production on genetic stability and protective efficacy. Vaccine 2012; 30:1460-4. [PMID: 22226863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many genetic differences have been found among currently available BCG vaccines. To avoid continued accumulation of phenotypic or genotypic changes in the strains, WHO and most national regulatory authorities request that the vaccine should not be prepared by more than 12 passages from the master seed lot. However, it has recently been reported that genetic changes occur even during the passage for vaccine production. In this study, the genetic stability of Japanese BCG vaccine production using currently available PCR methods and protective efficacy using a guinea-pig model during the passages were examined. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the seed lot, the product manufactured by normal procedures, and the 20th passage product. These results indicate that the maximum number of passages as currently required by WHO for BCG vaccine production is adequate for the Japanese vaccine, and that new genetic tools may help to examine the quality control of the BCG vaccine.
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12
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Naka T, Maeda S, Niki M, Ohara N, Yamamoto S, Yano I, Maeyama JI, Ogura H, Kobayashi K, Fujiwara N. Lipid phenotype of two distinct subpopulations of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Tokyo 172 substrain. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44153-44161. [PMID: 22030395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Tokyo 172 is a predominant World Health Organization Reference Reagent for the BCG vaccine. Recently, the BCG Tokyo 172 substrain was reported to consist of two subpopulations with different colony morphologies, smooth and rough. Smooth colonies had a characteristic 22-bp deletion in Rv3405c of the region of difference (RD) 16 (type I), and rough colonies were complete in this region (type II). We hypothesized that the morphological difference is related to lipid phenotype and affects their antigenicity. We determined the lipid compositions and biosynthesis of types I and II. Scanning electron microscopy showed that type I was 1.5 times longer than type II. Phenolic glycolipid (PGL) and phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) were found only in type I. Although it has been reported that the RD16 is involved in the expression of PGL, type II did not possess PGL/PDIM. We examined the ppsA-E gene responsible for PGL/PDIM biosynthesis and found that the existence of PGL/PDIM in types I and II is caused by a ppsA gene mutation not regulated by the RD16. PGL suppressed the host recognition of total lipids via Toll-like receptor 2, and this suggests that PGL is antigenic and involved in host responses, acting as a cell wall component. This is the first report to show the difference between lipid phenotypes of types I and II. It is important to clarify the heterogeneity of BCG vaccine substrains to discuss and evaluate the quality, safety, and efficacy of the BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naka
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; MBR Co. Ltd., Osaka 560-8552, Japan
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Molecular Epidemiology Division, Mycobacterium Reference Center, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | - Mamiko Niki
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | - Ikuya Yano
- Japan BCG Laboratory, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Department of Virology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Ho MM, Markey K, Rigsby P, Hockley J, Corbel MJ. Report of an International collaborative study to establish the first WHO reference reagents for BCG vaccines of three different sub-strains. Vaccine 2010; 29:512-8. [PMID: 21055496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The WHO First International Reference Preparation for BCG vaccine is over forty years old and is no longer available for distribution due to stock depletion and its significant loss of viability. International consultations identified a demand for replacement with sub-strain specific BCG preparations. An International collaborative study was carried out to evaluate three candidates for WHO Reference Reagent for BCG vaccine of Danish 1331, Russian BCG-I and Tokyo 172-1 sub-strains. These candidates were quantified for viability using both cultural viable count and modified ATP assays. The proposal for the establishment of these First WHO Reference Reagents for BCG vaccines was discussed in the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization meeting, October 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei M Ho
- Bacteriology Division, NIBSC-HPA, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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