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Méndez SB, Matus-Ortega M, Miramontes RH, Salazar-Juárez A. The effect of chronic stress on the immunogenicity and immunoprotection of the M 6-TT vaccine in female mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114345. [PMID: 37704173 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Active vaccination is an effective therapeutic option to reduce the reinforcing effects of opioids. Several studies showed that chronic stress affects the immune system decreasing the efficiency of some vaccines. Heroin withdrawal is a stressor and it is a stage in which the patient who abuses heroin is vulnerable to stress affects the immune response and consequently its immunoprotective capacity, then, the objective was to determine the effect of heroin-withdrawal and heroin-withdrawal plus immobilization, on the immune (immunogenicity) and protective response (behavioral response) of morphine-6-hemisuccinate-tetanus toxoid (M6-TT) vaccine in animals of two inbred mice strains with different sensitivity to drug-opioid and stress. Female BALB/c and C57Bl/6 inbred mice were immunized with the M6-TT. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. During the vaccination period, the animals were subjected to two different stress conditions: drug-withdrawal (DW) and immobilization (IMM). The study used tail-flick testing to evaluate the heroin-induced antinociceptive effects. Additionally, heroin-induced locomotor activity was evaluated. Stress decreased the heroin-specific antibody titer generated by the M6-TT vaccine in the two inbred mouse strains evaluated. In the two stress conditions, the antibody titer was not able to decrease the heroin-induced antinociceptive effects and locomotor activity. These findings suggest that stress decreases the production of antibodies and the immunoprotective capacity of the M6-TT vaccine. This observation is important to determine the efficacy of active vaccination as a potential therapy for patients with opioid drug use disorder, since these patients during drug-withdrawal present stress disorders, which could affect the efficacy of therapy such as active vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México
| | - Ricardo Hernández Miramontes
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, México.
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2
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Crouse B, Zhang L, Robinson C, Ban Y, Vigliaturo JR, Roy S, Pravetoni M. Housing conditions and microbial environment do not affect the efficacy of vaccines for treatment of opioid use disorders in mice and rats. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4383-4392. [PMID: 34411500 PMCID: PMC8828096 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1954442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines offer a promising prophylactic and therapeutic intervention to counteract opioid use disorders (OUD) and fatal overdoses. Vaccines generate opioid-specific antibodies that bind the target opioid, reducing drug distribution to the brain and preventing drug-induced behavioral and pharmacological effects. Due to their selectivity, anti-opioid vaccines can be administered in combination with FDA-approved medications. Because patients with OUD or other substance use disorders may be affected by other multifactorial co-morbidities, such as infection or depression, it is important to test whether vaccine efficacy is modified by factors that may impact individual innate or adaptive immunity. To that end, this study tested whether housing conditions would affect the efficacy of two lead vaccine formulations targeting oxycodone and fentanyl in male mice and rats, and further analyzed whether differences in the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome would be correlated with either vaccine efficacy or housing conditions. Results showed that housing mice and rats in either conventional (non-controlled) or specific pathogen-free (SPF, sterile barrier maintained) environment did not affect vaccine-induced antibody responses against oxycodone and fentanyl, nor their efficacy against oxycodone- and fentanyl-induced antinociception, respiratory depression, and bradycardia. Differences in the GI microbiome detected via 16S rRNA gene sequencing were related to the housing environment. This study supports use of anti-opioid vaccines in clinical populations that may display deficits in microbiome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Crouse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christine Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer R Vigliaturo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Barbosa-méndez S, Matus-ortega M, Miramontes RH, Salazar-juárez A. The M3-TT Vaccine Decreases the Antinociceptive Effects of Morphine and Heroin in Mice. Int J Ment Health Addict. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-second consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2019 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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5
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Barbosa-Méndez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernández-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juárez A. The morphine/heroin vaccine decreased the heroin-induced antinociceptive and reinforcing effects in three inbred strains mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107887. [PMID: 34186279 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have indicated that a vaccine must be immunogenic in genetically diverse human populations and that immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models are two key indices required for the approval of a new vaccine. Additionally, the immune response (immunogenicity) and immunoprotection are dependent on the mouse strain. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the immune response (immunogenicity) and the protective efficacy (behavioral response) in three inbred mouse strains immunized with the M6TT vaccine. Female BALB/c, C57Bl/6, and DBA/2 inbred mice were immunized with the M6-TT vaccine. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used tail-flick testing to evaluate the antinociceptive effects induced by heroin. Additionally, heroin-induced locomotor activity and place preference were evaluated. The M6-TT vaccine was able to generate a specific antibody titer in the three inbred mouse strains evaluated. The antibodies reduced the antinociceptive effect of different doses of heroin. In addition, they decreased the heroin-induced locomotor activity and place preference. These findings suggest that the M6-TT vaccine generates a powerful immunogenic response capable of reducing the antinociceptive and reinforcing effects of heroin in different inbred mouse strains, which supports its possible future use in clinical trials in genetically diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Miramontes
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico.
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Raleigh MD, King SJ, Baruffaldi F, Saykao A, Hamid FA, Winston S, LeSage MG, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Pharmacological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of antibodies generated by a vaccine to treat oxycodone use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108653. [PMID: 34126123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines offer a viable strategy to treat opioid use disorders (OUD) complementary to current pharmacotherapies. The candidate Oxy(Gly)4-sKLH vaccine targeting oxycodone displayed pre-clinical proof of efficacy, selectivity and safety, and it is now undergoing clinical evaluation. To further support its implementation in the clinic, this study tested critical in vivo neuropsychopharmacological properties of the Oxy(Gly)4-sKLH vaccine in rats. While repeated immunizations with Oxy(Gly)4-sKLH were necessary to maintain the antibody response overtime, exposure to free oxycodone did not boost oxycodone-specific antibody levels in vaccinated rats, limiting concerns of immune-related side effects. Immunization with Oxy(Gly)4-sKLH achieved sustained antibody titers over a period of five months following initial vaccination, supporting its potential for providing long-lasting protection. In vivo studies of selectivity showed that vaccination prevented oxycodone-induced but not methadone-induced antinociception, while still preserving the opioid antagonist naloxone's pharmacological effects. Vaccination did not interfere with fentanyl-induced antinociception or fentanyl distribution to the brain. These in vivo data confirm the previously reported in vitro selectivity profile of Oxy(Gly)4-sKLH. Vaccination extended oxycodone's half-life up to 25 h compared to control. While vaccination reduced the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone in an intravenous self-administration model, signs of toxicity were not observed. These rodent studies confirm that active immunization with Oxy(Gly)4-sKLH induces highly specific and long-lasting antibodies which are effective in decreasing the reinforcing effects of oxycodone while preserving the efficacy of medications used to treat OUD and overdose.
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Gutman ES, Irvin TC, Morgan JB, Barrientos RC, Torres OB, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Synthesis and immunological effects of C14-linked 4,5-epoxymorphinan analogues as novel heroin vaccine haptens. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:835-842. [PMID: 34179783 PMCID: PMC8190897 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunization is being explored as a potential therapeutic to combat accidental overdose and to mitigate the abuse potential of opioids. Hapten design is one of the crucial factors that determines the efficacy of a candidate vaccine to substance abuse and remains one of the most active areas of research in vaccine development. Herein we report for the first time the synthesis of three novel opiate surrogates with the linker attachment site at C14, 1 (6,14-AmidoHap), 2 (14-AmidoMorHap), and 3 (14-AmidoHerHap) as novel heroin haptens. The compounds 1, 2, and 3 are analogues with different substituents at C6: an acetamide, a hydroxyl moiety, and an acetate, respectively. All three haptens had a phenolic hydroxyl group at C3. The haptens were conjugated to the tetanus toxoid carrier protein, adjuvanted with liposomal monophosphoryl lipid A/aluminum hydroxide and were tested in mice in terms of immunogenicity and efficacy. Immunization of mice resulted in antibody endpoint titers of >105 against all the haptens. Neither of the conjugates of 1, 2, and 3 had induced antibodies with selectivity broad enough to recognize and bind heroin, 6-AM, and morphine resulting in little to no protection against the antinociceptive effects of heroin in vivo. Only the mice immunized with conjugate 3 were partially protected against heroin-induced antinociception. These results contribute to the growing body of knowledge that the linker position and the subtle structural differences in the hapten scaffold impact the selectivity of the induced antibodies. Together, these highlight the importance of rational hapten design for heroin vaccine development. Three novel opiate surrogates with the linker at C14, 1 (6,14-AmidoHap), 2 (14-AmidoMorHap), and 3 (14-AmidoHerHap) were conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and tested as heroin vaccines. The C3 and C6 moieties are crucial in antibody selectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Gutman
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - Thomas C Irvin
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - J Brian Morgan
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 6720A Rockledge Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 6720A Rockledge Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 6720A Rockledge Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
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8
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Marchette RCN, Gregory-Flores A, Tunstall BJ, Carlson ER, Jackson SN, Sulima A, Rice KC, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF. κ-Opioid receptor antagonism reverses heroin withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in male and female rats. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100325. [PMID: 33997152 PMCID: PMC8095052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although opioids are potent analgesics, a consequence of chronic opioid use is hyperalgesia during withdrawal, which may contribute to opioid misuse. Dynorphin, the endogenous ligand of κ-opioid receptors (KORs), is upregulated in opioid-dependent rats and in animal models of chronic pain. However, the role of KORs in opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia remains to be determined. We hypothesized that KOR antagonism would reverse opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in opioid-dependent rats. Male and female Wistar rats received daily injections of heroin (2-6 mg/kg, SC) and were tested for mechanical sensitivity in the electronic von Frey test 4-6 h into withdrawal. Female rats required significantly more heroin than male rats to reach comparable levels of both heroin-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia (6 mg/kg vs. 2 mg/kg). Once hyperalgesia was established, we tested the effects of the KOR antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI; 30 mg/kg, SC) and 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (5'GNTI; 30 mg/kg, SC). When the animals continued to receive their daily heroin treatment (or saline treatment in the repeated saline group) five times per week throughout the experiment, both KOR antagonists reversed heroin withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. The anti-hyperalgesia effect of norBNI was more prolonged in males than in females (14 days vs. 7 days), whereas 5'GNTI had more prolonged effects in females than in males (14 days vs. 4 days). The behavioral effects of 5'GNTI coincided with higher 5'GNTI levels in the brain than in plasma when measured at 24 h, whereas 5'GNTI did not reverse hyperalgesia at 30 min posttreatment when 5'GNTI levels were higher in plasma than in the brain. Finally, we tested the effects of 5'GNTI on naloxone-induced and spontaneous signs of opioid withdrawal and found no effect in either male or female rats. These findings indicate a functional role for KORs in heroin withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia that is observed in rats of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C N Marchette
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erika R Carlson
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Structural Biology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Eubanks LM, Blake S, Natori Y, Ellis B, Bremer PT, Janda KD. A Highly Efficacious Carfentanil Vaccine That Blunts Opioid-Induced Antinociception and Respiratory Depression. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:277-282. [PMID: 33533592 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic remains a dire public health crisis with millions of people currently suffering from opioid use disorder (OUD) and tens of thousands dying each year. Synthetic opioids are most responsible for the crisis because of their extreme potency and ease of manufacture. Carfentanil for example has an estimated potency 10,000 times greater than morphine and thus is highly dangerous for human use. Herein, we report two synthetic opioid vaccines that elicited high-affinity antibodies against carfentanil and fentanyl with cross-reactivity to other synthetic opioids in mice and offered protection against opioid-induced respiratory depression, the primary cause of overdose deaths. These vaccines also successfully diminished drug biodistribution to the brain and shielded against opioid analgesic effects. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the development of immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at opioid abuse and overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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10
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Méndez SB, Matus-Ortega M, Miramontes RH, Salazar-Juárez A. Effect of the morphine/heroin vaccine on opioid and non-opioid drug-induced antinociception in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 891:173718. [PMID: 33171151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a common symptom in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD), which increases synthetic and illicit synthetic opioid abuse and even fatalities due to opioid overdose. Many FDA-approved drugs are available for the treatment of OUD, however, the use of these medications is limited, mainly due to the development of various side effects. Active vaccination is a new therapeutic approach but the resulting antibodies may compromise the use and efficiency of opioid and non-opioid drugs. In this study, we evaluated whether the antibodies produced by the morphine/heroin vaccine (M-TT) would alter the antinociceptive effects of opioid and non-opioid drugs. Female Balb-c mice were immunized with the M-TT vaccine. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used for monitoring antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals, followed by tail-flick testing. This study found that the M-TT vaccine did not affect the antinociception induced by different doses of morphine or the ability of non-opioid and synthetic opioid drugs to decrease thermal pain. Moreover, the combination of vaccination and naloxone increased the time-course of morphine antagonism relative to either vaccination or naloxone alone. These results suggest that the antibody titers generated by the M-TT vaccine 1) are capable of reducing morphine-induced antinociception and 2) are selective enough not to alter antinociception induced by non-opioid or synthetic drugs. These characteristics support its potential as a treatment agent for patients with symptoms of pain comorbid to OUD.
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Belz TF, Bremer PT, Zhou B, Blake S, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Sulfonate-isosteric replacement examined within heroin-hapten vaccine design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127388. [PMID: 32738981 PMCID: PMC7398700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heroin overdose and addiction remain significant health and economic burdens in the world today costing billions of dollars annually. Moreover, only limited pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treatment of heroin addiction. In our efforts to combat the public health threat posed by heroin addiction, we have developed vaccines against heroin. To expand upon our existing heroin-vaccine arsenal, we synthesized new aryl and alkyl sulfonate ester haptens; namely aryl-mono-sulfonate (HMsAc) and Aryl/alkyl-di-sulfonate (H(Ds)2) as carboxyl-isosteres of heroin then compared them to our model heroin-hapten (HAc) through vaccination studies. Heroin haptens were conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197 and the resulting CRM-immunoconjugates were used to vaccinate Swiss Webster mice following an established immunization protocol. Binding studies revealed that the highest affinity anti-heroin antibodies were generated by the HMsAc vaccine followed by the HAc and H(Ds)2 vaccines, respectively (HMsAc > HAc≫HDs2). However, neither the HMsAc nor H(Ds)2 vaccines were able to generate high affinity antibodies to the psychoactive metabolite 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM), in comparison to the HAc vaccine. Blood brain bio-distribution studies supported these binding results with vaccine efficiency following the trend HAc > HMsAc ≫ H(Ds)2 The work described herein provides insight into the use of hapten-isosteric replacement in vaccine drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson F Belz
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Cessation Therapeutics LLC, 3031 Tisch Way Ste 505, San Jose, CA 95128, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Steven Blake
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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12
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Barrientos RC, Bow EW, Whalen C, Torres OB, Sulima A, Beck Z, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. Novel Vaccine That Blunts Fentanyl Effects and Sequesters Ultrapotent Fentanyl Analogues. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3447-3460. [PMID: 32787282 PMCID: PMC7482402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Active
immunization is an emerging potential modality to combat
fatal overdose amid the opioid epidemic. In this study, we described
the design, synthesis, formulation, and animal testing of an efficacious
vaccine against fentanyl. The vaccine formulation is composed of a
novel fentanyl hapten conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and adjuvanted
with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A adsorbed on aluminum
hydroxide. The linker and hapten N-phenyl-N-(1-(4-(3-(tritylthio)propanamido)phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)propionamide
were conjugated sequentially to TT using amine-N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester
and thiol–maleimide reaction chemistries, respectively. Conjugation
was facile, efficient, and reproducible with a protein recovery of
>98% and a hapten density of 30–35 per carrier protein molecule.
In mice, immunization induced high and robust antibody endpoint titers
in the order of >106 against the hapten. The antisera
bound
fentanyl, carfentanil, cyclopropyl fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, and furanyl fentanyl in vitro with
antibody-drug dissociation constants in the range of 0.36–4.66
nM. No cross-reactivity to naloxone, naltrexone, methadone, or buprenorphine
was observed. In vivo, immunization shifted the antinociceptive
dose–response curve of fentanyl to higher doses. Collectively,
these preclinical results showcased the desired traits of a potential
vaccine against fentanyl and demonstrated the feasibility of immunization
to combat fentanyl-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Eric W Bow
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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13
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Abstract
The United States is in the midst of an unprecedented epidemic of opioid substance use disorder, and while pharmacotherapies including opioid agonists and antagonists have shown success, they can be inadequate and frequently result in high recidivism. With these challenges facing opioid use disorder treatments immunopharmacotherapy is being explored as an alternative therapy option and is based upon antibody-opioid sequestering to block brain entry. Development of a heroin vaccine has become a major research focal point; however, producing an efficient vaccine against heroin has been particularly challenging because of the need to generate not only a potent immune response but one against heroin and its multiple psychoactive molecules. In this study, we explored the consequence of regioselective deuteration of a heroin hapten and its impact upon the immune response against heroin and its psychoactive metabolites. Deuterium (HdAc) and cognate protium heroin (HAc) haptens were compared head to head in an inclusive vaccine study. Strikingly the HdAc vaccine granted greater efficacy in blunting heroin analgesia in murine behavioral models compared to the HAc vaccine. Binding studies confirmed that the HdAc vaccine elicited both greater quantities and equivalent or higher affinity antibodies toward heroin and 6-AM. Blood-brain biodistribution experiments corroborated these affinity tests. These findings suggest that regioselective hapten deuteration could be useful for the resurrection of previous drug of abuse vaccines that have met limited success in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson F Belz
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Cessation Therapeutics LLC, 3031 Tisch Way Ste 505, San Jose, California 95128, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Townsend EA, Bremer PT, Faunce KE, Negus SS, Jaster AM, Robinson HL, Janda KD, Banks ML. Evaluation of a Dual Fentanyl/Heroin Vaccine on the Antinociceptive and Reinforcing Effects of a Fentanyl/Heroin Mixture in Male and Female Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1300-1310. [PMID: 32271538 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-targeted vaccines represent an emerging treatment strategy for opioid use disorder. To determine whether concurrent vaccination against two commonly abused opioids (fentanyl and heroin) would confer broader spectrum opioid coverage, the current study evaluated dual fentanyl/heroin conjugate vaccine effectiveness using a warm water tail-withdrawal and a fentanyl/heroin-vs-food choice procedure in male and female rats across a 105-day observation period. Vaccine administration generated titers of high-affinity antibodies to both fentanyl and heroin sufficient to decrease the antinociceptive potency of fentanyl (25-fold), heroin (4.6-fold), and a 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture (7.5-fold). Vaccination did not alter the antinociceptive potency of the structurally dissimilar opioid agonist methadone. For comparison, continuous treatment with a naltrexone dose (0.032 mg/kg/h) shown previously to produce clinically relevant plasma-naltrexone levels decreased the antinociceptive potency of fentanyl, heroin, and the 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture by approximately 20-fold. Naltrexone treatment also shifted the potency of 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture in a drug-vs-food choice self-administration procedure 4.3-fold. In contrast, vaccination did not attenuate 1:27 fentanyl/heroin mixture self-administration in the drug-vs-food choice procedure. These data demonstrate that a vaccine can simultaneously attenuate the thermal antinociceptive effects of two structurally dissimilar opioids. However, the vaccine did not attenuate fentanyl/heroin mixture self-administration, suggesting a greater magnitude of vaccine responsiveness is required to decrease opioid reinforcement relative to antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kaycee E. Faunce
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Alaina M. Jaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Hannah L. Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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