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Geta M, Hailu A, Woldeamanuel Y. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and associated factors among children living in northwest Ethiopia city administrations: A community-based study. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2025; 9:100608. [PMID: 40236602 PMCID: PMC11999313 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2025.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
Objective A study was being conducted to assess the current vaccination coverage, dropout rates, and associated risk factors in children under 15 years old in northwest Ethiopia. Study design A community-based cross-sectional survey. Methods A community-based survey was conducted in northwest Ethiopia from January to March 2024. A two-stage cluster-sampling technique was used to select a representative sample. Sociodemographic information, vaccination history, and epidemiological risk factors were collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression model. Associations of vaccination determinants were investigated, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results In the study, 808 children were surveyed, with 53.0 % being female and 53.0 % were born at hospitals. Most (52.5 %) were under 5 years old, with a mean age of 5.4 ± 3.5 years. Seven hundred thirty four (90.8 %) had received at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine, and 82.7 % had received three doses, with a 9.0 % dropout rate. Among children completely vaccinated against hepatitis B, 366 (54.8 %) were in the age group of 1-4 years. The vaccination coverage was 85.4 %, 82.9 %, and 76.5 % in Bahir Dar, Gondar, and Debre Markos, respectively. Several factors have been identified as predictors of complete hepatitis B vaccination in children, including mothers who attended primary school (AOR = 2.9; 95 % CI: 1.4-5.8) and those with secondary education or higher (AOR = 2.2; 95 % CI: 1.3-4.0), married mothers (AOR = 2.5; 95 % CI: 1.5-4.3), and mothers aged 21-30 years (AOR = 2.7; 95 % CI: 1.3-5.6) and those aged 31-40 years (AOR = 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.4-5.5) were more likely to have their children fully vaccinated. Additionally, children born in hospitals (AOR = 2.4; 95 % CI: 1.3-4.3) or health centers (AOR = 4.0; 95 % CI: 2.2-7.4), increased access to vaccination services (AOR = 2.5; 95 % CI: 1.5-4.3), children aged 1-4 years (AOR = 3.1; 95 % CI: 1.7-5.5) and 5-9 years (AOR = 3.8; 95 % CI: 2.1-7.1) had higher HB vaccination coverage. Conclusion The complete hepatitis B vaccination coverage in this study was lower than the WHO recommendation for developing countries. Therefore, enhancing the promotion of facility delivery and ensuring easy access to vaccines are crucial for improving children's vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekuanint Geta
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Chauhadry IA, Soofi SB, Sajid M, Ali R, Khan A, Naqvi SK, Hussain I, Umer M, Bhutta ZA. Bridging the Vaccination Equity Gap: A Community-Driven Approach to Reduce Vaccine Inequities in Polio High-Risk Areas of Pakistan. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1340. [PMID: 39772002 PMCID: PMC11680313 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunization saves millions of lives, and globally, vaccines have significantly contributed to reducing mortality and morbidity due to more than 20 life-threatening illnesses. However, there are considerable disparities in vaccination coverage among countries and within populations. This study evaluates the reduction in disparities in vaccination coverage across various socio-economic groups by adopting an integrated community-engagement approach combined with maternal and child health services through mobile health camps. Methods: This secondary analysis is based on a community-based demonstration project conducted between 2014 and 2016 across 146 union councils in polio high-risk districts of Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Baluchistan in Pakistan. The intervention involved structured community engagement and mobile health camps providing routine immunization alongside maternal and child health services. Data were collected through cross-sectional independent surveys using the WHO two-stage cluster technique at the baseline and the endline, covering over 120,000 children under 5 years old. Four key outcome indicators were analyzed: fully vaccinated children, under-immunized children, unvaccinated children, and polio zero-dose children for equity in vaccine uptake. Results: The proportion of fully vaccinated children increased in the lowest wealth quintile from 28.5% (26.7%, 30.3%) at the baseline to 51.6% (49.5%, 53.8%) at the endline. In comparison, the increase in the richest quantities was 16.2% (14.0%, 18.4%) from the baseline 56.4% (54.6%, 58.2%) to the endline 72.7% (71.1%, 74.2%). Under-vaccination dropped by 10.2% (95% CI: -11.4%, -9.1%), with the poorest quintile showing an 11.8% reduction. The gap between the highest and lowest wealth quintiles in full immunization narrowed by 6.9%, from 27.9% to 21.0% at the baseline and the endline, respectively. The prevalence of zero-dose children significantly decreased across all quintiles, with the highest reduction observed in the lowest quintile of -11.3% (-13.6%, -9.1%). The difference between the highest and lowest wealth quintiles reduced from 6.2% to 3.8%. A significant reduction in polio zero-dose children was achieved, as 13.5% (95% CI: -14.8%, -12.2%), from 29.2% (95% CI: 28.0%, 30.3%) to 15.6% (14.8%, 16.5%). Conclusions: This study shows that integrating community engagement with maternal and child health services through health camps can significantly enhance immunization coverage and reduce wealth-based disparities in high-risk, hard-to-reach areas. The approach improved coverage for zero-dose and fully vaccinated children, suggesting a potential for scaling in regions with access issues, conflict, and vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran A. Chauhadry
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Bashir Soofi
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
| | - Rafey Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
| | - Ahmad Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
| | - Syeda Kanza Naqvi
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Hussain
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
| | - Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (I.A.C.); (S.B.S.); (A.K.); (I.H.); (M.U.)
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Miraj F, Iftikhar S, Siddique M, Dharma VK, Shah MT, Siddiqi DA, Chandir S. Leveraging Data from a Provincial Electronic Immunization Registry to Analyze Immunization Coverage, Timeliness, and Defaulters Among 8.8 Million Children from the 2018 to 2023 Birth Cohorts in Sindh Province, Pakistan. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1327. [PMID: 39771989 PMCID: PMC11679383 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Full immunization coverage in Pakistan remains suboptimal at 66%. An in-depth assessment is needed to understand the long-term trends in immunization and identify the extent of defaulters and associated risk factors of them being left uncovered by the immunization system. METHODS We conducted a 5-year analysis using the Government's Provincial Electronic Immunization Registry data for the 2018-2023 birth cohorts in Sindh province. We analyzed 8,792,392 child-level immunization records from 1 January 2018 to 31 May 2024 to examine trends in immunization coverage, timeliness, defaulter rates, and associated risk factors; Results: Our findings indicate gradual improvements in immunization coverage, with full immunization rates increasing by 23.2% (from 47.5% to 70.7%) from 2018 to 2022. While timeliness declined from 2018 to 2021, it recovered in 2022 and 2023. Over the 5-year study period, >90% of children defaulted on vaccinations, with 34.8% fully covered and 9.1% uncovered. Children from urban areas (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.52, 1.56; p-value < 0.001) and those enrolled through fixed immunization sites (OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 2.08, 2.15; p-value < 0.001) and mobile immunization vans (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.77; p-value = 0.003) were at higher risk of being uncovered defaulters. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates improvements in immunization coverage in Sindh while highlighting the challenge of low timeliness and high default rates. Our findings provide insights to strengthen immunization access and timeliness, particularly in high-default areas, and can guide policies in similar low-income settings for more equitable and comprehensive immunization coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Miraj
- Maternal & Child Health, IRD Pakistan, Karachi 75190, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Iftikhar
- Maternal & Child Health, IRD Pakistan, Karachi 75190, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Danya Arif Siddiqi
- IRD Global, 16 Raffles Quay, Singapore 049145, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Subhash Chandir
- IRD Global, 16 Raffles Quay, Singapore 049145, Singapore
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Salman M, Rana MS, Usman M, Tahir M, Muqarrab K, Alam MB, Umair M, Anas M, Ullah N, Farooq A, Ashraf Z. Re-emergence of Diphtheria after COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: Time to consider booster vaccination strategies. J Infect 2024; 88:106141. [PMID: 38513739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Muhammad Tahir
- Federal general hospital, Chak shahzad Islamabad Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Muqarrab
- World Health Organization Provincial Office Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad B Alam
- World Health Organization Provincial Office Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Massab Umair
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadeem Ullah
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Zurva Ashraf
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Allana R, Jabeen R. Bridging the Equity Gap Through EPI Immunization Services in Pakistan. Asia Pac J Public Health 2023; 35:451-452. [PMID: 37642366 DOI: 10.1177/10105395231197905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Allana
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rawshan Jabeen
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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