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Yamashita K, Miyazaki H, Shinoda S, Hagiwara S, Takahashi H, Itagaki H. Assessment of the skin sensitizing potential of chemicals, contained in foods and/or cosmetic ingredients, using a modified local lymph node assay with an elicitation phase (LLNA:DAE) method. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:513-520. [PMID: 30078837 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the skin sensitizing potential of 10 natural organic chemicals, or their derivatives, which are included in foods and/or skin products, using a modified local lymph node assay (LLNA), with an elicitation phase (LLNA:DAE). The following compounds were tested: carminic acid, esculetin, 4-methyl esculetin, coumarin, quercetin, curcumin, naringenin, chlorogenic acid, isoscopoletin, and shikonin. Esculetin, 4-methyl esculetin, isoscopoletin, and shikonin yielded positive results. In particular, shikonin at a very low concentration (0.05%) induced an elicitation response. In conclusion, four of the 10 natural organic chemicals tested had a skin sensitization potential, with shikonin producing serious reaction even at a very low concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saori Hagiwara
- Yoshimi Laboratories, Drug Safety Testing Center Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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Zhang H, Shi Y, Wang C, Zhao K, Zhang S, Wei L, Dong L, Gu W, Xu Y, Ruan H, Zhi H, Yang X. An improvement of LLNA:DA to assess the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:129-136. [PMID: 28321039 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We developed a modified local lymph node assay based on ATP (LLNA:DA), termed the Two-Stage LLNA:DA, to further reduce the animal numbers in the identification of sensitizers. In the Two-Stage LLNA:DA procedure, 13 chemicals ranging from non-sensitizers to extreme sensitizers were selected. The first stage used reduced LLNA:DA (rLLNA:DA) to screen out sensitive chemicals. The second stage used LLNA:DA based on OECD 442 (A) to classify those potential sensitizers screened out in the first stage. In the first stage, the SIs of the methyl methacrylate, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate, isopropanol and propanediol were below 1.8 and need not to be tested in the second step. Others continued to be tested by LLNA:DA. In the second stage, sodium lauryl sulphate and xylene were classified as weak sensitizers. a-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol were moderate sensitizers. Benzalkonium chloride and glyoxal were strong sensitizers, and phthalic anhydride was an extreme sensitizer. The 9/9, 11/12, 10/11, and 8/13 (positive or negative only) categories of the Two-Stage LLNA:DA were consistent with those from the other methods (LLNA, LLNA:DA, GPMT/BT and HMT/HPTA), suggesting that Two-Stage LLNA:DA have a high coincidence rate with reported data. In conclusion, The Two-Stage LLNA:DA is in line with the "3R" rules, and can be a modification of LLNA:DA but needs more study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Desease Control and Prevention, China
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Kim DE, Yang H, Jang WH, Jung KM, Park M, Choi JK, Jung MS, Jeon EY, Heo Y, Yeo KW, Jo JH, Park JE, Sohn SJ, Kim TS, Ahn IY, Jeong TC, Lim KM, Bae S. Predictive capacity of a non-radioisotopic local lymph node assay using flow cytometry, LLNA:BrdU–FCM: Comparison of a cutoff approach and inferential statistics. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 78:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang H, Na J, Jang WH, Jung MS, Jeon JY, Heo Y, Yeo KW, Jo JH, Lim KM, Bae S. Appraisal of within- and between-laboratory reproducibility of non-radioisotopic local lymph node assay using flow cytometry, LLNA:BrdU-FCM: Comparison of OECD TG429 performance standard and statistical evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yamashita K, Shinoda S, Hagiwara S, Miyazaki H, Itagaki H. Unsaturated fatty acids show clear elicitation responses in a modified local lymph node assay with an elicitation phase, and test positive in the direct peptide reactivity assay. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:843-53. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Yamashita
- Corporate Research Center, Daicel Corporation
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Saori Hagiwara
- Yoshimi Laboratories, Drug Safety Testing Center Co., Ltd
| | | | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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Yamashita K, Shinoda S, Hagiwara S, Itagaki H. Further development of LLNA:DAE method as stand-alone skin-sensitization testing method and applied for evaluation of relative skin-sensitizing potency between chemicals. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:137-50. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
- Corporate Research Center, Daicel Corporation
| | | | - Saori Hagiwara
- Yoshimi Laboratories, Drug Safety Testing Center Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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Yamashita K, Shinoda S, Hagiwara S, Itagaki H. Development of LLNA:DAE: a new local lymph node assay that includes the elicitation phase, discriminates borderline-positive chemicals, and is useful for cross-sensitization testing. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:147-61. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Yamashita
- Corporate Research Center, Daicel Corporation
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Saori Hagiwara
- Yoshimi Laboratories, Drug Safety Testing Center Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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Basketter D, Crozier J, Hubesch B, Manou I, Mehling A, Scheel J. Optimised testing strategies for skin sensitization – The LLNA and beyond. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Assessment of the sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes and some of their metabolites by the loose-fit coculture-based sensitization assay (LCSA). Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:733-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kojima H, Takeyoshi M, Sozu T, Awogi T, Arima K, Idehara K, Ikarashi Y, Kanazawa Y, Maki E, Omori T, Yuasa A, Yoshimura I. Inter-laboratory validation of the modified murine local lymph node assay based on 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:63-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aoyama K. [Recent development in animal testing to predict the skin and respiratory sensitizing potential of chemicals]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2010; 65:14-19. [PMID: 20134104 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.65.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The identification of chemicals with skin and/or respiratory sensitizing potential is important for the prevention of allergic diseases in both living and work environments. Although a number of animal models for respiratory allergic diseases have been reported, none of these models meets the goals of broad assessments of chemical sensitizing potential. We are attempting to develop a test for predicting the respiratory sensitization of chemicals. In the evaluation of skin sensitization of chemicals, the mostly used predictive tests are the guinea pig maximization test, Buehler test, and mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA). However, only LLNA has been validated formally and independently. Recent studies have revealed that EC3 estimated by LLNA correlates well with human skin sensitizing potency and the threshold for the induction of skin sensitization in the human repeat patch test. Thus, LLNA can predict the potency of skin sensitizing potential of a chemical and its risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Aoyama
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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