1
|
Augmentation of 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ24 Reductase (DHCR24) Expression Induced by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection Facilitates Viral Replication via Promoting Cholesterol Synthesis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0149222. [PMID: 36468862 PMCID: PMC9769396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the etiologic agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, one of the most important viral diseases of cattle, leading to numerous losses to the cattle rearing industry worldwide. The pathogenicity of BVDV is extremely complex, and many underlying mechanisms involved in BVDV-host interactions are poorly understood, especially how BVDV utilizes host metabolism pathway for efficient viral replication and spread. In our previous study, using an integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics, we found that DHCR24 (3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ24 reductase), a key enzyme in regulating cholesterol synthesis, was significantly upregulated at both gene and protein levels in the BVDV-infected bovine cells, indicating that cholesterol is important for BVDV replication. In the present study, the effects of DHCR24-mediated cholesterol synthesis on BVDV replication was explored. Our results showed that overexpression of the DHCR24 effectively promoted cholesterol synthesis, as well as BVDV replication, while acute cholesterol depletion in the bovine cells by treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) obviously inhibited BVDV replication. In addition, knockdown of DHCR24 (gene silencing with siRNA targeting DHCR24, siDHCR24) or chemical inhibition (treating bovine cells with U18666A, an inhibitor of DHCR24 activity and cholesterol synthesis) significantly suppressed BVDV replication, whereas supplementation with exogenous cholesterol to the siDHCR24-transfected or U18666A-treated bovine cells remarkably restored viral replication. We further confirmed that BVDV nonstructural protein NS5A contributed to the augmentation of DHCR24 expression. Conclusively, augmentation of the DHCR24 induced by BVDV infection plays an important role in BVDV replication via promoting cholesterol production. IMPORTANCE Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), an important pathogen of cattle, is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, which causes extensive economic losses in both cow- and beef-rearing industry worldwide. The molecular interactions between BVDV and its host are extremely complex. In our previous study, we found that an essential host factor 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ24 reductase (DHCR24), a key enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, was significantly upregulated at both gene and protein levels in BVDV-infected bovine cells. Here, we experimentally explored the function of the DHCR24-mediated cholesterol synthesis in regulating BVDV replication. We elucidated that the augmentation of the DHCR24 induced by BVDV infection played a significant role in viral replication via promoting cholesterol synthesis. Our data provide evidence that BVDV utilizes a host metabolism pathway to facilitate its replication and spread.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chakraborty AK, Mukherjee P, Karam A, Das S, Barkalita L, Puro K, Sanjukta R, Ghatak S, Sakuntala I, Laha RG, Borah P, Ngachan SV, Sharma I, Sen A. Evidence of BVDV in Pigs from North Eastern Part of India- Genetic Profiling and Characterisation. Open Virol J 2018; 12:110-120. [PMID: 30288199 PMCID: PMC6142659 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The work has been attempted to detect and genetically characterise the nature of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) isolates from the porcine population of the north east. Methods and Material: The samples have been collected over a two year period and are from areas where there is a mixed and integrated rearing of livestock in close proximity. The isolates were identified, cloned and sequenced using BVD specific genomic primers for two important domains viz., E-2 and 5’ UTR. Results: Porcine BVD Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Divergence in 3 sequences is noted in the 5’ UTR region that are forming a clear outlier group while E-2 sequences are coming close to BVDV group but forming a separate cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kr Chakraborty
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Priyanka Mukherjee
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Amarjit Karam
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Luit Barkalita
- Department of Biotechnology, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - Kekungo Puro
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Rajkumari Sanjukta
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Ingudam Sakuntala
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Ram Gopal Laha
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Prabodh Borah
- Department of Biotechnology, C.V.Sc, AAU, Khanapara, Assam, India
| | - S V Ngachan
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788011, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Barapani - 793103, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riitho V, Larska M, Strong R, La Rocca SA, Locker N, Alenius S, Steinbach F, Liu L, Uttenthal Å, Graham SP. Comparative analysis of adaptive immune responses following experimental infections of cattle with bovine viral diarrhoea virus-1 and an Asiatic atypical ruminant pestivirus. Vaccine 2018; 36:4494-4500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
4
|
Strong R, Graham SP, La Rocca SA, Raue R, Vangeel I, Steinbach F. Establishment of a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 Intranasal Challenge Model for Assessing Vaccine Efficacy. Front Vet Sci 2018. [PMID: 29536016 PMCID: PMC5835082 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) challenge model suitable for evaluation of efficacy of BVDV vaccines; a model that mimics natural infection and induces clear leukopenia and viremia. Clinical, hematological and virological parameters were evaluated after infection of two age groups of calves (3 and 9 months) with two BVDV-2 strains (1362727 and 502643). Calves became pyrexic between 8 and 9 days post inoculation and exhibited symptoms, such as nasal discharge, mild depression, cough, and inappetence. Leukopenia with associated lymphopenia and neutropenia was evident in all groups with lowest leukocyte and lymphocyte counts reached 8 dpi and granulocyte counts between 11 and 16 dpi, dependent on the strain and age of the calves. A more severe thrombocytopenia was seen in those animals inoculated with strain 1362727. Leukocyte and nasal swab samples were positive by virus isolation, as early as 3 dpi and 2 dpi respectively, independent of the inocula used. All calves seroconverted with high levels of BVDV-2 neutralizing antibodies. BVDV RNA was evident as late as 90 dpi and provides the first evidence of the presence of replicating virus long after recovery from BVDV-2 experimental infection. In summary, moderate disease can be induced after experimental infection of calves with a low titer of virulent BVDV-2, with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, viremia, and virus shedding. These strains represent an attractive model to assess the protective efficacy of existing and new vaccines against BVDV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - S A La Rocca
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Rudiger Raue
- Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Zoetis, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vangeel
- Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Zoetis, Belgium
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Russell GC, Grant DM, Lycett S, Bachofen C, Caldow GL, Burr PD, Davie K, Ambrose N, Gunn GJ, Zadoks RN. Analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: Biobank and sequence database to support eradication in Scotland. Vet Rec 2017; 180:447. [PMID: 28386029 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Samples from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)-positive cattle were gathered by Scottish diagnostic laboratories and used to produce a Biobank of samples with associated location and identification data in support of the Scottish BVDV eradication scheme. The samples were subject to direct amplification and sequencing of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) to define the viral types and subtypes present. From 2693 samples collected prior to 2016, approximately 2300 sequences were obtained, representing 8 BVDV type 1 subtypes. No BVDV type 2 samples were detected. The samples came from all regions of the UK but 66 per cent were from Scotland. Analysis of the sequences showed great diversity in the 5'-UTR, with 1206 different sequences. Many samples carried virus with identical 5'-UTR sequences; often from single locations, but there were also examples of the same sequence being obtained from samples at several different locations. This work provides a resource that can be used to analyse the movement of BVDV strains both within Scotland and between Scotland and other nations, particularly in the latter stages of the Scottish eradication programme, and so inform the advice available to both livestock keepers and policymakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - D M Grant
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - S Lycett
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow
| | - C Bachofen
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - G L Caldow
- SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services, Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian
| | - P D Burr
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, Edinburgh Technopole, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PY, UK
| | - K Davie
- Animal Health and Welfare Division, Directorate for Agriculture and Rural Economy, Scottish Government, Saughton House, Edinburgh EH11 3XD, UK
| | - N Ambrose
- Animal Health and Welfare Division, Directorate for Agriculture and Rural Economy, Scottish Government, Saughton House, Edinburgh EH11 3XD, UK
| | - G J Gunn
- SRUC Epidemiology Research Unit, An Lochran, Beechwood Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Booth RE, Thomas CJ, El-Attar LMR, Gunn G, Brownlie J. A phylogenetic analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) isolates from six different regions of the UK and links to animal movement data. Vet Res 2013; 44:43. [PMID: 23783173 PMCID: PMC3691640 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus which infects cattle populations worldwide and is recognised as a significant source of economic loss through its impact on health and productivity. Studies investigating the molecular epidemiology of BVDV can give invaluable information about the diversity of viral strains present in a population and this, in turn, can inform control programs, drive vaccine development and determine likely infection sources. The current study investigated 104 viral isolates from forty farms across the UK. Through phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5′UTR and Npro regions of the isolates investigated, it was determined that BVDV 1a was the predominant sub-genotype. However, BVDV 1b, 1e and 1i were also identified and, for the first time in the UK, BVDV 1d. Through analysis of animal movement data alongside the phylogenetic analysis of these BVD isolates, it was possible to link animal movements to the viral isolates present on several premises and, for the first time, begin to elucidate the routes of viral transmission. With further work, this type of analysis would enable accurate determination and quantification of the true biosecurity risk factors associated with BVDV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Booth
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Disease, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Behera SP, Mishra N, Vilcek S, Rajukumar K, Nema RK, Prakash A, Kalaiyarasu S, Dubey SC. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 isolated from cattle in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 34:189-96. [PMID: 21112633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) subtype b is predominantly circulating in Indian cattle. During testing for exotic pestiviruses between 2007 and 2010, BVDV-2 was identified by real time RT-PCR in two of 1446 cattle blood samples originating from thirteen states of India. The genetic analysis of the isolated virus in 5' UTR, N(pro), entire structural genes (C, E(rns), E1 and E2), nonstructural genes NS2-3 besides 3' UTR demonstrated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed highest similarity with BVDV-2. The entire 5' and 3' UTR consisted of 387 and 204 nucleotides, respectively, and an eight nucleotide repeat motif was found twice within the variable part of 3' UTR that may be considered as a characteristic of BVDV-2. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cattle isolate and earlier reported goat BVDV-2 isolate fall into separate clades within BVDV-2a subtype. Antigenic typing with monoclonal antibodies verified the cattle isolate also as BVDV-2. In addition, cross-neutralization tests using antisera raised against Indian BVDV strains circulating in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat and yak) displayed significant antigenic differences only between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains. This is the first identification of BVDV-2 in Indian cattle that may have important implications for immunization strategies and molecular epidemiology of BVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sthita Pragnya Behera
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epidemiological observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Korean indigenous calves. Virus Genes 2010; 42:64-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Letellier C, Pardon B, van der Heyden S, Deprez P. Circulation in Belgium of a bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 closely related to North American hypervirulent viruses. Vet Rec 2010; 166:625-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Letellier
- Department of Virology; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre; Groeselenberg 99 1180 Brussels Belgium
| | - B. Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine
| | - S. van der Heyden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
La Rocca S, Sandvik T. A short target real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of pestiviruses infecting cattle. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Vilcek S, Tiwari A, Satav J, Dubey S. Molecular characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolate originating from a native Indian sheep (Ovies aries). Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Liang R, van den Hurk JV, Landi A, Lawman Z, Deregt D, Townsend H, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. DNA prime protein boost strategies protect cattle from bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 challenge. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:453-466. [PMID: 18198376 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 occur nearly as frequently as those with BVDV type 1, so development of vaccines that protect cattle from both type 1 and type 2 BVDV has become critical. In this study, we compared various DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategies to protect cattle from challenge with BVDV-2 using the major protective antigen of BVDV, glycoprotein E2. Calves were immunized with a plasmid encoding either type 1 E2 (E2.1) or type 2 E2 (E2.2) or with both plasmids (E2.1+E2.2). This was followed by a heterologous boost with E2.1, E2.2 or E2.1 and E2.2 protein formulated with Emulsigen and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Subsequently, the calves were challenged with BVDV-2 strain 1373. All vaccinated calves developed both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and IFN-gamma-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Depletion studies showed that CD4+ T cells were responsible for IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, the calves vaccinated with either the E2.2 or the E2.1+E2.2 vaccines were very well protected from challenge with BVDV-2, having little leukopenia and showing no weight loss or temperature response. In addition, the animals vaccinated with the E2.1 vaccine were partially protected, so there was a certain level of cross-protection. These data demonstrate that a vaccination strategy consisting of priming with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 DNA and boosting with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 protein fully protects cattle from BVDV-2 challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Liang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J V van den Hurk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - A Landi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Z Lawman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - D Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
| | - H Townsend
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Kameyama KI, Tamai K, Ito A, Kida H. Genetic and pathobiological characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses recently isolated from cattle in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 69:515-20. [PMID: 17551225 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 475 strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolated from cattle in 12 prefectures of Japan in the last 7 years were phylogenetically classified as BVDV-1 or BVDV-2 on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-untranslated region. BVDV-1 strains were further subtyped as 1a (101 strains), 1b (163), 1c (128), 1j (3), and So CP/75-like (1), and all of the 79 BVDV-2 strains belonged to subtype 2a. These 2a BVDVs contain two isolates that had high nucleotide identities with those of highly pathogenic BVDV-2 strains reported in North America (Pellerin et al., 1994). However, acute infection with severe mortality like North American outbreak was not observed and most of the present BVDV-2 strains were isolated from persistently infected (PI) cattle showing mild or no clinical sign. Moreover, it was revealed that 61.5% of the 39 PI cattle with cytopathogenic BVDVs did not show typical mucosal disease and 54.6% of the 405 PI animals only with non-cytopathogenic BVDVs were apparently healthy. The present results indicate that the prevention of the infection with an appropriate vaccine and active surveillance covering healthy cattle are required for the control of BVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mishra N, Dubey R, Rajukumar K, Tosh C, Tiwari A, Pitale SS, Pradhan HK. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolated from Indian goats (Capra hircus). Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:340-7. [PMID: 17509780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 is widely prevalent in Indian cattle. In a surveillance of randomly collected 562 blood samples from seven states during 2004-2006, BVDV type 2 was detected in two native Indian goats by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). The virus isolated from them was classified antigenically as BVDV 2 on the basis of virus neutralization test and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Phylogenetic analysis of three different genomic regions, 5' un-translated region (5' UTR), E(rns) structural coding region and NS5B nonstructural coding region typed Indian goat isolate as BVDV 2a having close similarity with strains from North America and Europe suggesting its probable introduction through trade. It was placed in a separate clade within the 2a branch having unique mutations in E(rns) and NS5B region. This is the first report of BVDV 2 in India and only second time recorded in goat species. The isolation of BVDV 2 from goat warrants intensive surveillance in cattle and sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Mishra
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kalaycioglu AT, Russell PH, Howard CR. Selection of mimotopes of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus using a solid-phase peptide library. Vaccine 2007; 25:7081-6. [PMID: 17825961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle, causing important economical losses world-wide. In this study, an 8-mer solid-phase peptide library was screened with a neutralising monoclonal antibody 157 to generate mimotopes mimicking a conformational neutralising epitope of BVDV E2 protein. Two sequences selected 157A1 LFEQYYYF and 157A2 LYRFGEFD that did not show a high structural or sequence similarity with BVDV E2 glycoprotein reacted specifically with monoclonal antibody 157 when presented as solid-phase peptides in a SPOT scan assay. These results indicate that combinatorial peptide libraries can be used to identify potential mimotopes of conformational epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atila T Kalaycioglu
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Courtenay AE, Henderson RG, Cranwell MP, Sandvik T. BVD virus type 2 infection and severe clinical disease in a dairy herd. Vet Rec 2007; 160:706-7. [PMID: 17513840 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.20.706-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
18
|
Tang F, Zhang C. Evidence for positive selection on the E2 gene of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1. Virus Genes 2007; 35:629-34. [PMID: 17566858 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of pestivirus, there have been few attempts to determine which regions of the pestivirus genome are subject to positive selection, although this may be a key indicator of the nature of the interaction between host and virus. By using likelihood-based methods for phylogenetic inference, the positive selection pressure of BVDV-1 E2 gene were assessed and a site-by-site analysis of the dN/dS ratio was performed, to identify specific codons undergoing diversifying positive selection. The overall omega was 0.20, indicating that most sites were subject to strong purifying selection and five positively selected sites (886, 888, 905, 944, and 946) were identified. It is surprising to find that all the potential positively selected sites fall within the C-terminal of E2, and out of the N-terminal of E2 which is thought to be surface-exposed and therefore prime targets for host antibody response. In conclusion, these results suggest that selection favoring avoidance of antibody recognition has not been a major factor in the history of BVDV-1. Further analysis is necessary to see if amino acid substitutions in the BVDV-1 positively selected sites can lead to change of host tropism or\and escape from epitope-specific CD8 T-cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
BVDV is associated with a range of economically important clinical diseases including reproductive disorders and acute fatal haemorrhagic disease in cattle industry. Vaccination is still the most important control strategy for controlling BVDV infections in many countries of the world. The existence of great genetic and antigenic diversity of BVDV isolates is very important concern for BVDV vaccine development and protective efficacy of current vaccines. In this review, the protective efficacies of the selected examples of BVDV vaccines with regard to BVDV diversity and the novel marker vaccine development studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Kalaycioglu
- T.C. Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 36100, Kars, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Willoughby K, Valdazo-González B, Maley M, Gilray J, Nettleton PF. Development of a real time RT-PCR to detect and type ovine pestiviruses. J Virol Methods 2006; 132:187-94. [PMID: 16309752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A real time one-step RT-PCR was designed to detect and type border disease virus (BDV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and BVDV type 2 in ovine samples. The real time RT-PCR was shown to behave in a linear manner and had limits of detection of 100-1000 copies of viral RNA as judged by in vitro transcribed RNA. The real time RT-PCR was validated on 50 clinical samples from UK flocks and was more sensitive than a virus isolation and a classical nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR). The results of real time RT-PCR virus typing agreed completely with sequencing. The majority of ovine isolates were BDV; a small proportion were BVDV type 1. BVDV type 2 was not detected in any sample. This test appears reliable and can be used for the typing of ovine pestiviruses in the UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Willoughby
- Virus Surveillance Unit, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vilcek S, Durkovic B, Kolesarova M, Paton DJ. Genetic diversity of BVDV: consequences for classification and molecular epidemiology. Prev Vet Med 2005; 72:31-5; discussion 215-9. [PMID: 16169617 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is important for the precise classification of viruses as well as for the development of molecular epidemiology. BVDV isolates were usually typed based on comparison of genomic sequences from the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR), N(pro) and E2 region. Recently we have identified 11 genetic groups (subgenotypes) of BVDV-1. Our further experiments confirmed a new subgenotype, BVDV-1k, isolated from cattle in Switzerland. BVDV isolates from India were typed as BVDV-1b whereas BVDV-1c is a predominant subgenotype in Australia. The results of genetic typing of BVDV indicate that distribution of subgenotypes has no relationship to the geographic origin of viral isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vilcek
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Uttenthal A, Stadejek T, Nylin B. Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) in Denmark during a 10-year eradication period. APMIS 2005; 113:536-41. [PMID: 16086824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 243 base-pair fragment of the 5'- untranslated region (5'-UTR) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was RT-PCR amplified from tissue samples (after one passage) or from plasma collected from Danish cattle in 1962 (1), 1993 (7), or in 2002-03 (28) when BVD was almost extinct as a result of a 6-year eradication programme. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. All 36 samples were BVDV species 1 (BVDV-1), 29 sequences belonged to the BVDV 1d subtype, 6 to the BVDV 1b subtype, and one sequence to the BVDV 1e subtype. While all samples from 1993 and 1962 were of 1d subtype, the samples collected in 2002-2003 belonged to 1d (22 samples), 1b (5 samples) and 1e (1 sample) subtypes. In five herds, materials from two animals were obtained for PCR analysis. In four of five herds the sequences of the two viruses were identical, but in one herd the obtained sequences belonged to two different subtypes. Routine analysis detected 11 PI calves older than 2 months of age. For early detection of infected calves it is recommended that antigen ELISA be replaced by PCR detection. Here we present the first sequence analysis of Danish BVDV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Uttenthal
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research (DFVF), Department of Virology, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|