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Hung SW, Chuang CK, Wong CH, Yen CH, Peng SH, Yang C, Chen MC, Yang TS, Tu CF. Activated macrophages of CD 163 gene edited pigs generated by direct cytoplasmic microinjection with CRISPR gRNA/Cas9 mRNA are resistant to PRRS virus assault. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4196-4209. [PMID: 35507885 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2062602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects placental and lung macrophages, causing a global epidemic with economic loss. Attempts to develop an effective vaccine to control the disease have not been effective. Currently, developing PRRSV disease-resistant pigs via a gene editing (GE) strategy to mutate the PRRSV receptor or to delete the binding domain on the macrophage appears promising. In this study, we used the strategy of Edinburg University to construct two guide RNAs (gRNAs) located on the proximal front and post sites of exon 7. Directive microinjection of two gRNAs and Cas9 mRNA into the cytoplasm of pronuclear zygotes efficiently generated four piglets confirmed as CD163 knockout (KO) and/or CD163 exon 7 deleted (CD163ΔE7). In four GE piglets, three pigs carried two chromosome CD163 KO or ΔE7. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three GE and wild-type (WT) pigs were activated into macrophages for in vitro transfection. The results showed that the activated macrophages from all GE pigs were significantly more viable than those from WT pig. Current results suggest that we have successfully generated PRRSV-resistant pigs, although in vivo challenge is needed to validate that the pigs are PRRSV resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Hung
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Kai Chuang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hong Wong
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chon-Ho Yen
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hui Peng
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chieh Yang
- Fa Chang Enterprise Co. Ltd, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tien-Shuh Yang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Fu Tu
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
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2
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Pei Y, Lin C, Li H, Feng Z. Genetic background influences pig responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1289570. [PMID: 37929286 PMCID: PMC10623566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1289570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly infectious and economically significant virus that causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in pigs. It results in reduced productivity and increased mortality in pigs, causing substantial economic losses in the industry. Understanding the factors affecting pig responses to PRRSV is crucial to develop effective control strategies. Genetic background has emerged as a significant determinant of susceptibility and resistance to PRRSV in pigs. This review provides an overview of the basic infection process of PRRSV in pigs, associated symptoms, underlying immune mechanisms, and roles of noncoding RNA and alternative splicing in PRRSV infection. Moreover, it emphasized breed-specific variations in these aspects that may have implications for individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Chenghong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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3
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You X, Li G, Lei Y, Xu Z, Zhang P, Yang Y. Role of genetic factors in different swine breeds exhibiting varying levels of resistance/susceptibility to PRRSV. Virus Res 2023; 326:199057. [PMID: 36731630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), is an economically significant contagious disease. Traditional approaches based on vaccines or medicines were challenging to control PRRSV due to the diversity of viruses. Different breeds of pigs infected with PRRSV have been reported to have different immune responses. However, due to the complexity of interaction mechanism between host and PRRSV, the genetic mechanism leading to PRRSV susceptibility/resistance in various pig breeds is still unclear. Herein, the role of host genetic components in PRRSV susceptibility is systematically described, and the molecular mechanisms by which host genetic factors such as SNPs, cytokines, receptor molecules, intestinal flora, and non-coding RNAs regulate PRRSV susceptibility/resistance. Therefore, improving the resistance to disease of individual animals through disease-resistance breeding technology is of profound significance for uplifting the sustainable and healthy development of the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbin You
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Gan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ying Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhiqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Youbing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang 471023, China.
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4
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Ye N, Wang B, Feng W, Tang D, Zeng Z. PRRS virus receptors and an alternative pathway for viral invasion. Virus Res 2022; 320:198885. [PMID: 35948131 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a highly restricted cell tropism, which is closely related to the specific receptors associated with PRRSV infection. At least nine cellular molecules have been identified as putative receptors for PRRSV, including CD163, a cysteine-rich scavenger receptor. With the participation of the CD163 receptor and other cofactors, PRRSV invades cells via low pH-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, PRRSV utilizes viral apoptotic mimicry to infect cells though macropinocytosis as an alternative pathway. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the studies on receptors and pathways that play an important role in PRRSV invasion, and simultaneously explore the use of specific antibodies, small molecules, and blockers targeting receptor-ligand interactions, as a potential strategy for controlling PRRSV infection. Novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV could be developed by identifying the interaction between receptors and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Activating Fc Gamma Receptors and Viral Receptors Are Required for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090470. [PMID: 36136686 PMCID: PMC9504219 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific sub- or non-neutralizing antibodies promote the adhesion and internalization of the virion into host cells. This phenomenon is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of PRRSV infection. It has long been accepted that Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are responsible for mediating ADE of virus infection. However, few researchers pay attention to the role of the virus receptors in the ADE of virus infection. In this study, we showed that activating FcγRs (FcγRI and FcγRIII) were responsible for mediating PRRSV-ADE infection. Simultaneously, we showed that the viral receptors (sialoadhesin and CD163) were involved in FcγR-mediated PRRSV-ADE infection. The extracellular domains 1-6 of sialoadhesin and the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich 5 domain of CD163 might play central roles in PRRSV-ADE infection. In conclusion, our studies indicated that activating FcγRs and virus receptors were required for PRRSV-ADE infection. Our findings should allow a more precise understanding of the structural basis for the mechanism of PRRSV-ADE infection, which would provide references for screening targets of novel PRRS vaccines or antiviral drugs against the PRRSV. Abstract Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an event in preexisting sub-, or non-neutralizing antibodies increasing the viral replication in its target cells. ADE is one crucial factor that intensifies porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection and results in PRRSV-persistent infection. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of PRRSV-ADE infection are poorly understood. In the current research, the results of the ADE assay showed that porcine immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for the PRRSV significantly enhanced PRRSV proliferation in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), suggesting that the ADE activity of PRRSV infection existed in pig anti-PRRSV IgG. The results of the RNA interference assay showed that knockdown of the Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) or FcγRIII gene significantly suppressed the ADE activity of PRRSV infection in PAMs, suggesting that FcγRI and FcγRIII were responsible for mediating PRRSV-ADE infection. In addition, the results of the antibody blocking assay showed that specific blocking of the Sn1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 extracellular domain of the sialoadhesin (Sn) protein or selective blockade of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) 5 domain of the CD163 molecule significantly repressed the ADE activity of PRRSV infection in PAMs, suggesting that Sn and CD163 were involved in FcγR-mediated PRRSV-ADE infection. The Sn1–6 domains of porcine Sn protein and the SRCR 5 domain of porcine CD163 molecule might play central roles in the ADE of PRRSV infection. In summary, our studies indicated that activating FcγRs (FcγRI and FcγRIII) and viral receptors (Sn and CD163) were required for ADE of PRRSV infection. Our findings provided a new insight into PRRSV infection that could be enhanced by FcγRs and PRRSV receptors-mediated PRRSV-antibody immune complexes (ICs), which would deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of PRRSV-persistent infection via the ADE pathway.
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Li R, Qiao S, Zhang G. Reappraising host cellular factors involved in attachment and entry to develop antiviral strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975610. [PMID: 35958155 PMCID: PMC9360752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is a highly contagious disease that brings tremendous economic losses to the global swine industry. As an intracellular obligate pathogen, PRRSV infects specific host cells to complete its replication cycle. PRRSV attachment to and entry into host cells are the first steps to initiate the replication cycle and involve multiple host cellular factors. In this review, we recapitulated recent advances on host cellular factors involved in PRRSV attachment and entry, and reappraised their functions in these two stages, which will deepen the understanding of PRRSV infection and provide insights to develop promising antiviral strategies against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Current Status of Genetically Modified Pigs That Are Resistant to Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020417. [PMID: 35216010 PMCID: PMC8874825 DOI: 10.3390/v14020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs play an important role in agriculture and biomedicine. The globally developing swine industry must address the challenges presented by swine-origin viruses, including ASFV (African swine fever virus), PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus), PEDV (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), PRV (pseudorabies virus), CSFV (classical swine fever virus), TGEV (transmissible gastroenteritis virus), et al. Despite sustained efforts by many government authorities, these viruses are still widespread. Currently, gene-editing technology has been successfully used to generate antiviral pigs, which offers the possibility for increasing animal disease tolerance and improving animal economic traits in the future. Here, we summarized the current advance in knowledge regarding the host factors in virus infection and the current status of genetically modified pigs that are resistant to virus infection in the world. There has not been any report on PEDV-resistant pigs, ASFV-resistant pigs, and PRV-resistant pigs owing to the poor understanding of the key host factors in virus infection. Furthermore, we summarized the remaining problems in producing virus-resistant pigs, and proposed several potential methods to solve them. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening to explore the key host receptors in virus infection may be a feasible method. At the same time, exploring the key amino acids of host factors in virus infection with library screening based on ABEs and CBEs (Bes) may provide creative insight into producing antiviral pigs in the future.
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8
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Zhang L, Xu R, Wei F, Li W, Li X, Zhang G, Xia P. Activation of sialoadhesin down-regulates the levels of innate antiviral cytokines in porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. Virus Res 2019; 275:197792. [PMID: 31669458 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sialoadhesin (pSn) is a crucial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) receptor mediating the attachment and internalization of virus into its major target cells, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). However, the role of pSn in innate antiviral immune response has not yet been investigated. In this study, our results showed that PRRSV down-regulated significantly the mRNA levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ3 and IFN-λ4 and up-regulated significantly the mRNA levels of IL-10 and pSn in infected PAMs in vitro, suggesting that PRRSV infection inhibited the transcription of innate antiviral cytokines in host cells. Our results also showed that selective activation of pSn down-regulated significantly the mRNA levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ3, IFN-λ4 and TNF-α and up-regulated significantly the mRNA level of IL-10 in PAMs in vitro, suggesting that pSn signaling inhibited the transcription of innate antiviral cytokines. Further results showed that pSn1, pSn2, pSn3, pSn4 and pSn5 domains of pSn were responsible for the inhibition of levels of innate antiviral cytokines. In conclusion, our results suggested that pSn suppressed innate antiviral immune response by down-regulating the levels of innate antiviral cytokines in PAMs. It was possible that PRRSV-pSn interaction may suppress innate antiviral immune response to PRRSV infection by repressing the production of innate antiviral cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruiqin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Fengling Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiangtong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Pingan Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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9
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Liu Q, Wang HY, He XJ. Induction of immunoproteasomes in porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1776-1782. [PMID: 31548474 PMCID: PMC6943335 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasome (i-proteasome) has both immune and non-immune functions and plays
important roles in controlling infections and combating illnesses. Our previous studies
suggest that interferon (IFN)-γ induces the expression of three immune-specific catalytic
subunits of the 20S proteasome that can replace their constitutive homologues to form the
i-proteasome in immune cells, such as porcine alveolar macrophages (AMs) in
vitro. However, i-proteasome levels and their modulation in non-immune cells
such as the epithelial cells in pigs remain unknown. Here, we investigated the expression
of i-proteasomes in non-immune cells (porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells) to determine
i-proteasome modulation upon stimulation of PK-15 cells with IFN-γ and tumor necrosis
factor (TNF)-α in vitro. The expression of i-proteasome subunits in PK-15
cells were regulated by IFN-γ and TNF-α. Remarkably, we found that the combination
treatment of IFN-γ and TNF-α increased the expression of i-proteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7,
and MECL-1 in PK-15 cells at transcriptional levels, but may decrease their expression at
translational level, compared to their expression levels induced by individual cytokine
treatments. These results provide critical insight into i-proteasome modulation in porcine
non-immune cells, contribute further to our understanding of i-proteasome function in
tissue pathogenesis and the development of antiviral adaptive immune responses against
intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
| | - Huai Yu Wang
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
| | - Xi-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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10
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Anti-viral immune response in the lung and thymus: Molecular characterization and expression analysis of immunoproteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 in pigs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:472-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xie J, Christiaens I, Yang B, Breedam WV, Cui T, Nauwynck HJ. Molecular cloning of porcine Siglec-3, Siglec-5 and Siglec-10, and identification of Siglec-10 as an alternative receptor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2030-2042. [PMID: 28742001 PMCID: PMC5656783 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several entry mediators have been characterized for porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Porcine sialoadhesin [pSn,
also known as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec-1)] and
porcine CD163 (pCD163) have been identified as the most important host entry
mediators that can fully coordinate PRRSV infection into macrophages. However,
recent isolates have not only shown a tropism for sialoadhesin-positive cells,
but also for sialoadhesin-negative cells. This observation might be partly
explained by the existence of additional receptors that can support PRRSV
binding and entry. In the search for new receptors, recently identified porcine
Siglecs (Siglec-3, Siglec-5 and Siglec-10), members of the same family as
sialoadhesin, were cloned and characterized. Only Siglec-10 was able to
significantly improve PRRSV infection and production in a CD163-transfected cell
line. Compared with sialoadhesin, Siglec-10 performed equally effectively as a
receptor for PRRSV type 2 strain MN-184, but it was less capable of supporting
infection with PRRSV type 1 strain LV (Lelystad virus). Siglec-10 was
demonstrated to be involved in the endocytosis of PRRSV, confirming the
important role of Siglec-10 in the entry process of PRRSV. In conclusion, it can
be stated that PRRSV may use several Siglecs to enter macrophages, which may
explain the strain differences in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Xie
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isaura Christiaens
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wander Van Breedam
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tingting Cui
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Genetic engineering alveolar macrophages for host resistance to PRRSV. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:124-129. [PMID: 28215617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Standard strategies for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have not been effective, as vaccines have not reduced the prevalence of disease and many producers depopulate after an outbreak. Another method of control would be to prevent the virus from infecting the pig. The virus was thought to infect alveolar macrophages by interaction with a variety of cell surface molecules. One popular model had PRRSV first interacting with heparin sulfate followed by binding to sialoadhesin and then being internalized into an endosome. Within the endosome, PRRSV was thought to interact with CD163 to uncoat the virus so the viral genome could be released into the cytosol and infect the cell. Other candidate receptors have included vimentin, CD151 and CD209. By using genetic engineering, it is possible to test the importance of individual entry mediators by knocking them out. Pigs engineered by knockout of sialoadhesin were still susceptible to infection, while CD163 knockout resulted in pigs that were resistant to infection. Genetic engineering is not only a valuable tool to determine the role of specific proteins in infection by PRRSV (in this case), but also provides a means to create animals resistant to disease. Genetic engineering of alveolar macrophages can also illuminate the role of other proteins in response to infection. We suggest that strategies to prevent infection be pursued to reduce the reservoir of virus.
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13
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Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Yuste M, Fernández-Caballero T, Prieto C, Álvarez B, Martínez-Lobo J, Simarro I, Castro JM, Alonso F, Ezquerra Á, Domínguez J, Revilla C. Splenic CD163 + macrophages as targets of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus: Role of Siglecs. Vet Microbiol 2016; 198:72-80. [PMID: 28062010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CD169 and CD163 have been involved in the process of PRRS virus attachment and infection in macrophages, although recent studies have challenged the requirement for CD169. In addition to CD169, macrophages express other siglecs, whose role in PRRS virus infection is so far unknown. Splenic CD163+ macrophages express Siglec-3 and Siglec-5 but almost undetectable levels of CD169. Hence, we considered this cell population appropriate for analysing the role of these siglecs in the attachment and internalization of PRRS virus into macrophages. PRRS virus replicated efficiently in these macrophages, yielding even higher titres than in alveolar macrophages. Besides, a recombinant protein consisting in the ectodomain of porcine Siglec-3 fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG1 (Siglec3-Fc) was able to bind PRRS virus, while binding to Siglec-5-Fc was inconsistent. Antibodies to CD169 but not to Siglec-3 or Siglec-5 blocked the binding and infection of PRRS virus on alveolar macrophages. Unexpectedly, our antibody to CD169 also blocked the binding of PRRS virus to splenic CD163+ macrophages, whereas antibodies to Siglec-3 or Siglec-5 had no effect. These results show that very low levels of CD169 expression are enough to support the attachment and internalization of PRRS virus into macrophages, whereas Siglec-3 and Siglec-5 do not seem to contribute to the virus entry in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Yuste
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández-Caballero
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Lobo
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Simarro
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Castro
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alonso
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ezquerra
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Revilla
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Zhang Q, Yoo D. PRRS virus receptors and their role for pathogenesis. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:229-41. [PMID: 25912022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is endemic in most pig producing countries worldwide and causes enormous economic losses to the swine industry. Specifically differentiated porcine alveolar macrophages are the primary target for PRRSV infection in pigs. At least six cellular molecules have been described so far as putative receptors for PRRSV, and they include heparan sulfate, vimentin, CD151, sialoadhesin (CD169; siglec-1), dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion melecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209), and CD163 (SRCR, cysteine-rich scavenger receptor). Progress has been made to shed light on the interactions between cells and PRRSV, and this review describes the advances and current understanding of the entry of PRRSV to cells with a particular focus on the role of CD163 and sialoadhesin for infection and PRRSV pathogenesis. CD163 is most likely the primary and core receptor for PRRSV and determines the susceptibility of cells to the virus. Sialoadhesin is either unnecessary for infection or may function as an accessory protein. Sialoadhesin has been mostly studied for genotype I PRRSV whereas the utilization of CD163 has been mostly studied using genotype II PRRSV, and whether each genotype indeed utilizes a different receptor is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhan Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Chen Y, Guo R, He S, Zhang X, Xia X, Sun H. Additive inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection with the soluble sialoadhesin and CD163 receptors. Virus Res 2014; 179:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Jiang Y, Khan FA, Pandupuspitasari NS, Kadariya I, Cheng Z, Ren Y, Chen X, Zhou A, Yang L, Kong D, Zhang S. Analysis of the binding sites of porcine sialoadhesin receptor with PRRSV. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23955-79. [PMID: 24351868 PMCID: PMC3876088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can infect pigs and cause enormous economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Porcine sialoadhesin (pSN) and CD163 have been identified as key viral receptors on porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM), a main target cell infected by PRRSV. In this study, the protein structures of amino acids 1-119 from the pSN and cSN (cattle sialoadhesin) N-termini (excluding the 19-amino acid signal peptide) were modeled via homology modeling based on mSN (mouse sialoadhesin) template structures using bioinformatics tools. Subsequently, pSN and cSN homology structures were superposed onto the mSN protein structure to predict the binding sites of pSN. As a validation experiment, the SN N-terminus (including the wild-type and site-directed-mutant-types of pSN and cSN) was cloned and expressed as a SN-GFP chimera protein. The binding activity between SN and PRRSV was confirmed by WB (Western blotting), FAR-WB (far Western blotting), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and immunofluorescence assay. We found that the S107 amino acid residue in the pSN N-terminal played a crucial role in forming a special cavity, as well as a hydrogen bond for enhancing PRRSV binding during PRRSV infection. S107 may be glycosylated during PRRSV infection and may also be involved in forming the cavity for binding PRRSV along with other sites, including W2, Y44, S45, R97, R105, W106 and V109. Additionally, S107 might also be important for pSN binding with PRRSV. However, the function of these binding sites must be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Nuruliarizki Shinta Pandupuspitasari
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ishwari Kadariya
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhangrui Cheng
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Yuwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dexin Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; E-Mails: (Y.J.); (F.A.K.); (N.S.P.); (I.K.); (Y.R.); (X.C.); (A.Z.); (L.Y.)
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Yun SI, Lee YM. Overview: Replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Microbiol 2013; 51:711-23. [PMID: 24385346 PMCID: PMC7091224 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus that causes significant losses in the pig industry, is one of the most important animal pathogens of global significance. Since the discovery of the virus, significant progress has been made in understanding its epidemiology and transmission, but no adequate control measures are yet available to eliminate infection with this pathogen. The genome replication of PRRSV is required to reproduce, within a few hours of infection, the millions of progeny virions that establish, disseminate, and maintain infection. Replication of the viral RNA genome is a multistep process involving a replication complex that is formed not only from components of viral and cellular origin but also from the viral genomic RNA template; this replication complex is embedded within particular virus-induced membrane vesicles. PRRSV RNA replication is directed by at least 14 replicase proteins that have both common enzymatic activities, including viral RNA polymerase, and also unusual and poorly understood RNA-processing functions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of PRRSV replication, which is important for developing a successful strategy for the prevention and control of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Im Yun
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah Science Technology and Research, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4815 USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah Science Technology and Research, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4815 USA
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19
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An intact sialoadhesin (Sn/SIGLEC1/CD169) is not required for attachment/internalization of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Virol 2013; 87:9538-46. [PMID: 23785195 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00177-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface expression of SIGLEC1, also known as sialoadhesin or CD169, is considered a primary determinant of the permissiveness of porcine alveolar macrophages for infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In vitro, the attachment and internalization of PRRSV are dependent on the interaction between sialic acid on the virion surface and the sialic acid binding domain of the SIGLEC1 gene. To test the role of SIGLEC1 in PRRSV infection, a SIGLEC1 gene knockout pig was created by removing part of exon 1 and all of exons 2 and 3 of the SIGLEC1 gene. The resulting knockout ablated SIGLEC1 expression on the surface of alveolar macrophages but had no effect on the expression of CD163, a coreceptor for PRRSV. After infection, PRRSV viremia in SIGLEC1(-/-) pigs followed the same course as in SIGLEC1(-/+) and SIGLEC1(+/+) littermates. The absence of SIGLEC1 had no measurable effect on other aspects of PRRSV infection, including clinical disease course and histopathology. The results demonstrate that the expression of the SIGLEC1 gene is not required for infection of pigs with PRRSV and that the absence of SIGLEC1 does not contribute to the pathogenesis of acute disease.
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20
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Zhang K, Hou Q, Zhong Z, Li X, Chen H, Li W, Wen J, Wang L, Liu W, Zhong F. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus activates inflammasomes of porcine alveolar macrophages via its small envelope protein E. Virology 2013; 442:156-62. [PMID: 23664331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection results in extensive tissue inflammation and damage, which are believed to be responsible for increased susceptibility to secondary infection and even for death. However, its pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. To explore the mechanism underlying the PRRSV-induced tissue inflammation and damage, we investigated whether PRRSV activates porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) inflammasomes which mediate por-IL-1β maturation/release and subsequently induce tissue inflammation and injury. Our results showed that PRRSV and its small envelope protein E significantly increased IL-1β release from LPS-primed PAMs; however, only PRRSV not protein E significantly increased IL-1β release from no-LPS-primed PAMs, which indicates PRRSV can activate inflammasomes of PAMs by its encoded protein E. These results provide a molecular basis for the pathogenic mechanism of PRRSV on inducing extensive tissue inflammation and damage, and suggest that the inflammasome may provide a potential therapeutic target for PRRS prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biological Products, Baoding, China
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21
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Jiang C, Xing F, Xing J, Jiang Y, Zhou E. Different expression patterns of PRRSV mediator genes in the lung tissues of PRRSV resistant and susceptible pigs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:127-131. [PMID: 22305867 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused severe economic loss in most swine-producing countries. The resistance to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection varies among pig breeds and lines. In this study, we found that the Chinese Dapulian pigs (DPL) were more resistant to PRRSV than commercial Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire (DLY) crossbred pigs in that lower rectal temperature and lower PRRSV copy number in the serum were detected in the former. Analysis of the mRNA expression of five PRRSV mediator genes (SIGLEC1, NMMHC-IIA, CD163, VIM and HSPG2) in the lung tissues indicated differences in expression between DLY and DPL pigs. In uninfected porcine lung tissues, the levels of SIGLEC1, NMMHC-IIA, CD163 and VIM genes were significantly higher in DLY than in DPL pigs (P<0.05); in PRRSV-infected pigs, the expression levels of NMMHC-IIA and CD163 mRNA were significantly higher in DPL pigs compared to uninfected ones (P<0.05), whereas these levels were not different in DLY pigs or between infected DPL and DLY pigs. Thus, the different expression of PRRSV mediator genes is likely related to pig resistance to PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
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22
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Provost C, Jia JJ, Music N, Lévesque C, Lebel MÈ, del Castillo JRE, Jacques M, Gagnon CA. Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and replication which is phenotypically distinct from MARC-145 cell line. Virol J 2012; 9:267. [PMID: 23148668 PMCID: PMC3546013 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airborne transmitted pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), need to interact with host cells of the respiratory tract in order to be able to enter and disseminate in the host organism. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and MA104 derived monkey kidney MARC-145 cells are known to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication and are the most studied cells in the literature. More recently, new cell lines developed to study PRRSV have been genetically modified to make them permissive to the virus. The SJPL cell line origin was initially reported to be epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine if SJPL cells could support PRRSV infection and replication in vitro. Results The SJPL cell growth was significantly slower than MARC-145 cell growth. The SJPL cells were found to express the CD151 protein but not the CD163 and neither the sialoadhesin PRRSV receptors. During the course of the present study, the SJPL cells have been reported to be of monkey origin. Nevertheless, SJPL cells were found to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication even if the development of the cytopathic effect was delayed compared to PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Following PRRSV replication, the amount of infectious viral particles produced in SJPL and MARC-145 infected cells was similar. The SJPL cells allowed the replication of several PRRSV North American strains and were almost efficient as MARC-145 cells for virus isolation. Interestingly, PRRSV is 8 to 16 times more sensitive to IFNα antiviral effect in SJPL cell in comparison to that in MARC-145 cells. PRRSV induced an increase in IFNβ mRNA and no up regulation of IFNα mRNA in both infected cell types. In addition, PRRSV induced an up regulation of IFNγ and TNF-α mRNAs only in infected MARC-145 cells. Conclusions In conclusion, the SJPL cells are permissive to PRRSV. In addition, they are phenotypically different from MARC-145 cells and are an additional tool that could be used to study PRRSV pathogenesis mechanisms in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale Provost
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine (CRIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, Québec, Canada
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The polymorphism analysis of CD169 and CD163 related with the risk of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9903-9. [PMID: 22740140 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could infect porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM), and the CD169 and CD163 are identified as critical receptors on the surface of PAM, but whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these genes could influence the infection is remain unclear. In this study, we identified totally 6 SNPs for CD169 (G1640T, C1654A, C4175T) and CD163 (G2277A, A2552G and C2700A), and evaluated their associations with PRRSV infection using two classified methods in a 524 pig population to investigate the effects of mutations on the PRRSV receptors. The pigs with genotypes of AA of CD169-C1654A, CT of CD169-C4175T and AA of CD163-A2552G appeared to resistant to the PRRSV infection by the combination of two classified results. The results provided fundamental molecular investigation to promote pig breeding with disease resistance. However, the identification of functional changes induced by SNPs and molecular mechanism were need further research.
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Klaas M, Crocker PR. Sialoadhesin in recognition of self and non-self. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:353-64. [PMID: 22450957 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tightly regulated to maintain an appropriate balance between immune activation and tolerance. Macrophages play a key role in this process since they express many pathogen recognition molecules as well as receptors for 'self'. Sialoadhesin is a major macrophage receptor that specifically recognizes sialic acid, an abundant component of host glycoconjugates but which can also be found on several human pathogens. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that sialoadhesin can contribute to the uptake and processing of sialylated pathogens as well as playing an important role in regulating inflammatory and autoimmune responses via recognition of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Klaas
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Identification of the CD163 protein domains involved in infection of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Virol 2009; 84:3101-5. [PMID: 20032174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02093-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor CD163 is a key entry mediator for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). To identify the CD163 protein domains involved in PRRSV infection, deletion mutants and chimeric mutants were created. Infection experiments revealed that scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain 5 (SRCR 5) is essential for PRRSV infection, while the four N-terminal SRCR domains and the cytoplasmic tail are not required. The remaining CD163 protein domains need to be present but can be replaced by corresponding SRCR domains from CD163-L1, resulting in reduced (SRCR 6 and interdomain regions) or unchanged (SRCR 7 to SRCR 9) infection efficiency. In addition, CD163-specific antibodies recognizing SRCR 5 are able to reduce PRRSV infection.
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