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Kleinmans M, Fiebig K, Tabeling R, Swam H, Duivelshof-Crienen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Explorative Field Study on the Use of Oral Fluids for the Surveillance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infections in Fattening Farms by an Apx-Real-Time PCR. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100552. [PMID: 36288165 PMCID: PMC9607612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral fluid sampling (OFS) is an animal friendly and easy way for surveillance purposes in domestic swine populations, especially concerning respiratory diseases. In case of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae surveillance, measures are usually combined with burdensome sampling for animals and humans. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of oral fluids (OFs) for surveillance purposes of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs using an Apx-toxin real-time PCR. We were able to demonstrate that the examination of OFs by an Apx-toxin real-time PCR is suitable for A. pleuropneumoniae surveillance in the field in an animal friendly and easy way. These results might contribute to an increased compliance of laboratory diagnostic measures on pig farms and thereby to increased animal welfare due to less burdensome sampling and improved animal health. Abstract Oral fluids (OFs) represent a cost effective and reliable tool for surveillance purposes, mostly regarding viruses. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of OFs for surveillance purposes concerning Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs under field conditions. OFs were examined with an Apx-toxin real-time PCR that detects the genes encoding for Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin. For this purpose, we conducted a pen-wise collection of OFs over one fattening period from fattening pigs of two farms (farm A and B) with a known history of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. Lung lesions were determined at slaughter to estimate the extend of pulmonary lesions and pleural affection. Apx III- and Apx IV-toxin DNA were present in the OFs of both farms whereas Apx I-toxin DNA was present on farm A only. We were able to detect Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin DNA in different patterns directly after introduction of the new pigs in the farms and over the entire study period. In summary, or results indicate the suitability of OFS for the early detection and surveillance of A. pleuropneumoniae in fattening farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Fiebig
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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De Lucia A, Cawthraw SA, Smith RP, Davies R, Bianco C, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Pilot Investigation of Anti- Salmonella Antibodies in Oral Fluids from Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Swine Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082408. [PMID: 34438865 PMCID: PMC8388757 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The consumption of pork meat is responsible for a significant number of outbreaks of salmonellosis in people. Surveillance in pig herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. The last decade has seen significant advances in the routine use of pool samples, including oral fluids (OFs). This study aimed to investigate the OF collected passively via chewed sampling ropes as a potential sample type for assessing anti-Salmonella antibodies in two Salmonella-vaccinated (V) and two non-vaccinated (NV) farrow-to-finish pig farms, comparing the results with the Salmonella shedding of tested animals. Sows in the V farms were vaccinated prior to farrowing. Pooled faecal and OF samples were collected from sows and their offspring. Salmonella was isolated with direct bacteriological methods. A commercial ELISA assay was adapted to detect IgG and IgA antibodies in OF. Overall, a higher Salmonella prevalence was observed in the NV farm and in the offspring (76.3%) compared to sows (36.4%). The protocol used to test anti-Salmonella IgA in pig OF samples was found to lack sensitivity and specificity. At herd level, IgG is the most reliable isotype for monitoring Salmonella specific antibody via OF. Abstract Oral fluid (OF) can be a simple, cheap and non-invasive alternative to serum or meat juice for the diagnosis and surveillance of important pathogens in pigs. This study was conducted on four Salmonella Typhimurium-positive farrow-to-finish pig farms: two Salmonella-vaccinated (V) and two non-vaccinated (NV). Gilts and sows in the V farms were vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine prior to farrowing. Pooled faecal and OF samples were collected from the sows and their offspring. Salmonella was isolated according to ISO6579–1:2017. In parallel, IgG and IgA levels were assessed in OF samples using a commercial ELISA assay. Salmonella was detected in 90.9% of the pooled faecal samples from the NV farms and in 35.1% of the pooled faecal samples from the V farms. Overall, a higher prevalence was observed in the pooled faecal samples from the offspring (76.3%) compared to the sows (36.4%). IgG antibodies measured in V farms are likely to be related to vaccination, as well as exposure to Salmonella field strains. The detection of IgA antibodies in OF was unreliable with the method used. The results of this study show that IgG is the most reliable isotype for monitoring Salmonella-specific antibody immunity in vaccinated/infected animals via OF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Shaun A. Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Carlo Bianco
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
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3
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Włodarek J, Pomorska-Mól M. Noninvasive strategies for surveillance of swine viral diseases: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:503-512. [PMID: 32687007 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720936616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the intensive development of the swine industry, monitoring and surveillance of infectious diseases require low-cost, effective, and representative population sampling methods. We present herein the state of knowledge, to date, in the use of alternative strategies in the monitoring of swine health. Blood sampling, the most commonly used method in veterinary medicine to obtain samples for monitoring swine health, is labor-intensive and expensive, which has resulted in a search for alternative sampling strategies. Oral fluid (OF) is a good alternative to serum for pooled sample analysis, especially for low-prevalence pathogens. Detection of viral nucleic acids or antiviral antibodies in OF is used to detect numerous viruses in the swine population. Meat juice is used as an alternative to serum in serologic testing. Processing fluid obtained during processing of piglets (castration and tail-docking) may also be used to detect viruses. These matrices are simple, safe, cost-effective, and allow testing of many individuals at the same time. The latest methods, such as snout swabs and udder skin wipes, are also promising. These alternative samples are easy to acquire, and do not affect animal welfare negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Boulbria G, Normand V, Leblanc-Maridor M, Belloc C, Berton P, Bouchet F, Lebret A. Feasibility of pooled oral fluid collection from pre-weaning piglets using cotton ropes. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100099. [PMID: 32734109 PMCID: PMC7386738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Collection of pooled oral fluid (OF) by allowing pigs to chew on a cotton rope is an alternative to blood sampling. However, little is known about the applicability of this method to suckling piglets. The objectives of the present study were to describe the spontaneous interaction of suckling piglets with a rope and to investigate the influence of a rope pre-exposure on the success rate of sampling. We studied the interaction dynamics of 21 and 28 days-old suckling piglets with a cotton rope presented for 30 min. Ropes were manually wrung out inside plastic bags to release the oral fluid. A total of 49 litters were included. Percentages of success of pooled OF collection for 28-day-old, 21-day-old and 21-day-old pre-exposed litters were 82%, 62% and 100%, respectively. The mean volume collected did not differ between groups. Without pre-exposure, 84.7% and 95% of piglets interacted spontaneously with the rope at 21 and 28 days of age, respectively. The latency between rope presentation and interaction was highly variable between piglets within litters: from < 10 s to 30 min. Among piglets having interacted with the rope, the interaction lasted for at least 60 s for 90% and 91.4% of 21 and 28-day-old piglets, respectively. Pooled OF collection is achievable prior to weaning in piglets of at least 21 days of age. Pooled OF sampling is representative at litter level if collection is successful. In order to improve the success rate of collection, pre-exposing the piglets with a rope one day prior to sampling is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Catherine Belloc
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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De Lucia A, Cawthraw S, Davies R, Smith RP, Bianco C, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Correlation of Anti- Salmonella Antibodies Between Serum and Saliva Samples Collected From Finisher Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:489. [PMID: 31998766 PMCID: PMC6967412 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva samples obtained by using absorptive devices, can provide an alternative diagnostic matrix to serum for monitoring disease status in pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of anti-Salmonella antibodies between serum and saliva samples collected from pigs. Twenty individual paired serum and saliva samples were collected from a single farm. Anti-Salmonella IgG was detected in individual serum samples using a commercial Salmonella ELISA kit, validated for sera. The same kit was used with a protocol modified by extending incubation time and increasing temperature to test individual saliva samples. Anti-Salmonella IgG antibodies in pig saliva were always detected at a lower level than in the matching serum samples. A correlation (rho = 0.66; p = 0.002) and a moderate agreement (K > 0.62 p = 0.003) was found between individual Salmonella IgG in serum and saliva samples. Both correlation and the agreement levels are moderate. The size of this investigation was small, and further studies are necessary to further confirm these findings. The results of this work provide some evidence that saliva samples have the potential to be used for the diagnosis of Salmonella infection in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Epidemiology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Bianco
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Pathology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Henao-Diaz A, Giménez-Lirola L, Magtoto R, Ji J, Zimmerman J. Evaluation of three commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) oral fluid antibody ELISAs using samples of known status. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:113-118. [PMID: 31181347 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral fluid (n = 564) samples collected longitudinally from twelve 14-week-old pigs vaccinated with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live vaccine were used to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of three commercial PRRSV oral fluid (OF) ELISAs (ELISAs 1, 2, 3). Serum samples (n = 132) tested by a PRRSV serum ELISA (ELISA 'S') provided an antibody response baseline for comparison. The initial analysis comparing the rate of positivity between each OF ELISA versus ELISA 'S' and then pairwise among the three OF ELISAs determined that ELISA 2 (143 false negative results) was significantly different from ELISAs 1 and 3, and from ELISA 'S' (Cochran's Q test, p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses based on the manufacturers' recommended cutoff were used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of ELISA 1 (100%, 100%), ELISA 2 (62%, 97%), and ELISA 3 (94%, 100%). As an additional aid for interpreting results, the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of each OF ELISA were also estimated over a range of cutoffs. Area under the curve comparisons found no significant difference between ELISAs 1 and 3, but ELISA 2 differed from both ELISA 1 and 3 (ROC Chi-square, p < 0.05). Based on these analyses, the overall diagnostic performance of the three OF ELISAs ranked ELISA 1 ≥ ELISA 3 > ELISA 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Henao-Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ronaldo Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ju Ji
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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7
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Lebret A, Boulbria G, Berton P, Moalic PY, Le Guennec J, Bouchet F, Auvigne V, Normand V. Monitoring PRRSV-1 in suckling piglets in an endemic herd using reverse transcriptase quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction: comparison of the rate of detection in serum and oral fluid samples and evaluation of pooling. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:8. [PMID: 30820335 PMCID: PMC6381726 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining shedding and exposure status for PRRSV is essential in herd stabilisation protocols and weaning-age pigs is a key subpopulation. Oral fluid (OF) sampling is a welfare-friendly and cost saving promising alternative to blood sampling. The first objective of our study was to compare the rate of detection of PRRSV-1 in individual serum sample, individual OF sample, litter-based OF sample, collected the day before weaning. The second objective was to evaluate the interest of pooling samples. RESULTS The study was performed on a 210-sows, PRRSV-1 exposed, with confirmed shedding, non-vaccinated against PRRSV, herd. 80 litters were sampled and 26 were viropositive and therefore included. The rate of detection of PRRSV-1 with RT-qrtPCR in blood samples, iOF and cOF was 67, 23 and 77%, respectively. The Ct values from RT-qrtPCR on collective OF were statistically lower if the serum of the piglet of the litter was positive. The lower the Cycle threshold (Ct) value of RT-qrtPCR on collective OF, the higher the probability that the serum sampled in the same litter was positive. Ability to detect PRRSV RNA after pooling was 67% for sera and 58% for cOF. CONCLUSIONS The rate of detection of PRRSV-1 was about the same in cOF and blood samples. Virus sequencing, if required, should be performed on individual serum samples. The smaller the Ct of a cOF sample from a litter, the greater the likelihood that the serum sample from a piglet of that litter is positive.A cost-effective and representative sampling protocol to monitor sow herds stabilisation of a sow batch could be: to collect both cOF and one serum sample per litter; to perform firstly RT-qrtPCR on pooled cOF; in case of negative results to consider the batch negative; in case of positive results in a unvaccinated herd or a killed vaccine vaccinated one to consider the batch positive; in case of positive result in a herd vaccinated with a modified live vaccine serum samples of litters with positive cOF should be tested for sequencing (selecting the litters with the lowest Ct for cOF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lebret
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Moalic
- Labofarm Finalab Veterinary Laboratory Group, 4 rue Théodore Botrel, 22600 Loudéac, France
| | - Jean Le Guennec
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Franck Bouchet
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Valérie Normand
- Porc. Spective Swine Vet Pratice, Chene Vert Conseil veterinary group, ZA du Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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Graage R, Hennig-Pauka I, Arbinger H, Ritzmann M, Ladinig A. Influence of age, group size and the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on the collection of oral fluids. Vet J 2018; 244:13-15. [PMID: 30825888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pen-based oral fluid (OF) samples have been approved for detecting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA and antibodies. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of age, group size and the presence of PRRSV infection on sampling using pen-based OF collected by presenting pigs with a rope to chew. Samples were collected from pigs of 4/5 weeks of age, 7/8 weeks of age and 12/14 weeks of age. Subsequent PRRSV-PCR and ELISA analyses of OF and serum samples were performed. In this study, 76.5-81.9% of pigs chewed the rope. The group size had significant impact on the pig-rope-interaction (P=0.047). OF and serum had an almost perfect and significant agreement for the detection of antibodies (κ=0.829, P<0.001) and a fair and not significant agreement (κ=0.347, P=0.75) for the detection PRRSV-genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Graage
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna Vetertinaerplatz 1, A-1220 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna Vetertinaerplatz 1, A-1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidelore Arbinger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna Vetertinaerplatz 1, A-1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna Vetertinaerplatz 1, A-1220 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Fablet C, Rose N, Grasland B, Robert N, Lewandowski E, Gosselin M. Factors associated with the growing-finishing performances of swine herds: an exploratory study on serological and herd level indicators. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29588859 PMCID: PMC5863451 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing and finishing performances of pigs strongly influence farm efficiency and profitability. The performances of the pigs rely on the herd health status and also on several non-infectious factors. Many recommendations for the improvement of the technical performances of a herd are based on the results of studies assessing the effect of one or a limited number of infections or environmental factors. Few studies investigated jointly the influence of both type of factors on swine herd performances. This work aimed at identifying infectious and non-infectious factors associated with the growing and finishing performances of 41 French swine herds. Results Two groups of herds were identified using a clustering analysis: a cluster of 24 herds with the highest technical performance values (mean average daily gain = 781.1 g/day +/− 26.3; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.5 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 4.1% +/− 0.9; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 121.2 kg +/− 5.2) and a cluster of 17 herds with the lowest performance values (mean average daily gain =715.8 g/day +/− 26.5; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.6 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 6.8% +/− 2.0; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 117.7 kg +/− 3.6). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify factors associated with the level of technical performance. Infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and the porcine circovirus type 2 were infectious factors associated with the cluster having the lowest performance values. This cluster also featured farrow-to-finish type herds, a short interval between successive batches of pigs (≤3 weeks) and mixing of pigs from different batches in the growing or/and finishing steps. Inconsistency between nursery and fattening building management was another factor associated with the low-performance cluster. The odds of a herd showing low growing-finishing performance was significantly increased when infected by PRRS virus in the growing-finishing steps (OR = 8.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.8–41.7) and belonging to a farrow-to-finish type herd (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.1–23.8). Conclusions Herd management and viral infections significantly influenced the performance levels of the swine herds included in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Rose
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - B Grasland
- 2Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Robert
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - E Lewandowski
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - M Gosselin
- Univet Santé Elevage, rue Monge, 22600 Loudéac, France
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10
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Individual and pen-based oral fluid sampling: A welfare-friendly sampling method for group-housed gestating sows. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:58-65. [PMID: 29254728 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of individual and pen-based oral fluid sampling (OFS) in 35 pig herds with group-housed sows, compare these methods to blood sampling, and assess the factors influencing the success of sampling. Individual samples were collected from at least 30 sows per herd. Pen-based OFS was performed using devices placed in at least three pens for 45min. Information related to the farm, the sows, and their living conditions were collected. Factors significantly associated with the duration of sampling and the chewing behaviour of sows were identified by logistic regression. Individual OFS took 2min 42s on average; the type of floor, swab size, and operator were associated with a sampling time >2min. Pen-based OFS was obtained from 112 devices (62.2%). The type of floor, parity, pen-level activity, and type of feeding were associated with chewing behaviour. Pen activity was associated with the latency to interact with the device. The type of floor, gestation stage, parity, group size, and latency to interact with the device were associated with a chewing time >10min. After 15, 30 and 45min of pen-based OFS, 48%, 60% and 65% of the sows were lying down, respectively. The time spent after the beginning of sampling, genetic type, and time elapsed since the last meal were associated with 50% of the sows lying down at one time point. The mean time to blood sample the sows was 1min 16s and 2min 52s if the number of operators required was considered in the sampling time estimation. The genetic type, parity, and type of floor were significantly associated with a sampling time higher than 1min 30s. This study shows that individual OFS is easy to perform in group-housed sows by a single operator, even though straw-bedded animals take longer to sample than animals housed on slatted floors, and suggests some guidelines to optimise pen-based OFS success.
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