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Roberts E, Nuttall TJ, Gkekas G, Mellanby RJ, Fitzgerald JR, Paterson GK. Not just in man's best friend: A review of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius host range and human zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105305. [PMID: 38805894 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is one species in the commensal staphylococcal population in dogs. While it is commonly carried on healthy companion dogs it is also an opportunistic pathogen associated with a range of skin, ear, wound and other infections. While adapted to dogs, it is not restricted to them, and we have reviewed its host range, including increasing reports of human colonisation and infections. Despite its association with pet dogs, S. pseudintermedius is found widely in animals, covering companion, livestock and free-living species of birds and mammals. Human infections, typically in immunocompromised individuals, are increasingly being recognised, in part due to improved diagnosis. Colonisation, infection, and antimicrobial resistance, including frequent multidrug resistance, among S. pseudintermedius isolates represent important One Health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roberts
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T J Nuttall
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G Gkekas
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J R Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G K Paterson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Scarpellini R, Vélez De Mendizábal LL, Quevedo-Caraballo S, Blanco JL, García ME, Pérez-Sancho M, Portero Fuentes M, Penelo S, Esposito E, Mondo E, Piva S. Active surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in companion animals: A pilot study in a Spanish Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:102169. [PMID: 38579648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The role of small animal veterinary hospitals in the onset and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AMROs) is still not clear, and the implementation of an internal surveillance systems is a cost-effective tool to better understand their impact. The aim of this study was to describe a pilot program of active surveillance in a Spanish Veterinary Teaching Hospital, developed to estimate the detection frequency of AMROs in the commensal flora of patients and in the environment. Surveillance was focused on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS), third generation cephalosporins resistant gram-negative bacteria (3GCR-GNB), and carbapenems-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). Oral and perirectal swabs were collected in the same dogs and cats hospitalized > 48 h, at their admission and before their discharge. Out of 50 patients sampled, 24% (12/50) were carriers at admission of at least one of the three investigated AMROs. Twenty-eight percent of patients (14/50) acquired at least one AMRO during the hospital stay. MRS detection frequency at admission was 12% (6/50), while acquisition was 6% (3/50). 3GCR-GNB detection frequency was 14% at admission (7/50) and acquisition 22% (11/50), while CR-GNB detection frequency was 2% at admission (1/50) and acquisition 2% (1/50). Environmental surveillance (98 samples) showed a total detection frequency of 22.4% for MRS (22/98), 2% for 3GCR-GNB and CR-GNB (2/98). Clinical staff' shoe soles showed high detection frequency for MRS (50%). 3GCR Escherichia coli was the most isolated species in patients (n = 17). The results show how active surveillance can be used as a tool to assess the impact of AMROs in veterinary hospitals to subsequently build up tailored control plans based on specific issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scarpellini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia (BO) 40006, Italy.
| | - Laura Leal Vélez De Mendizábal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Sergio Quevedo-Caraballo
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José L Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Marta E García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miriam Portero Fuentes
- Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Silvia Penelo
- Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Erika Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia (BO) 40006, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia (BO) 40006, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia (BO) 40006, Italy
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Cheung GYC, Lee JH, Liu R, Lawhon SD, Yang C, Otto M. Methicillin Resistance Elements in the Canine Pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Their Association with the Peptide Toxin PSM-mec. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38391516 PMCID: PMC10886032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a frequent cause of infections in dogs. Infectious isolates of this coagulase-positive staphylococcal species are often methicillin- and multidrug-resistant, which complicates therapy. In staphylococci, methicillin resistance is encoded by determinants found on mobile genetic elements called Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette mec (SCCmec), which, in addition to methicillin resistance factors, sometimes encode additional genes, such as further resistance factors and, rarely, virulence determinants. In this study, we analyzed SCCmec in a collection of infectious methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates from predominant lineages in the United States. We found that several lineages characteristically have specific types of SCCmec elements and Agr types and harbor additional factors in their SCCmec elements that may promote virulence or affect DNA uptake. All isolates had SCCmec-encoded restriction-modification (R-M) systems of types I or II, and sequence types (STs) ST84 and ST64 had one type II and one type I R-M system, although the latter lacked a complete methylation enzyme gene. ST68 isolates also had an SCCmec-encoded CRISPR system. ST71 isolates had a psm-mec gene, which, in all but apparently Agr-dysfunctional isolates, produced a PSM-mec peptide toxin, albeit at relatively small amounts. This study gives detailed insight into the composition of SCCmec elements in infectious isolates of S. pseudintermedius and lays the genetic foundation for further efforts directed at elucidating the contribution of identified accessory SCCmec factors in impacting SCCmec-encoded and thus methicillin resistance-associated virulence and resistance to DNA uptake in this leading canine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ching Yang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fujii T, Tochio T, Nishifuji K. Erythritol alters gene transcriptome signatures, cell growth, and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:146. [PMID: 37679756 PMCID: PMC10483758 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythritol was found to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The present study aimed to demonstrate the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius by erythritol and to define the changes in gene transcription signatures induced by erythritol. Changes in the gene transcription profiles were analysed by RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Gene ontology analysis was performed to assign functional descriptions to the genes. RESULTS Erythritol inhibited S. pseudintermedius growth in a dose-dependent manner. We then performed a transcriptome analysis of S. pseudintermedius with and without 5% (w/w) erythritol exposure to validate the mechanism of growth inhibition. We revealed that erythritol induced up-regulation of three genes (ptsG, ppdK, and ppdkR) that are related to the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). Glucose supplementation restored the up-regulation of the PTS-related genes in response to erythritol. In addition, erythritol down-regulated eleven genes that are located in a single pur-operon and inhibited biofilm formation of S. pseudintermedius. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that erythritol antagonistically inhibits PTS-mediated glucose uptake, thereby exerting a growth inhibitory effect on S. pseudintermedius. Moreover, erythritol inhibits the 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic pathway that may contribute to biofilm synthesis in S. pseudintermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Fujii
- Research & Development Center, B Food Science Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Takumi Tochio
- Research & Development Center, B Food Science Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Chitra MA, Varughese HS. Analysis of CRISPR-Cas system and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus coagulans isolates. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:126-134. [PMID: 35366350 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas system contributes adaptive immunity to protect the bacterial and archaeal genome against invading mobile genetic elements. In this study, an attempt was made to characterize the CRISPR-Cas system in S. coagulans, the second most prevalent coagulase positive staphylococci causing skin infections in dogs. Out of 45 S. coagulans isolates, 42/45 (93.33%) strains contained CRISPR-Cas system and 45 confirmed CRISPR system was identified in 42 S. coagulans isolates. The length of CRISPR loci ranged from 167 bp to 2477 bp, and the number of spacers in each CRISPR was varied from two spacers to as high as 37 numbers. Direct repeat (DR) sequences were between 30 and 37, but most (35/45) of the direct repeats contained 36 sequences. The predominant S. coagulans strains 29/45 did not possess any antimicrobial resistant genes (ARG); 26/29 strains contained Type IIC CRISPR-Cas system. Three isolates from Antarctica seals neither contain CRISPR-Cas system nor ARG. Only 15/45 S. coagulans strains (33.33%) harboured at least one ARG and 13/15 of them were having mecA gene. All the methicillin susceptible S. coagulans isolates contained Type IIC CRISPR-Cas system. In contrast, many (10/13) S. coagulans isolates which were methicillin resistant had Type IIIA CRISPR-Cas system, and this Type IIIA CRISPR-Cas system was present within the SCCmec mobile genetic element. Hence, this study suggests that Type II CRISPR-Cas in S. coagulans isolates might have played a possible role in preventing acquisition of plasmid/ phage invasion and Type IIIA CRISPR-Cas system may have an insignificant role in the prevention of horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in S. coagulans species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ananda Chitra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007
| | - Hridya Susan Varughese
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007
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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Is it a real threat to human health? POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus Intermedius Group (SIG) staphylococci, especially Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), share many features with the common human Staphylococcus aureus. The similarities concern both the phenotypic characteristics and virulence of the bacteria. It is a cause of difficulties in identifying the species of isolated staphylococci. Until now, S. pseudintermedius was considered a typically animal species, of marginal importance for humans. However, it is likely that the incidence of this staphylococcus in humans is underestimated due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius strains as S. aureus. The cases of infections caused by S. pseudintermedius both in humans and animals described so far in the literature show that these bacteria have a similar pathogenic potential. S. pseudintermedius also produces virulence factors that favor colonization of various body regions and infections, and may affect the species composition of the natural microbiota and the host’s immune response mechanisms. Also, S. pseudintermedius may show the ability to grow in the form of a biofilm, which significantly impedes effective antibiotic therapy in clinical practice. Due to its zoonotic potential, S. pseudintermedius deserves the attention of physicians and animal owners.
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7
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Wegener A, Damborg P, Guardabassi L, Moodley A, Mughini-Gras L, Duim B, Wagenaar JA, Broens EM. Specific staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and clonal complexes are associated with low-level amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:508-511. [PMID: 31846043 PMCID: PMC9297311 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common pathogen in dogs and methicillin resistance has emerged over recent decades. According to the current guidelines, S. pseudintermedius displaying oxacillin resistance should be reported as resistant to all β-lactams. Objectives To identify possible associations between β-lactam resistance levels and clonal complexes (CCs) and/or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Methods MICs of oxacillin, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin were determined by broth microdilution for 86 clinical canine MRSP isolates from Denmark and the Netherlands. PCR and sequencing were used for SCCmec typing and MLST. Results Isolates belonged to CC71 (n = 36), CC258 (n = 33), CC45 (n = 11), CC68 (n = 1) and five singleton STs. SCCmecII-III was exclusively found in CC71 and SCCmecIV was significantly associated with CC258. SCCmecV and non-typeable SCCmec types occurred in 4 and 14 isolates, respectively. SCCmecIV was associated with lower MICs of oxacillin (<2 mg/L), ampicillin (<8 mg/L) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (<4 mg/L) and with susceptibility to cefalotin (<4 mg/L). All isolates harbouring SCCmecV were susceptible to cefalotin as well. Conclusions SCCmec types were associated with different CCs and with either high- or low-level resistance to different β-lactams. The finding of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%) and cefalotin (70%) in vitro susceptibility across all CCs might have clinical implications, since amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and first-generation cephalosporins are first-choice antibiotics for treatment of S. pseudintermedius infections. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical outcome studies are warranted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of these β-lactams for treatment of MRSP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Wegener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Els M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Guardabassi L, Hilbert F, Mader R, Aznar I, Baldinelli F, Alvarez J. Assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Dogs and cats. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06680. [PMID: 34194578 PMCID: PMC8237238 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to dog and cat health have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology based on information collected via an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details of the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play of antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridioides difficile, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium has been provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified S. pseudintermedius, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with > 90% certainty as the most relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the EU based on the available evidence. The animal health impact of these most relevant bacteria, as well as their eligibility for being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
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Dazio V, Nigg A, Schmidt JS, Brilhante M, Mauri N, Kuster SP, Brawand SG, Schüpbach-Regula G, Willi B, Endimiani A, Perreten V, Schuller S. Acquisition and carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms in dogs and cats presented to small animal practices and clinics in Switzerland. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:970-979. [PMID: 33527554 PMCID: PMC7995377 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) present a threat to human and animal health. OBJECTIVES To assess acquisition, prevalence of and risk factors for MDRO carriage in dogs and cats presented to veterinary clinics or practices in Switzerland. ANIMALS Privately owned dogs (n = 183) and cats (n = 88) presented to 4 veterinary hospitals and 1 practice. METHODS Prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Oronasal and rectal swabs were collected at presentation and 69% of animals were sampled again at discharge. Methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and macrococci, cephalosporinase-, and carbapenemase-producing (CP) Enterobacterales were isolated. Genetic relatedness of isolates was assessed by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction and multilocus sequence typing. Risk factors for MDRO acquisition and carriage were analyzed based on questionnaire-derived and hospitalization data. RESULTS Admission prevalence of MDRO carriage in pets was 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4-20.4). The discharge prevalence and acquisition rates were 32.1% (95% CI, 25.5-39.3) and 28.3% (95% CI, 22-35.4), respectively. Predominant hospital-acquired isolates were extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E coli; 17.3%) and β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%). At 1 institution, a cluster of 24 highly genetically related CP (blaoxa181 and blaoxa48 ) was identified. Multivariate analysis identified hospitalization at clinic 1 (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% CI, 1.6-16.8) and days of hospitalization (OR 3-5 days, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.8-10.9; OR > 5 days, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.3-28.8) as risk factors for MDRO acquisition in dogs. CONCLUSIONS Veterinary hospitals play an important role in the selection and transmission of MDRO among veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dazio
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Nigg
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janne S Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brilhante
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nico Mauri
- Tierklinik Aarau West AG, Oberentfelden, Switzerland
| | - Stephan P Kuster
- Better Together Healthcare Consulting, Steinackerstrasse 44, Wiesendangen, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Faculty of Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Bhooshan S, Negi V, Khatri PK. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: an undocumented, emerging pathogen in humans. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2020; 15:Doc32. [PMID: 33391967 PMCID: PMC7745645 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in humans were recorded in 2006, and is now becoming a concern because of its close similarities to human pathogens in the Staphylococcusintermedius group (SIG). These bacteria have all the properties which a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus possesses. The literature was searched using the term “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius” in PubMed and other reference databases. The virulence factor and the pathogenicity are under investigation, but reports have suggested that this commensal of animals is transmitted easily via close contact to animals by owners, veterinarians and staff. Resistance to beta-lactams (including methicillin) is a primary concern. Drug resistance to methicillin is a considerable problem in developing countries, as antibiotic use is not regulated. Studies from Europe have reported multidrug resistant isolates from clinical specimens. Although data on drug resistance and pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius are not sufficient, it is extremely important to identify the pathogen correctly. Only then can its pathogenesis be studied during the course of disease and appropriate measures developed to prevent it becoming a global problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Bhooshan
- Department of Microbiology Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikrant Negi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prabhat K Khatri
- Department of Microbiology Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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González-Domínguez MS, Carvajal HD, Calle-Echeverri DA, Chinchilla-Cárdenas D. Molecular Detection and Characterization of the mecA and nuc Genes From Staphylococcus Species ( S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. schleiferi) Isolated From Dogs Suffering Superficial Pyoderma and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:376. [PMID: 32793641 PMCID: PMC7390895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine superficial pyoderma (CSP) is a bacterial infection secondary to several skin diseases of the dog. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, which is a commensal bacterium of the dog's skin, is the leading agent found in dogs affected by CSP, which can progress to deep pyoderma. It is also of clinical significance because S. pseudintermedius strains carry antimicrobial resistance genes, mainly the mecA gene. In this descriptive longitudinal study, molecular characterization of bacterial isolates from dogs affected by CSP was performed in addition to phenotyping, antimicrobial profiling, and assessment of resistance carriage status. Fifty dogs (24 females and 26 males) attending the CES University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were included in the study. CSP was confirmed according to clinical signs and cytological examination. Swabs were taken from active skin lesions for bacterial culture, and phenotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed using API-Staph phenotyping and the Kirby–Bauer method, respectively. We also performed molecular detection and characterization of the mecA and nuc encoding gene of coagulase-positive Staphylococci. The mecA gene frequency was established by qPCR amplification of a 131bp gene fragment. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistics. Erythema, peeling, pruritus, and alopecia were the predominant symptoms (72, 56, and 46%, respectively). We isolated bacteria compatible with Staphylococcus species from all samples tested. API phenotyping showed 83.1 to 97.8% compatibility with S. pseudintermedius. PCR-genotyping resulted in 15, 3, and 1 isolates positive for S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi, respectively. Isolated strains showed high susceptibility to Imipenem, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, and Rifampicin (100, 94, and 92%, respectively). The highest resistance was against Vancomycin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (98 and 74%, respectively). S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi isolates were cloned and shared 96% sequence homology. Finally, we found 62% carriage status of the mecA gene in isolates of CSP patients, although only 36% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant. Identification of three Staphylococcus species causing CSP, high-level resistance against conventional antimicrobials, and carriage of the mecA gene highlight the importance of performing molecular characterization of bacteria causing dermatological conditions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S González-Domínguez
- INCA-CES Research Group, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hernán D Carvajal
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical (ICMT), CES University, Medellín, Colombia
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Brooks MR, Padilla-Vélez L, Khan TA, Qureshi AA, Pieper JB, Maddox CW, Alam MT. Prophage-Mediated Disruption of Genetic Competence in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. mSystems 2020; 5:e00684-19. [PMID: 32071159 PMCID: PMC7029219 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00684-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a major cause of soft tissue infections in dogs and occasionally infects humans. Hypervirulent multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSP clones have emerged globally. The sequence types ST71 and ST68, the major epidemic clones of Europe and North America, respectively, have spread to other regions. The genetic factors underlying the success of these clones have not been investigated thoroughly. Here, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis of 371 S. pseudintermedius isolates to dissect the differences between major clonal lineages. We show that the prevalence of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, virulence, prophages, restriction-modification (RM), and CRISPR/Cas systems differs significantly among MRSP clones. The isolates with GyrA+GrlA mutations, conferring fluoroquinolone resistance, carry more of these genes than those without GyrA+GrlA mutations. ST71 and ST68 clones carry lineage-specific prophages with genes that are likely associated with their increased fitness and virulence. We have discovered that a prophage, SpST71A, is inserted within the comGA gene of the late competence operon comG in the ST71 lineage. A functional comG is essential for natural genetic competence, which is one of the major modes of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria. The RM and CRISPR/Cas systems, both major genetic barriers to HGT, are also lineage specific. Clones harboring CRISPR/Cas or a prophage-disrupted comG exhibited less genetic diversity and lower rates of recombination than clones lacking these systems. After Listeria monocytogenes, this is the second example of prophage-mediated competence disruption reported in any bacteria. These findings are important for understanding the evolution and clonal expansion of MDR MRSP clones.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterium responsible for clinically important infections in dogs and can infect humans. In this study, we performed genomic analysis of 371 S. pseudintermedius isolates to understand the evolution of antibiotic resistance and virulence in this organism. The analysis covered significant reported clones, including ST71 and ST68, the major epidemic clones of Europe and North America, respectively. We show that the prevalence of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, virulence, prophages, and horizontal gene transfer differs among clones. ST71 and ST68 carry prophages with novel virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Importantly, site-specific integration of a prophage, SpST71A, has led to the disruption of the genetic competence operon comG in ST71 clone. A functional comG is essential for the natural uptake of foreign DNA and thus plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria. This study provides insight into the emergence and evolution of antibiotic resistance and virulence in S. pseudintermedius, which may help in efforts to combat this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Brooks
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lyan Padilla-Vélez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tarannum A Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Azaan A Qureshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason B Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Carol W Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Md Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Characterization of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Elements from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Infections in Australian Animals. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00491-18. [PMID: 30404937 PMCID: PMC6222048 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00491-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a significant veterinary pathogen and occasional cause of infections in humans. β-Lactams are an important group of antimicrobials used to treat staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. However, when staphylococci become methicillin resistant via the acquisition of a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), they become resistant to all β-lactams. This study detected a novel SCCmec element among a cluster of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates from animals in Australia. It also detected SCCmec elements in S. pseudintermedius that had high similarity to those identified in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating how human and animal pathogens can share the same resistance determinants. We examined the oxacillin resistance phenotype and genomic structure of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements from 77 veterinary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates. Isolates were characterized by oxacillin broth microdilution, whole-genome sequencing, and bioformatics analysis. Five previously described SCCmec elements, and a sixth novel element, were identified: SCCmec III (also known as II-III), ΨSCCmec57395, and SCCmecNA45 (a SCCmec VII variant), all previously described in MRSP, and SCCmec IVg and SCCmec VT, previously described in both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and MRSP. The sixth element was novel and found among nine geographically clustered isolates. This novel pseudostaphylococcal cassette chromosome (ΨSCCmecKW21) contained a class A mec gene complex but lacked ccr genes. It also harbored heavy metal (cadmium) resistance determinants. The median oxacillin MIC values among ΨSCCmecKW21, SCCmec III, and SCCmec VT isolates were significantly higher than those determined for the SCCmecNA45 VII variant isolates and ΨSCCmec57395 and SCCmec IVg isolates. ΨSCCmecKW21 was found exclusively in sequence type 497 (ST497), an MRSP clone that is locally successful in Victoria, Australia. Future studies are necessary to determine if this clone has disseminated further afield and if ΨSCCmecKW21 has moved into other MRSP lineages or staphylococcal species. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is a significant veterinary pathogen and occasional cause of infections in humans. β-Lactams are an important group of antimicrobials used to treat staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. However, when staphylococci become methicillin resistant via the acquisition of a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), they become resistant to all β-lactams. This study detected a novel SCCmec element among a cluster of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates from animals in Australia. It also detected SCCmec elements in S. pseudintermedius that had high similarity to those identified in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating how human and animal pathogens can share the same resistance determinants.
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