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Dupré J, Le Dimna M, Hutet E, Dujardin P, Fablet A, Leroy A, Fleurot I, Karadjian G, Roesch F, Caballero I, Bourry O, Vitour D, Le Potier MF, Caignard G. Exploring type I interferon pathway: virulent vs. attenuated strain of African swine fever virus revealing a novel function carried by MGF505-4R. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358219. [PMID: 38529285 PMCID: PMC10961335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus represents a significant reemerging threat to livestock populations, as its incidence and geographic distribution have surged over the past decade in Europe, Asia, and Caribbean, resulting in substantial socio-economic burdens and adverse effects on animal health and welfare. In a previous report, we described the protective properties of our newly thermo-attenuated strain (ASFV-989) in pigs against an experimental infection of its parental Georgia 2007/1 virulent strain. In this new study, our objective was to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the attenuation of ASFV-989. We first compared the activation of type I interferon pathway in response to ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 infections, employing both in vivo and in vitro models. Expression of IFN-α was significantly increased in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with ASFV-989 while pigs infected with Georgia 2007/1 showed higher IFN-α than those infected by ASFV-989. We also used a medium-throughput transcriptomic approach to study the expression of viral genes by both strains, and identified several patterns of gene expression. Subsequently, we investigated whether proteins encoded by the eight genes deleted in ASFV-989 contribute to the modulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. Using different strategies, we showed that MGF505-4R interfered with the induction of IFN-α/β pathway, likely through interaction with TRAF3. Altogether, our data reveal key differences between ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 in their ability to control IFN-α/β signaling and provide molecular mechanisms underlying the role of MGF505-4R as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Dupré
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Mireille Le Dimna
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Evelyne Hutet
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Pascal Dujardin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélien Leroy
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Fleurot
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- UMR Biologie moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires (BIPAR), ENVA-INRAE-ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ferdinand Roesch
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ignacio Caballero
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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2
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Zhu Z, Mao R, Liu B, Liu H, Shi Z, Zhang K, Liu H, Zhang D, Liu J, Zhao Z, Li K, Yang F, Cao W, Zhang X, Shen C, Sun D, Wang L, Tian H, Ru Y, Feng T, He J, Guo J, Zhang K, Tang Z, Zhang S, Ding C, Han J, Zheng H. Single-cell profiling of African swine fever virus disease in the pig spleen reveals viral and host dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312150121. [PMID: 38412127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312150121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, one of the major viral diseases of swine, poses an imminent threat to the global pig industry. The high-efficient replication of the causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) in various organs in pigs greatly contributes to the disease. However, how ASFV manipulates the cell population to drive high-efficient replication of the virus in vivo remains unclear. Here, we found that the spleen reveals the most severe pathological manifestation with the highest viral loads among various organs in pigs during ASFV infection. By using single-cell-RNA-sequencing technology and multiple methods, we determined that macrophages and monocytes are the major cell types infected by ASFV in the spleen, showing high viral-load heterogeneity. A rare subpopulation of immature monocytes represents the major population infected at late infection stage. ASFV causes massive death of macrophages, but shifts its infection into these monocytes which significantly arise after the infection. The apoptosis, interferon response, and antigen-presentation capacity are inhibited in these monocytes which benefits prolonged infection of ASFV in vivo. Until now, the role of immature monocytes as an important target by ASFV has been overlooked due to that they do not express classical monocyte marker CD14. The present study indicates that the shift of viral infection from macrophages to the immature monocytes is critical for maintaining prolonged ASFV infection in vivo. This study sheds light on ASFV tropism, replication, and infection dynamics, and elicited immune response, which may instruct future research on antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhengwang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Dehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
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3
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Niu S, Guo Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Sun L, Dai H, Peng G. Innate immune escape and adaptive immune evasion of African swine fever virus: A review. Virology 2023; 587:109878. [PMID: 37708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs. The continued spread of the virus in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of an effective vaccine limits disease control. ASFV has evolved a variety of encoded immune escape proteins and can evade host adaptive immunity, inducing cellular inflammation, autophagy, or apoptosis in host cells. Frequent persistent infections hinder the development of a viral vaccine and impose technical barriers. Currently, knowledge of the virulence-related genes, main pathogenic genes and immunoregulatory mechanism of ASFV is not comprehensive. We explain that ASFV invades the host to regulate its inflammatory response, interferon production, antigen presentation and cellular immunity. Furthermore, we propose potential ideas for ASFV vaccine target design, such as knocking out high-virulence genes in ASFV and performing data mining to identify the main genes that induce antiviral responses. To support a rational strategy for vaccine development, a better understanding of how ASFV interacts with the host and regulates the host's response to infection is needed. We review the current knowledge about ASFV targeting of host innate and adaptive immunity and the mechanisms by which the affected immune pathways are suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Cavalera S, Colitti B, De Mia GM, Feliziani F, Giudici SD, Angioi PP, D'Errico F, Scalas D, Scollo A, Serra T, Chiarello M, Testa V, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C, Oggiano A, Rosati S, Anfossi L. Development of molecular and antigenic-based rapid tests for the identification of African swine fever virus in different tissues. Talanta 2023; 258:124443. [PMID: 36933298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic infectious disease affecting suids, thus representing a great economic concern. Considering the importance of the early diagnosis, rapid point of care testing (POCT) for ASF is highly demanded. In this work, we developed two strategies for the rapid onsite diagnosis of ASF, based on Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) techniques. The LFIA was a sandwich-type immunoassay exploiting a monoclonal antibody directed towards the p30 protein of the virus (Mab). The Mab was anchored onto the LFIA membrane to capture the ASFV and was also labelled with gold nanoparticles for staining the antibody-p30 complex. However, the use of the same antibody for capturing and as detector ligand showed a significant competitive effect for antigen binding, so required an experimental design to minimize reciprocal interference and maximize the response. The RPA assay, employing primers to the capsid protein p72 gene and an exonuclease III probe, was performed at 39 °C. The limit of detection of the method was assessed using a plasmid encoding the target gene and resulted in 5 copy/μL. The new LFIA and RPA were applied for ASFV detection in the animal tissues usually analysed by conventional assays (i.e., real-time PCR), such as kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes. A simple and universal virus extraction protocol was applied for sample preparation, followed by DNA extraction and purification for the RPA. The LFIA only required the addition of 3% H2O2 to limit matrix interference and prevent false positive results. The two rapid methods (25 min and 15 min were needed to complete the analysis for RPA and LFIA, respectively) showed high diagnostic specificity (100%) and sensitivity (93% and 87% for LFIA and RPA, respectively) for samples with high viral load (Ct < 27). False negative results were observed for samples with low viral load (Ct > 28) and/or also containing specific antibodies to ASFV, which decreased antigen availability and were indicative of a chronic, poorly transmissible infection. The simple and rapid sample preparation and the diagnostic performance of the LFIA suggested its large practical applicability for POC diagnosis of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Federica D'Errico
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
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Cui H, Yang J, Yang B, Hao Y, Shi X, Zhang D, Yang X, Zhang T, Zhao D, Yuan X, Chen X, Liu X, Zheng H, Zhang K. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride inhibits African swine fever viral replication in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023; 175:105957. [PMID: 36572196 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), and has a high mortality rate. It has caused serious socioeconomic consequences worldwide. Currently, there are no available commercial vaccines or antiviral drug interventions. D1133L is one of the key genes for ASFV replication and antiviral drug screening. In this study, a virtual screening software program, PyRx, was used to screen libraries of compounds against the potential drug target D1133L. Twelve compounds with a high affinity for ASFV D1133L were screened, and cyproheptadine hydrochloride (periactin) was identified as a candidate drug. The periactin has little cytotoxicity, and which dose-dependently inhibited ASFV replication in vitro. Further research indicated that periactin could significantly down-regulate D1133L at the transcriptional and protein levels with RT-qPCR and western blot methods. This study has provided important candidate drugs for the prevention and treatment of ASF, as well as biological materials and new fields of view for the research and development of vaccines and drugs for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - DengShuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xingguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Franzoni G, Zinellu S, Razzuoli E, Mura L, De Ciucis CG, De Paolis L, Carta T, Anfossi AG, Graham SP, Chessa B, Dei Giudici S, Oggiano A. Assessment of the Impact of a Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Synthetic Lipopeptide on Macrophage Susceptibility and Responses to African Swine Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:2212. [PMID: 36298767 DOI: 10.3390/v14102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands are attracting attention as prophylactic and immunopotentiator agents against pathogens, including viruses. We previously reported that a synthetic diacylated lipopeptide (Mag-Pam2Cys_P48) polarized porcine macrophages towards a proinflammatory antimicrobial phenotype. Here, we investigated its role in modulating monocyte-derived macrophage (moMΦ) responses against African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiological agent of one of the greatest threats to the global pig industry. Two ASFV isolates were compared: the attenuated NH/P68 and the virulent 26544/OG10. No effect on virus infection nor the modulation of surface markers’ expression (MHC I, MHC II DR, CD14, CD16, and CD163) were observed when Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ were infected using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ released higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and IL-18 in response to infection with NH/P68 ASFV compared to 26544/OG10-infected and mock-infected controls. Surprisingly, when infected using a MOI of 0.01, the virulent ASFV 26544/OG10 isolate replicated even slightly more efficiently in Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ. These effects also extended to the treatment of moMΦ with two other lipopeptides: Mag-Pam2Cys_P80 and Mag-Pam2Cys_Mag1000. Our data suggested limited applicability of TLR2 agonists as prophylactic or immunopotentiator agents against virulent ASFV but highlighted the ability of the virulent 26544/OG10 to impair macrophage defenses.
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Wöhnke E, Cackett G, Werner F, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Proteome Analysis of Swine Macrophages after Infection with Two Genotype II African Swine Fever Isolates of Different Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102140. [PMID: 36298696 PMCID: PMC9607119 DOI: 10.3390/v14102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of a highly pathogenic genotype II isolate of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has gone panzootic. Outbreaks have been reported in Europe, Asia and, more recently, Latin America. Thus, ASFV has become a major threat to the pig industry worldwide, as broadly applicable vaccines are not available. While the majority of ASFV strains show high virulence in domestic pigs and wild boar, variations within the ASFV genome have resulted in the emergence of attenuated strains with low or moderate virulence. However, the molecular basis of the differences in virulence has not yet been discovered. To reveal virulence-associated protein expression patterns, we analysed the proteomes of the natural target cells of ASFV, primary porcine macrophages, after infection with two genotype II ASFV strains displaying high (Armenia 2008) and moderate (Estonia 2014) virulence using quantitative mass spectrometry. Very similar expression patterns were observed for the viral genes, and any differences were limited to the deletions within the Estonia 2014 genome. In addition to the canonical ASFV proteins, twelve novel protein products from recently described transcripts were confirmed in both isolates. Pathway analyses showed that both isolates evoked a similar host proteome response, despite their difference in virulence. However, subtle differences in the manipulation of the proteins involved in the proinflammatory response mediated by the MAPK14/p38 signalling cascade were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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Ayanwale A, Trapp S, Guabiraba R, Caballero I, Roesch F. New Insights in the Interplay Between African Swine Fever Virus and Innate Immunity and Its Impact on Viral Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958307. [PMID: 35875580 PMCID: PMC9298521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe and Asia represents a major threat to livestock health, with billions of dollars of income losses and major perturbations of the global pig industry. One striking feature of African swine fever (ASF) is the existence of different forms of the disease, ranging from acute with mortality rates approaching 100% to chronic, with mild clinical manifestations. These differences in pathogenicity have been linked to genomic alterations present in attenuated ASFV strains (and absent in virulent ones) and differences in the immune response of infected animals. In this mini-review, we summarized current knowledge on the connection between ASFV pathogenicity and the innate immune response induced in infected hosts, with a particular focus on the pathways involved in ASFV detection. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted the key role of the DNA sensor cGAS in ASFV sensing. We discussed what other pathways may be involved in ASFV sensing and inflammasome activation and summarized recent findings on the viral ASFV genes involved in the modulation of the interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Trapp
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
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9
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Machuka EM, Juma J, Muigai AWT, Amimo JO, Pelle R, Abworo EO. Transcriptome profile of spleen tissues from locally-adapted Kenyan pigs (Sus scrofa) experimentally infected with three varying doses of a highly virulent African swine fever virus genotype IX isolate: Ken12/busia.1 (ken-1033). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:522. [PMID: 35854219 PMCID: PMC9294756 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic pigs resulting in up to 100% mortality rates caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The locally-adapted pigs in South-western Kenya have been reported to be resilient to disease and harsh climatic conditions and tolerate ASF; however, the mechanisms by which this tolerance is sustained remain largely unknown. We evaluated the gene expression patterns in spleen tissues of these locally-adapted pigs in response to varying infective doses of ASFV to elucidate the virus-host interaction dynamics. Methods Locally adapted pigs (n = 14) were experimentally infected with a high dose (1x106HAD50), medium dose (1x104HAD50), and low dose (1x102HAD50) of the highly virulent genotype IX ASFV Ken12/busia.1 (Ken-1033) isolate diluted in PBS and followed through the course of infection for 29 days. The in vivo pig host and ASFV pathogen gene expression in spleen tissues from 10 pigs (including three from each infective group and one uninfected control) were analyzed in a dual-RNASeq fashion. We compared gene expression between three varying doses in the host and pathogen by contrasting experiment groups against the naïve control. Results A total of 4954 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected after ASFV Ken12/1 infection, including 3055, 1771, and 128 DEGs in the high, medium, and low doses, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched for genes involved in the innate immune response, inflammatory response, autophagy, and apoptosis in lethal dose groups. The surviving low dose group suppressed genes in pathways of physiopathological importance. We found a strong association between severe ASF pathogenesis in the high and medium dose groups with upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and immunomodulation of cytokine expression possibly induced by overproduction of prostaglandin E synthase (4-fold; p < 0.05) or through downregulation of expression of M1-activating receptors, signal transductors, and transcription factors. The host-pathogen interaction resulted in induction of expression of immune-suppressive cytokines (IL-27), inactivation of autophagy and apoptosis through up-regulation of NUPR1 [5.7-fold (high dose) and 5.1-fold (medium dose) [p < 0.05] and IL7R expression. We detected repression of genes involved in MHC class II antigen processing and presentation, such as cathepsins, SLA-DQB1, SLA-DOB, SLA-DMB, SLA-DRA, and SLA-DQA in the medium and high dose groups. Additionally, the host-pathogen interaction activated the CD8+ cytotoxicity and neutrophil machinery by increasing the expression of neutrophils/CD8+ T effector cell-recruiting chemokines (CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL23, CCL4, CXCL8, and CXCL13) in the lethal high and medium dose groups. The recovered pigs infected with ASFV at a low dose significantly repressed the expression of CXCL10, averting induction of T lymphocyte apoptosis and FUNDC1 that suppressed neutrophilia. Conclusions We provide the first in vivo gene expression profile data from locally-adapted pigs from south-western Kenya following experimental infection with a highly virulent ASFV genotype IX isolate at varying doses that mimic acute and mild disease. Our study showed that the locally-adapted pigs induced the expression of genes associated with tolerance to infection and repression of genes involved in inflammation at varying levels depending upon the ASFV dose administered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Magoma Machuka
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - John Juma
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Meloni D, Franzoni G, Oggiano A. Cell Lines for the Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Candidates: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:707. [PMID: 35632463 PMCID: PMC9144233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly lethal disease in both domestic and wild pigs. The virus has rapidly spread worldwide and has no available licensed vaccine. An obstacle to the construction of a safe and efficient vaccine is the lack of a suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation. Macrophages are the main targets for ASFV, and they have been widely used to study virus–host interactions; nevertheless, obtaining these cells is time-consuming and expensive, and they are not ethically suitable for the production of large-scale vaccines. To overcome these issues, different virulent field isolates have been adapted on monkey or human continuous cells lines; however, several culture passages often lead to significant genetic modifications and the loss of immunogenicity of the adapted strain. Thus, several groups have attempted to establish a porcine cell line able to sustain ASFV growth. Preliminary data suggested that some porcine continuous cell lines might be an alternative to primary macrophages for ASFV research and for large-scale vaccine production, although further studies are still needed. In this review, we summarize the research to investigate the most suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation.
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Wei R, Wang X, Liu X, Guo C. Chlorine Dioxide Inhibits African Swine Fever Virus by Blocking Viral Attachment and Destroying Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:844058. [PMID: 35372537 PMCID: PMC8968399 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.844058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease and provokes severe economic losses and health threats. At present no effective vaccine or treatment is available to prevent or cure ASF. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective drugs against ASF virus (ASFV). Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an ideal biocide, has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and no drug resistance. Here, we found that ClO2 strongly inhibited ASFV replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The inhibitory effect of ClO2 occurred during viral attachment rather than entry, indicating that ClO2 suppressed the early stage of virus life cycle. ClO2 showed a potent anti-ASFV effect when added either before, simultaneously with, or after virus infection. Furthermore, ClO2 could destroy viral nucleic acids and proteins, which may contribute to its capacity of inactivating ASFV virions. The minimum concentration of degradation of ASFV nucleic acids by ClO2 is 1.2 μg/mL, and the degradation is a temperature-dependent manner. These have guiding significance for ClO2 prevention and control of ASFV infection in pig farms. In addition, ClO2 decreased the expression of ASFV-induced inflammatory cytokines. Overall, our findings suggest that ClO2 may be an ideal candidate for the development of novel anti-ASFV prophylactic and therapeutic drugs in swine industry.
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12
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Wang Z, Ai Q, Huang S, Ou Y, Gao Y, Tong T, Fan H. Immune Escape Mechanism and Vaccine Research Progress of African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030344. [PMID: 35334976 PMCID: PMC8949402 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the epidemic of African swine fever (ASF), with virulent strains having a mortality rate of up to 100% and presenting devastating impacts on animal farming. Since ASF was first reported in China in 2018, ASFV still exists and poses a potential threat to the current pig industry. Low-virulence and genotype I strains of ASFV have been reported in China, and the prevention and control of ASF is more complicated. Insufficient understanding of the interaction of ASFV with the host immune system hinders vaccine development. Physical barriers, nonspecific immune response and acquired immunity are the three barriers of the host against infection. To escape the innate immune response, ASFV invades monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting IFN expression, regulating cytokine expression and the body’s inflammatory response process. Meanwhile, in order to evade the adaptive immune response, ASFV inhibits antigen presentation, induces the production of non-neutralizing antibodies, and inhibits apoptosis. Recently, significant advances have been achieved in vaccine development around the world. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) based on artificially deleting specific virulence genes can achieve 100% homologous protection and partial heterologous protection. The key of subunit vaccines is identifying the combination of antigens that can effectively provide protection and selecting carriers that can effectively deliver the antigens. In this review, we introduce the epidemic trend of ASF and the impact on the pig industry, analyze the interaction mechanism between ASFV and the body’s immune system, and compare the current status of potential vaccines in order to provide a reference for the development of effective ASF vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (Q.A.); (S.H.); (Y.O.); (Y.G.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiangyun Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (Q.A.); (S.H.); (Y.O.); (Y.G.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shenglin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (Q.A.); (S.H.); (Y.O.); (Y.G.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yating Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (Q.A.); (S.H.); (Y.O.); (Y.G.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinze Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (Q.A.); (S.H.); (Y.O.); (Y.G.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tiezhu Tong
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (H.F.); Fax: +86-020-38295730 (T.T.); +86-20-8528-3309 (H.F.)
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (Q.A.); (S.H.); (Y.O.); (Y.G.)
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (H.F.); Fax: +86-020-38295730 (T.T.); +86-20-8528-3309 (H.F.)
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Schäfer A, Franzoni G, Netherton CL, Hartmann L, Blome S, Blohm U. Adaptive Cellular Immunity against African Swine Fever Virus Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020274. [PMID: 35215216 PMCID: PMC8878497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a threat to global pig populations. Infections with ASFV lead to a hemorrhagic disease with up to 100% lethality in Eurasian domestic and wild pigs. Although myeloid cells are the main target cells for ASFV, T cell responses are impacted by the infection as well. The complex responses remain not well understood, and, consequently, there is no commercially available vaccine. Here, we review the current knowledge about the induction of antiviral T cell responses by cells of the myeloid lineage, as well as T cell responses in infected animals, recent efforts in vaccine research, and T cell epitopes present in ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | | | - Luise Hartmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1543; +49-38351-7-1236
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14
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Franzoni G, Zinellu S, Carta T, De Ciucis CG, Fruscione F, Anfossi A, Ledda M, Graham SP, Dei Giudici S, Razzuoli E, Oggiano A. Analyses of the Impact of Immunosuppressive Cytokines on Porcine Macrophage Responses and Susceptibility to Infection to African Swine Fever Viruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:166. [PMID: 35215110 PMCID: PMC8876267 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever viruses (ASFV), currently a serious threat to the global pig industry, primarily target porcine macrophages. Macrophages are characterized by their remarkable plasticity, being able to modify their phenotype and functions in response to diverse stimuli. Since IL-10 and TGF-β polarize macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, we analyzed their impact on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages’ (moMΦ) susceptibility to infection and their responses to two genotype I ASFV strains, virulent 26544/OG10 and attenuated NH/P68. At a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), NH/P68, but not 26544/OG10, presented a higher ability to infect moM(IL-10) compared to moMΦ and moM(TGF-β), but no differences were appreciated at a higher MOI. Both strains replicated efficiently in all moMΦ subsets, with no differences at later times post-infection. Both strains downregulated CD14 and CD16 expression on moMΦ, irrespective of the activation status. ASFV’s modulation of CD163 and MHC II DR expression and cytokine responses to NH/P68 or 26544/OG10 ASFV were not affected by either IL-10 or TGF-β pre-treatment. Our results revealed little impact of these anti-inflammatory cytokines on moMΦ interaction with ASFV, which likely reflects the ability of the virus to effectively modulate macrophage responses.
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15
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Razzuoli E, Armando F, De Paolis L, Ciurkiewicz M, Amadori M. The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020175. [PMID: 35215119 PMCID: PMC8875149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- National Network of Veterinary Immunology (RNIV), Via Istria 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
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Wu L, Yang B, Yuan X, Hong J, Peng M, Chen JL, Song Z. Regulation and Evasion of Host Immune Response by African Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698001. [PMID: 34566910 PMCID: PMC8457549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute lethal hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars; is widely epidemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America; and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF is caused by the infection of the ASF virus (ASFV), a cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family. Here, we review how the virus regulates the host immune response and its mechanisms at different levels, including interferon modulation, inflammation, apoptosis, antigen presentation, and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bincai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Peng
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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17
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Bosch-Camós L, López E, Navas MJ, Pina-Pedrero S, Accensi F, Correa-Fiz F, Park C, Carrascal M, Domínguez J, Salas ML, Nikolin V, Collado J, Rodríguez F. Identification of Promiscuous African Swine Fever Virus T-Cell Determinants Using a Multiple Technical Approach. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:29. [PMID: 33430316 PMCID: PMC7825812 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of subunit vaccines against African swine fever (ASF) is mainly hindered by the lack of knowledge regarding the specific ASF virus (ASFV) antigens involved in protection. As a good example, the identity of ASFV-specific CD8+ T-cell determinants remains largely unknown, despite their protective role being established a long time ago. Aiming to identify them, we implemented the IFNγ ELISpot as readout assay, using as effector cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pigs surviving experimental challenge with Georgia2007/1. As stimuli for the ELISpot, ASFV-specific peptides or full-length proteins identified by three complementary strategies were used. In silico prediction of specific CD8+ T-cell epitopes allowed identifying a 19-mer peptide from MGF100-1L, as frequently recognized by surviving pigs. Complementarily, the repertoire of SLA I-bound peptides identified in ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), allowed the characterization of five additional SLA I-restricted ASFV-specific epitopes. Finally, in vitro stimulation studies using fibroblasts transfected with plasmids encoding full-length ASFV proteins, led to the identification of MGF505-7R, A238L and MGF100-1L as promiscuously recognized antigens. Interestingly, each one of these proteins contain individual peptides recognized by surviving pigs. Identification of the same ASFV determinants by means of such different approaches reinforce the results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bosch-Camós
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (E.L.); (M.J.N.); (S.P.-P.); (F.C.-F.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Elisabet López
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (E.L.); (M.J.N.); (S.P.-P.); (F.C.-F.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - María Jesús Navas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (E.L.); (M.J.N.); (S.P.-P.); (F.C.-F.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Sonia Pina-Pedrero
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (E.L.); (M.J.N.); (S.P.-P.); (F.C.-F.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Francesc Accensi
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (E.L.); (M.J.N.); (S.P.-P.); (F.C.-F.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Unidad de Espectrometría de Masas Biológica y Proteómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Luisa Salas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autònoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Veljko Nikolin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center (BIVRC) GmbH & Co. KG, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Javier Collado
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (E.L.); (M.J.N.); (S.P.-P.); (F.C.-F.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
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18
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Xia N, Wang H, Liu X, Shao Q, Ao D, Xu Y, Jiang S, Luo J, Zhang J, Chen N, Meurens F, Zheng W, Zhu J. African Swine Fever Virus Structural Protein p17 Inhibits Cell Proliferation through ER Stress-ROS Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest. Viruses 2020; 13:E21. [PMID: 33374251 DOI: 10.3390/v13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly pathogenic large DNA virus that causes African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs and wild boars. The p17 protein, encoded by the D117L gene, is a major transmembrane protein of the capsid and the inner lipid envelope. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of p17 on cell proliferation and the underlying mechanisms of action. The effects of p17 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been examined in 293T, PK15, and PAM cells, respectively. The results showed that p17 reduced cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Further, p17-induced oxidative stress and increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Decreasing the level of ROS partially reversed the cell cycle arrest and prevented the decrease of cell proliferation induced by p17 protein. In addition, p17-induced ER stress, and alleviating ER stress decreased the production of ROS and prevented the decrease of cell proliferation induced by p17. Taken together, this study suggests that p17 can inhibit cell proliferation through ER stress and ROS-mediated cell cycle arrest, which might implicate the involvement of p17 in ASF pathogenesis.
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19
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Chelkha N, Levasseur A, La Scola B, Colson P. Host-virus interactions and defense mechanisms for giant viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1486:39-57. [PMID: 33090482 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Giant viruses, with virions larger than 200 nm and genomes larger than 340 kilobase pairs, modified the now outdated perception of the virosphere. With virions now reported reaching up to 1.5 μm in size and genomes of up to 2.5 Mb encoding components shared with cellular life forms, giant viruses exhibit a complexity similar to microbes, such as bacteria and archaea. Here, we review interactions of giant viruses with their hosts and defense strategies of giant viruses against their hosts and coinfecting microorganisms or virophages. We also searched by comparative genomics for homologies with proteins described or suspected to be involved in defense mechanisms. Our search reveals that natural immunity and apoptosis seem to be crucial components of the host defense against giant virus infection. Conversely, giant viruses possess methods of hijacking host functions to counteract cellular antiviral responses. In addition, giant viruses may encode other unique and complex pathways to manipulate the host machinery and eliminate other competing microorganisms. Notably, giant viruses have evolved defense mechanisms against their virophages and they might trigger defense systems against other viruses through sequence integration. We anticipate that comparative genomics may help identifying genes involved in defense strategies of both giant viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Chelkha
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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20
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Wang T, Sun Y, Huang S, Qiu HJ. Multifaceted Immune Responses to African Swine Fever Virus: Implications for Vaccine Development. Vet Microbiol 2020; 249:108832. [PMID: 32932135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), leading to high fever, severe hemorrhages with high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boar. In 2007, ASF was reintroduced into Europe. Since then, ASF has spread to many European and Asian countries and now becomes a major concern to the swine industry worldwide. There have been various vaccine attempts, but no commercial ASF vaccines are available so far. A key hurdle in developing a safe and efficacious ASF vaccine is the limited understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by ASFV infection. Though several promising vaccine candidates have been described, more key scientific challenges remain unsolved. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by ASFV infection and different kinds of vaccine candidates. Additionally, the applications and prospects of vaccine candidates are discussed. Finally, we highlight the implications of these mechanisms for rational design of ASF vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; School of Life Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China.
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21
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Franzoni G, Dei Giudici S, Loi F, Sanna D, Floris M, Fiori M, Sanna ML, Madrau P, Scarpa F, Zinellu S, Giammarioli M, Cappai S, De Mia GM, Laddomada A, Rolesu S, Oggiano A. African Swine Fever Circulation among Free-Ranging Pigs in Sardinia: Data from the Eradication Program. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E549. [PMID: 32967098 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the cause of a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, has been present in Sardinia since 1978. In the framework of the regional ASF eradication plan, 4484 illegal pigs were culled between December 2017 and February 2020. The highest disease prevalence was observed in the municipality with the highest free-ranging pig density, and culling actions drastically reduced ASFV circulation among these animals. ASFV-antibody were detected in 36.7% of tested animals, which were apparently healthy, thus, the circulation of low-virulence ASFV isolates was hypothesized. ASFV genome was detected in 53 out of 2726 tested animals, and virus isolation was achieved in two distinct culling actions. Two ASFV haemadsorbing strains were isolated from antibody-positive apparently healthy pigs: 55234/18 and 103917/18. Typing analysis revealed that both isolates belong to p72 genotype I, B602L subgroup X; phylogenetic analysis based on whole genome sequencing data showed that they were closely related to Sardinian ASFV strains collected since 2010, especially 22653/Ca/2014. Our data suggested the absence of immune-escaped ASFV variants circulating among free-ranging pigs, indicating that other elements contributed to virus circulation among these animals. Understanding factors behind disease persistence in endemic settings might contribute to developing effective countermeasures against this disease.
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22
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Sehl J, Pikalo J, Schäfer A, Franzke K, Pannhorst K, Elnagar A, Blohm U, Blome S, Breithaupt A. Comparative Pathology of Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar Infected with the Moderately Virulent African Swine Fever Virus Strain "Estonia 2014". Pathogens 2020; 9:E662. [PMID: 32824331 PMCID: PMC7459997 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemically infected European wild boar are considered a major reservoir of African swine fever virus in Europe. While high lethality was observed in the majority of field cases, strains of moderate virulence occurred in the Baltic States. One of these, "Estonia 2014", led to a higher number of clinically healthy, antibody-positive animals in the hunting bag of North-Eastern Estonia. Experimental characterization showed high virulence in wild boar but moderate virulence in domestic pigs. Putative pathogenic differences between wild boar and domestic pigs are unresolved and comparative pathological studies are limited. We here report on a kinetic experiment in both subspecies. Three animals each were euthanized at 4, 7, and 10 days post infection (dpi). Clinical data confirmed higher virulence in wild boar although macroscopy and viral genome load in blood and tissues were comparable in both subspecies. The percentage of viral antigen positive myeloid cells tested by flow cytometry did not differ significantly in most tissues. Only immunohistochemistry revealed consistently higher viral antigen loads in wild boar tissues in particular 7 dpi, whereas domestic pigs already eliminated the virus. The moderate virulence in domestic pigs could be explained by a more effective viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.S.); (J.P.); (A.S.); (K.F.); (K.P.); (A.E.); (U.B.); (A.B.)
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23
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Wang H, Xu L, Wu Z, Chen X. CCR7, CD80/86 and CD83 in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Molecular characteristics and expression patterns with bacterial infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 102:228-242. [PMID: 32325216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have a strong ability to stimulate naive T lymphocyte proliferation, so DCs play an important regulatory role in the initiation of the specific immune response. DCs cannot play the role of antigen presentation without the expression of surface molecules. The chemokine receptor CCR7 and the costimulatory molecules CD80/86 and CD83 are not only markers of DC maturation but also important functional molecules in the immune response of DC-T cells. In this study, partial cDNA sequences of CCR7, CD80/86 and CD83 were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology from yellow catfish. Bioinformatics analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of these three genes showed that CCR7, CD80/86 and CD83 genes in yellow catfish have similar functional domains to the homologs in other vertebrates, which indicated that the functions of these genes may be somewhat conserved during the evolution process. Afterward, the expression characteristics of these three genes in different tissues were detected by q-PCR. This result indicated that CCR7, CD80/86 and CD83 were expressed in all examined tissues, and the highest expression levels of CCR7 and CD80/86 and CD83 were detected in the trunk kidney, muscle and midgut, respectively. Meanwhile, the expression levels of CCR7 and CD80/86 were lowest in the gill, and the expression of CD83 was lowest in the stomach. Finally, healthy yellow catfish were infected with A.hydrophila (1.0 × 107 CFU/mL) or E.ictaluri (1.0 × 106 CFU/mL), q-PCR results indicated that both pathogenic bacteria can induce significant upregulation of CCR7, CD80/86 and CD83 in immune organs, and the expression levels of these genes in the intestine were higher than those in the skin and gill. Our results in this study provide a molecular basis for exploring the role of CCR7, CD80/86 and CD83 in the immune responses induced by bacteria, and can help us to understand the difference of immune responses induced by extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lili Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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24
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Hühr J, Schäfer A, Schwaiger T, Zani L, Sehl J, Mettenleiter TC, Blome S, Blohm U. Impaired T-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with a highly virulent African swine fever virus strain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:3016-3032. [PMID: 32530090 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since African swine fever (ASF) first appeared in the Caucasus region in 2007, it has spread rapidly and is now present in numerous European and Asian countries. In Europe, mainly wild boar populations are affected and pose a risk for domestic pigs. In Asia, domestic pigs are almost exclusively affected. An effective and safe vaccine is not available, and correlates of protection are far from being understood. Therefore, research on immune responses, immune dysfunction and pathogenesis is mandatory. It is acknowledged that T cells play a pivotal role. Thus, we investigated T-cell responses of domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with the highly virulent ASF virus (ASFV) strain 'Armenia08'. For this purpose, we used a flow cytometry-based multicolour analysis to identify T-cell subtypes (cytotoxic T cells, T-helper cells, γδ T cells) and their functional impairment in ASFV-infected pigs. Domestic pigs showed lymphopaenia, and neither in the blood nor in the lymphoid organs was a proliferation of CD8+ effector cells observed. Furthermore, a T-bet-dependent activation of the remaining CD8 T cells did not occur. In contrast, a T-cell response could be observed in wild boar at 5 days post-inoculation in the blood and in tendency also in some organs. However, this cytotoxic response was not beneficial as all wild boars showed a severe acute lethal disease and a higher proportion died spontaneously or was euthanized at the humane endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hühr
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Laura Zani
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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25
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Razzuoli E, Franzoni G, Carta T, Zinellu S, Amadori M, Modesto P, Oggiano A. Modulation of Type I Interferon System by African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E361. [PMID: 32397378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) has tropism for macrophages, which seems to play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis and viral dissemination. Previous studies showed that ASFV developed mechanisms to evade type I interferon (IFN) responses. Hence, we analyzed the ability of ASFV strains of diverse virulence to modulate IFN-β and IFN-α responses. Porcine monocyte-derived macrophages un-activated (moMΦ) or activated with IFN-α (moMΦ + FN-α) were infected with virulent (22653/14) or attenuated (NH/P68) ASFV strains, and expressions of IFN-β and of 17 IFN-α subtypes genes were monitored over time. ASFV strains of diverse virulence induced different panels of IFN genes: infection of moMΦ with either strains caused statistically significant up-regulation of IFN-α3, -α7/11, whereas only attenuated NH/P68 determined statistically significant up-regulation of IFN-α10, -α12, -α13, -α15, -α17, and IFN-β. Infection of activated moMΦ with either strains resulted in up-regulation of IFN-β and many IFN-α subtypes, but statistical significance was found only for IFN-α1, -α10, -α15, -α16, -α17 in response to NH/P68-infection only. These data revealed differences in type I IFNs expression patterns, with differences between strains of diverse virulence. In addition, virulent 22653/14 ASFV seems to have developed mechanisms to suppress the induction of several type I IFN genes.
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26
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Franzoni G, Razzuoli E, Dei Giudici S, Carta T, Galleri G, Zinellu S, Ledda M, Angioi P, Modesto P, Graham SP, Oggiano A. Comparison of Macrophage Responses to African Swine Fever Viruses Reveals that the NH/P68 Strain is Associated with Enhanced Sensitivity to Type I IFN and Cytokine Responses from Classically Activated Macrophages. Pathogens 2020; 9:E209. [PMID: 32178332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) poses a severe threat to the global pig industry for which currently there is no available vaccine. The aetiological ASF virus (ASFV) has a predilection for cells of the myeloid lineage, however little is known about its interaction with polarised macrophages. This study focused on the in vitro interactions of porcine monocyte-derived un-activated (moMΦ), classically (moM1), alternatively (moM2), and IFN-α-activated macrophages with two genotype I ASFV strains: virulent 22653/14 and attenuated NH/P68. At a high multiplicity of infection, NH/P68, but not 22653/14, presented a reduced ability to infect moM1 and IFN−α-activated moMΦ compared to moMΦ. IFN-α activation resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the proportion of ASFV-infected cells. Both strains replicated efficiently in all the subsets. While higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 were secreted by NH/P68-infected moM1 compared to 22653/14, both strains negatively affected moMΦ ability to release IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α in response to classical activation or stimulation with a TLR2 agonist. Our results suggest that ASFV 22653/14 covertly replicates in macrophages, compromising the development of effective immune responses. Attenuated NH/P68 has partially lost these mechanisms, which may enhance immune surveillance. A better understating of these mechanisms should aid the rational design of live attenuated ASFV vaccines.
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27
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Razzuoli E, Vencia W, Modesto P, Franzoni G, Giudici SD, Parisi E, Ferrari A, Amadori M. Yersinia enterocolitica-specific modulation of innate immune responses in jejunal epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108596. [PMID: 32122600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut is often subject to infection by different pathogens like Y. enterocolitica. To date, biotypes (BTs) 1A have been considered as non-pathogenic, because they do not express plasmid of virulence pYV; however, BTs 1A strains present other chromosomic virulence genes and recent studies suggest an implication of this microorganism in reactive arthritis. Although many studies highlighted the molecular basis of pathogenesis of Ye infection, scanty data are available about several environmental BTs 1A strains, often isolated in cases of foodborne disease but not included in pathogenicity studies. The aim of our work was to verify the ability of different Ye 1A strains to adhere and penetrate IPEC-J2 cells and to modulate intestinal innate immunity. Our results showed that all strains under study were able to adhere and penetrate enterocytes, causing inflammatory responses. Indeed, adhesion and invasion of enterocytes is an essential step in Ye pathogenesis (Fàbrega and Vila, 2012). Moreover, our data suggest the possible involvement of strains Ye2/O:9 in reactive arthritis, due to their ability (i) to penetrate enterocytes as pathogenic Ye1/O:8 strains do, and (ii) to increase IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-18 release. Lastly, our results confirm that IPEC-J2 cells are a very good model to evaluate host-pathogen interaction, and indicate IL-8, TNF-α, TLRs1 and 4 as possible markers of the ability of Ye strains to penetrate enterocytes. Moreover, we showed that Ye strains differently affect the host's innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Laboratory of Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Walter Vencia
- Laboratory of Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- Laboratory of Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Erica Parisi
- Laboratory of Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Diagnostic, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
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Hohnstein FS, Meurer M, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Baums CG, Alber G, Schütze N. Analysis of Porcine Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction by S. suis In Vivo and In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010040. [PMID: 31947746 PMCID: PMC7168595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning piglets are susceptible to the invasive Streptococcus (S.) suis infection, which can result in septicemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine profile induced upon S. suis infection of blood, to determine the cellular sources of those cytokines, and to study the potential effects of the induced cytokines on bacterial killing. We measured TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-10 after an experimental intravenous infection with S. suis serotype 2 in vivo, and analyzed whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and separated leukocytes to identify the cytokine-producing cell type(s). In addition, we used a reconstituted whole blood assay to investigate the effect of TNF-α on bacterial killing in the presence of different S. suis-specific IgG levels. An increase in IL-6 and IL-10, but not in IFN-γ or IL-17A, was observed in two of three piglets with pronounced bacteremia 16 to 20 h after infection, but not in piglets with controlled bacteremia. Our results confirmed previous findings that S. suis induces TNF-α and IL-6 and could demonstrate that TNF-α is produced by monocytes in vitro. We further found that IL-10 induction resulted in reduced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Rapid induction of TNF-α was, however, not crucial for in vitro bacterial killing, not even in the absence of specific IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Hohnstein
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.S.H.); (N.S.)
| | - Marita Meurer
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (M.M.); (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (M.M.); (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (M.M.); (N.d.B.); (M.v.K.-B.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Christoph G. Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.S.H.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9731221
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (F.S.H.); (N.S.)
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29
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Kokuho T. [African swine fever]. Uirusu 2020; 70:15-28. [PMID: 33967108 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic infectious disease of Suids, which is endemic in sub-Saharan area of African continent. ASF is usually circulating sub-symptomatically among wild species of Suidae family, such as warthogs and bush pigs, by mediating Ornithodoros soft ticks. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) are, however, highly sensitive to the infection and show severe clinical signs with a high mortality rate, resulting a huge impact on pork production. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available. The etiological agent, ASFV, is highly resistant to environmental conditions, and resides in unheated pork meat or pork meat products for a long period, which may be a chance of its long-distance spread. Since August 2018, ASFV has been circulating in East and Southeast Asian countries and may possibly be introduced into Japan. Here, I describe the outline of the disease and the etiology of the pathogen in order to remind the importance of "awareness" and "preparedness" for the disease.
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Hammer SE, Ho CS, Ando A, Rogel-Gaillard C, Charles M, Tector M, Tector AJ, Lunney JK. Importance of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (Swine Leukocyte Antigen) in Swine Health and Biomedical Research. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:171-198. [PMID: 31846353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex, maps to Sus scrofa chromosome 7. It consists of three regions, the class I and class III regions mapping to 7p1.1 and the class II region mapping to 7q1.1. The swine MHC is divided by the centromere, which is unique among mammals studied to date. The SLA complexspans between 2.4 and 2.7 Mb, depending on haplotype, and encodes approximately 150 loci, with at least 120 genes predicted to be functional. Here we update the whole SLA complex based on the Sscrofa11.1 build and annotate the organization for all recognized SLA genes and their allelic sequences. We present SLA nomenclature and typing methods and discuss the expression of SLA proteins, as well as their role in antigen presentation and immune, disease, and vaccine responses. Finally, we explore the role of SLA genes in transplantation and xenotransplantation and their importance in swine biomedical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Hope Organ & Tissue Donor Network, Itasca, Illinois 60143, USA
| | - Asako Ando
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | | | - Mathieu Charles
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.,Current address: Makana Therapeutics, Wilmington, Delaware 19801, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.,Current address: Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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Teklue T, Sun Y, Abid M, Luo Y, Qiu HJ. Current status and evolving approaches to African swine fever vaccine development. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:529-542. [PMID: 31538406 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), a unique and genetically complex virus. The disease continues to be a huge burden to the pig industry in Africa, Europe and recently in Asia, especially China. The purpose of this review was to recapitulate the current scenarios and evolving trends in ASF vaccine development. The unavailability of an applicable ASF vaccine is partly due to the complex nature of the virus, which encodes various proteins associated with immune evasion. Moreover, the incomplete understanding of immune protection determinants of ASFV hampers the rational vaccine design. Developing an effective ASF vaccine continues to be a challenging task due to many undefined features of ASFV immunobiology. Recent attempts on DNA and live attenuated ASF vaccines have been reported with promising efficacy, and especially live attenuated vaccines have been proved to provide complete homologous protection. Single-cycle viral vaccines have been developed for various diseases such as Rift Valley fever and bluetongue, and the rational extension of these strategies could be helpful for developing single-cycle ASF vaccines. Therefore, live attenuated vaccines in short term and single-cycle vaccines in long term would be the next generation of ASF vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshale Teklue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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32
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Arabyan E, Kotsynyan A, Hakobyan A, Zakaryan H. Antiviral agents against African swine fever virus. Virus Res 2019; 270:197669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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33
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Franzoni G, Graham SP, Dei Giudici S, Oggiano A. Porcine Dendritic Cells and Viruses: An Update. Viruses 2019; 11:E445. [PMID: 31100880 DOI: 10.3390/v11050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral infections of swine are responsible for major economic losses and represent a threat to the swine industry worldwide. New tools are needed to prevent and control endemic, emerging, and re-emerging viral diseases. Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in linking the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, so knowledge regarding their interaction with pathogens is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying diseases pathogenesis and protection. In the first part of this review, we provide an update on the heterogeneous cell subsets that comprise the porcine DC family. In the second part of this review, we provide an overview of how three viruses, affecting pork production at a global level, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), modulate DC function.
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Abstract
African swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The continuing spread in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of a vaccine limits disease control. To underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. The virus long double-stranded DNA genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replication in cells but can have important roles in evading the host's defences. Here we review knowledge of the pathways targeted by ASFV and the mechanisms by which these are inhibited. The impact of deleting single or multiple ASFV genes on virus replication in cells and infection in pigs is summarised providing information on strategies for rational development of modified live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - M Islam
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - R Nash
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A L Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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35
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Pikalo J, Zani L, Hühr J, Beer M, Blome S. Pathogenesis of African swine fever in domestic pigs and European wild boar - Lessons learned from recent animal trials. Virus Res 2019; 271:197614. [PMID: 30953662 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, African swine fever (ASF) has changed from an exotic disease of Sub-Saharan Africa to a considerable and serious threat to pig industry in Central Europe and Asia. With the introduction of genotype II strains into the European Union in 2014, the disease has apparently found a fertile breeding ground in the abundant wild boar population. Upon infection with highly virulent ASF virus (ASFV), a haemorrhagic fever like illness with high lethality is seen in naïve domestic pigs and wild boar. Despite intensive research, virulence factors, host-virus interactions and pathogenesis are still far from being understood, and neither vaccines nor treatment exist. However, to better understand the disease, and to work towards a safe and efficacious vaccine, this information is needed. The presented review targets the knowledge gained over the last five years with regard to ASF pathogenesis in the broader sense but with a focus on the pandemic genotype II strains. In this way, it is designed as an update and supplement to existing review articles on the same topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Pikalo
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17489 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17489 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jane Hühr
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17489 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17489 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17489 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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Dei Giudici S, Franzoni G, Bonelli P, Bacciu D, Sanna G, Angioi PP, Ledda M, Pilo G, Nicolussi P, Oggiano A. Interaction of historical and modern Sardinian African swine fever viruses with porcine and wild-boar monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Arch Virol 2019; 164:739-745. [PMID: 30631959 PMCID: PMC6394708 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of wild and domestic pigs that is present in many parts of Africa, Asia and Europe, including Sardinia (Italy). Deletions in the EP402R and B602L genes have been found in almost all ASF virus (ASFV) strains circulating in Sardinia from 1990 onwards, and modern Sardinian strains (isolated after 1990) might have acquired some selective advantage compared to historical ones (isolated before 1990). Here, we analysed the host cell responses of wild boars and domestic pigs upon infection with virus variants. Higher intracellular levels of the late protein p72 were detected after infection with the modern strain 22653/14 compared to the historical strain Nu81.2, although both isolates grew at the same rate in both monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Higher cytokine levels in the supernatants of ASFV-infected pig monocytes compared to pig macrophages and wild-boar cells were detected, with no differences between isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Donatella Bacciu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sanna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Ledda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovannantonio Pilo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Nicolussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Franzoni G, Dei Giudici S, Oggiano A. Infection, modulation and responses of antigen-presenting cells to African swine fever viruses. Virus Res 2018; 258:73-80. [PMID: 30316802 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar for which there is no vaccine available. The aetiological agent ASF virus (ASFV) has a predilection for cells of the myeloid lineage. Macrophages provide a first line defence against pathogens and are the main target of ASFV, thus several studies analysed their response to infection in terms of cytokine/chemokine expression and modulation of functionality. These studies have typically used macrophages differentiated in vitro from blood or bone marrow progenitors and few studies have focused on responses of polarized macrophages (M1, M2) or functional macrophage subsets isolated from different tissues. ASFV can also infect dendritic cells (DC), but regardless of their central role in the induction of adaptive immune responses, their role in ASFV infection was only partially analysed. Future studies on ASFV-DC interaction are needed, which should take into consideration the heterogeneity within this family, composed of different subsets whose phenotype is also organ specific. Other porcine immune cells such as γδ-T cells, NK cells and fibrocytes, can act as 'non-conventional' antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, γδ-T cells from ASFV immune pigs were shown to present viral antigens to T cells, but no studies have further explored the interaction of ASFV with this cell type or other non-conventional APCs. In this review we will provide an overview of the interaction of APCs with ASFV, describing the differences between virulent and attenuated strains, and suggesting areas for possible future studies.
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