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Dankittipong N, Broek JVD, de Vos CJ, Wagenaar JA, Stegeman JA, Fischer EAJ. Transmission rates of veterinary and clinically important antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli: A meta- ANALYSIS. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106156. [PMID: 38402649 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The transmission rate per hour between hosts is a key parameter for simulating transmission dynamics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and might differ for antibiotic resistance genes, animal species, and antibiotic usage. We conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis of resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) transmission in broilers and piglets to obtain insight in factors determining the transmission rate, infectious period, and reproduction ratio. We included blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaOXA-162, catA1, mcr-1, and fluoroquinolone resistant E. coli. The Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) transmission rate in broilers without antibiotic treatment ranged from 0.4∙10-3 to 2.5∙10-3 depending on type of broiler (SPF vs conventional) and inoculation strains. For piglets, the MAP in groups without antibiotic treatment were between 0.7∙10-3 and 0.8∙10-3, increasing to 0.9∙10-3 in the group with antibiotic treatment. In groups without antibiotic treatment, the transmission rate of resistant E. coli in broilers was almost twice the transmission rate in piglets. Amoxicillin increased the transmission rate of E. coli carrying blaCTX-M-2 by three-fold. The MAP infectious period of resistant E. coli in piglets with and without antibiotics is between 971 and 1065 hours (40 - 43 days). The MAP infectious period of resistant E. coli in broiler without antibiotics is between 475 and 2306 hours (20 - 96 days). The MAP infectious period of resistant E. coli in broiler with antibiotics is between 2702 and 3462 hours (113 - 144 days) which means a lifelong colonization. The MAP basic reproduction ratio in piglets of infection with resistant E. coli when using antibiotics is 27.70, which is higher than MAP in piglets without antibiotics between 15.65 and 18.19. The MAP basic reproduction ratio in broilers ranges between 3.46 and 92.38. We consider three possible explanations for our finding that in the absence of antibiotics the transmission rate is higher among broilers than among piglets: i) due to the gut microbiome of animals, ii) fitness costs of bacteria, and iii) differences in experimental set-up between the studies. Regarding infectious period and reproduction ratio, the effect of the resistance gene, antibiotic treatment, and animal species are inconclusive due to limited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natcha Dankittipong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Broek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Clazien J de Vos
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J Arjan Stegeman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Egil A J Fischer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Renzhammer R, Schwarz L, Cabal Rosel A, Ruppitsch W, Fuchs A, Simetzberger E, Ladinig A, Loncaric I. Detection of mcr-1-1 Positive Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates Associated with Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in an Organic Piglet-Producing Farm in Austria. Microorganisms 2024; 12:244. [PMID: 38399648 PMCID: PMC10893164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a frequent multifactorial disease occurring in swine stocks worldwide. Since pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PWD and porcine E. coli are often resistant to different antibiotics, colistin is frequently applied to treat piglets with PWD. However, the application of colistin to livestock has been associated with the emergence of colistin resistance. This case report describes the detection of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1-1 in two E. coli isolated from piglets with PWD in an Austrian organic piglet-producing farm, which was managed by two farmers working as nurses in a hospital. Both mcr-1-positive E. coli were further analysed by Illumina short-read-sequencing, including assemblies and gene prediction. Both isolates belonged to the same clonal type and were positive for eaeH and espX5, which are both virulence genes associated with enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Due to the detection of mcr-1-positive EPEC and based on the results of the antimicrobial resistance testing, the veterinarian decided to apply gentamicin for treatment instead of colistin, leading to improved clinical signs. In addition, after replacing faba beans with whey, PWD was solely observed in 2/10 weaned batches in the consecutive months.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Renzhammer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (L.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (L.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Adriana Cabal Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.R.); (W.R.)
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.R.); (W.R.)
| | - Andreas Fuchs
- VETworks Strengberg, 3314 Strengberg, Austria; (A.F.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (L.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Rhouma M, Madec JY, Laxminarayan R. Colistin: from the shadows to a One Health approach for addressing antimicrobial resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 61:106713. [PMID: 36640846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to human, animal and environmental health worldwide. Colistin has regained importance as a last-resort treatment against multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, colistin resistance has been reported in various Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from several sources. The 2015 discovery of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 (mobile colistin resistance) gene conferring resistance to colistin was a major concern within the scientific community worldwide. The global spread of this plasmid - as well as the subsequent identification of 10 MCR-family genes and their variants that catalyse the addition of phosphoethanolamine to the phosphate group of lipid A - underscores the urgent need to regulate the use of colistin, particularly in animal production. This review traces the history of colistin resistance and mcr-like gene identification, and examines the impact of policy changes regarding the use of colistin on the prevalence of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli and colistin-resistant E. coli from a One Health perspective. The withdrawal of colistin as a livestock growth promoter in several countries reduced the prevalence of colistin-resistant bacteria and its resistance determinants (e.g. mcr-1 gene) in farm animals, humans and the environment. This reduction was certainly favoured by the significant fitness cost associated with acquisition and expression of the mcr-1 gene in enterobacterial species. The success of this One Health intervention could be used to accelerate regulation of other important antimicrobials, especially those associated with bacterial resistance mechanisms linked to high fitness cost. The development of global collaborations and the implementation of sustainable solutions like the One Health approach are essential to manage AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes - Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- One Health Trust, Washington, DC 20005, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
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Parra-Aguirre J, Nosach R, Fernando C, Hill JE, Wilson HL, Harding JCS. Experimental natural transmission (seeder pig) models for reproduction of swine dysentery. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275173. [PMID: 36166423 PMCID: PMC9514633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery is causally associated with Brachyspira hampsonii and B. hyodysenteriae infection. Given the importance of transmission models in understanding re-emergent diseases and developing control strategies such as vaccines, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate two experimental natural transmission (seeder pig) models in grower pigs, each with 24 animals. Seeder pigs were intragastrically inoculated using broth cultures of either B. hampsonii strain 30446 (genomovar II) or B. hyodysenteriae strain G44. In trial 1, three seeder pigs were placed into two pens containing nine susceptible contact pigs creating a 1:3 seeder:contact ratio. This was sufficient to achieve natural B. hampsonii infection of 13/18 (72%) contact pigs, however, the incidence of mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea (MMHD) in contact pigs differed significantly between pens (4/9 versus 9/9; P = 0.03). In trial 2, eight seeder pigs inoculated intragastrically with B. hampsonii did not develop MMHD but when re-inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae 14 days later, all developed mucohemorrhagic diarrhea within 13 days of re-inoculation. Two seeder pigs were placed into each of 4 contact pens each containing 4 pigs. This 1:2 seeder:contact ratio resulted in natural infection of 14/16 (87%) contact pigs with incubation period ranging from 9–15 days. There were no significant differences among pens in incubation period, duration, clinical period or severity of diarrhea. These trials demonstrated that a 1:2 seeder:contact ratio with groups of six grower pigs per pen sustained natural transmission of B. hyodysenteriae G44 with greater consistency in the incidence of MMHD among pens compared to a B. hampsonii 30446 transmission model using 1:3 seeder:contact ratio in pens of 12. Understanding why B. hampsonii intragastric inoculation failed in one experiment warrants additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Parra-Aguirre
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Roman Nosach
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Champika Fernando
- Department of Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- VIDO/Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Valiakos G, Kapna I. Colistin Resistant mcr Genes Prevalence in Livestock Animals (Swine, Bovine, Poultry) from a Multinational Perspective. A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2021; 8:265. [PMID: 34822638 PMCID: PMC8619609 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to collect and present the results of relevant studies on an international level, on the subject of colistin resistance due to mcr genes prevalence in livestock animals. After a literature search, and using PRISMA guidelines principles, a total of 40 swine, 16 bovine and 31 poultry studies were collected concerning mcr-1 gene; five swine, three bovine and three poultry studies referred to mcr-2 gene; eight swine, one bovine, two poultry studies were about mcr-3 gene; six swine, one bovine and one poultry manuscript studied mcr-4 gene; five swine manuscripts studied mcr-5 gene; one swine manuscript was about mcr-6, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9 genes and one poultry study about mcr-10 gene was found. Information about colistin resistance in bacteria derived from animals and animal product foods is still considered limited and that should be continually enhanced; most of the information about clinical isolates are relative to enteropathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. This review demonstrates the widespread dispersion of mcr genes to livestock animals, indicating the need to further increase measures to control this important threat for public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Valiakos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
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Bastard J, Haenni M, Gay E, Glaser P, Madec JY, Temime L, Opatowski L. Drivers of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli dynamics in calf fattening farms: A modelling study. One Health 2021; 12:100238. [PMID: 33851002 PMCID: PMC8022845 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of bacteria in livestock to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance raises concerns worldwide. However, the dynamics of selection and diffusion of antimicrobial resistance in farm animals are not fully understood. Here, we used veal calf fattening farms as a model system, as they are a known reservoir of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC). Longitudinal data of ESBL-EC carriage and antimicrobial use (AMU) were collected from three veal calf farms during the entire fattening process. We developed 18 agent-based mechanistic models to assess different hypotheses regarding the main drivers of ESBL-EC dynamics in calves. The models were independently fitted to the longitudinal data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo and the best model was selected. Within-farm transmission between individuals and sporadic events of contamination were found to drive ESBL-EC dynamics on farms. In the absence of AMU, the median carriage duration of ESBL-EC was estimated to be 19.6 days (95% credible interval: [12.7; 33.3]). In the best model, AMU was found to influence ESBL-EC dynamics, by affecting ESBL-EC clearance rather than acquisition. This effect of AMU was estimated to decrease gradually after the end of exposure and to disappear after 62.5 days [50.0; 76.9]. Moreover, using a simulation study, we quantified the efficacy of ESBL-EC mitigation strategies. Decreasing ESBL-EC prevalence by 50% on arrival at the fattening farm reduced prevalence at slaughter age by 33.3%. Completely eliminating the use of selective antibiotics on arrival had a strong effect on average ESBL-EC prevalence (relative reduction of 77.0%), but the effect was mild if this use was only decreased by 50% compared to baseline (relative reduction of 3.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bastard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- MESuRS laboratory, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin, 75003 Paris, France
- PACRI unit, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Corresponding author at: Institut Pasteur, EMEA unit, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Université de Lyon - Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Gay
- Université de Lyon - Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité EAS, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Glaser
- Ecology and Evolution of Antibiotics Resistance (EERA) unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Université de Lyon - Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Temime
- MESuRS laboratory, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, 292 rue Saint-Martin, 75003 Paris, France
- PACRI unit, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France
| | - Lulla Opatowski
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion unit, F-75015 Paris, France
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Quantitative Release Assessment of mcr-mediated Colistin-resistant Escherichia Coli from Japanese Pigs. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2020; 8:13-33. [PMID: 32626634 PMCID: PMC7329916 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-20-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a critically important antibiotic for humans. The Japanese government
withdrew colistin growth promoter and shifted therapeutic colistin to a second-choice drug
for pigs in 2017. A quantitative release assessment of mcr-mediated
colistin-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in
Japanese finisher pigs was conducted under the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
risk assessment framework. Input data included colistin resistance and
mcr-1-5 test results for E. coli isolates in the Japan
Veterinary Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM), postal survey results regarding
indication disease occurrence and colistin use by swine veterinarians in 2017 and 2018,
and colistin resistance and mcr monitoring experiments at four pig farms
in 2017-2018. An individual-based model was developed to assess the risk: the proportion
of Japanese finisher pigs with mcr-1-5-mediated colistin-resistant
E. coli dominant in the gut on an arbitrary day. Before implementing
risk management measures, the risk was estimated to be 5.5% (95% CI: 4.2%-10.1%). At 12
months after stopping colistin growth promoter, the proportion of pigs with
plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant E. coli declined by 52.5% on the
experiment farms (95% CI: 8.7%-80.8%). The probability of therapeutic colistin use at the
occurrence of bacterial diarrhea declined from 37.3% (95% CI: 30.3%-42.5%) in 2017 to
31.4% (95% CI: 26.1%-36.9%), and that of edema disease declined from 55.0% (95% CI:
46.0%-63.7%) to 44.4% (95% CI: 36.9%-52.0%). After risk management implementation, the
risk was estimated to have declined to 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8%-4.3%; 58.2% reduction). Scenario
analyses showed that pen-level colistin treatment effectively reduces the risk from 5.5%
to 4.7% (14.5% reduction), an effect similar to stoppage of therapeutic colistin (16.4%
reduction to 4.6%).
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