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Rafeie F, Abdoli R, Hossein-Zadeh NG, Talebi R, Szmatoła T. Interaction networks and pathway analysis of genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:34. [PMID: 36609787 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GINs) infections are one of the causative agents of health and economic issues in sheep production systems worldwide. Considerable genetic variations in resistance or susceptibility in different sheep breeds are documented, but published results are conflicting. Recent advances obtained by high-throughput technologies such as commercial SNP chips, whole-genome sequencing, or whole transcriptome profiling provide new insights into breeding for host resistance or nematode control at the genetic levels. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers associated with the resistance to ovine GINs through a network analysis approach. Comprehensive gene and protein interaction networks were reconstructed for candidate genes involved in the most related immune pathways associated with resistance to ovine GINs using data mining from literature. Generally, 30 genes including CD53, CHIA, RELN, HRH1, EPS15, LRP8, ATP2B1, IL4, IL5, IL13, IL2RA, IL23R, TNFα, IFNγ, TBX21, SH3RF1, HERC2, PTPN1, BIN1, HERC5, C3AR1, NOS2, STAT5B, STAT4, CCL1, CCL8, VIL1, CXCR1, CXCR2, and CXCR4 located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 19, and 20 have been found as containing effective regions with the most related pathways to nematode infections. The results obtained by network analysis showed two functional modules, belonging to the interleukins family (IL4, IL5, IL13, IL23R, and IL2RA) and chemokine receptors or ligands family (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4, CCL1, and CCL8). Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed by white blood cells with a major role in the immune system. Chemokines are also a family of chemoattractant cytokines which play a vital role in cell migration that influence the immune system by a process known as chemotaxis. The results provide useful information for the functional annotation of candidate genes related to parasite resistance and add new information towards a consensus on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to the incidence of nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjad Rafeie
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Ramin Abdoli
- Iran Silk Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
| | | | - Reza Talebi
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
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Estrada‐Reyes ZM, Ogunade IM, Pech‐Cervantes AA, Terrill TH. Copy number variant-based genome wide association study reveals immune-related genes associated with parasite resistance in a heritage sheep breed from the United States. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12943. [PMID: 36071651 PMCID: PMC9786709 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Florida Native is a heritage sheep breed in the United States and expresses superior ability to regulate gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the importance of copy number variants (CNVs) on resistance to natural Haemonchus contortus infections. A total of 300 Florida Native sheep were evaluated. Phenotypic records included fecal egg count (FEC, eggs/gram), FAMACHA© score, percentage cell volume (PCV, %), body condition score (BCS) and average daily gain (ADG, kg). Sheep were genotyped using the GGP Ovine 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. Log ratios from 45.2 k SNP markers spanning the entire genome were utilized for CNV detection. After quality control, 261 animals with CNVs and phenotypic records were used for the association testing. Association tests were carried out using correlation-trend test and principal component analysis correction to identify CNVs associated with FEC, FAMACHA©, PCV, BCS and ADG. Significant CNVs were detected when their adjusted p-value was <.05 after FDR correction. A total of 8124 CNVs were identified, which gave 246 non-overlapping CNVs. Fourteen CNVs were significantly associated with FEC and PCV. CNVs associated with FEC overlapped 14 Quantitative Trait Locus previously associated with H. contortus resistance. Our study demonstrated for the first time that CNVs could be potentially involved with parasite resistance in Florida Native sheep. Immune-related genes such as CCL1, CCL2, CCL8, CCL11, NOS2, TNF, CSF3 and STAT3 genes could play an important role for controlling H. contortus resistance. These genes could be potentially utilized as candidate markers for selection of parasite resistance in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira M. Estrada‐Reyes
- Department of Animal SciencesNorth Carolina A&T State UniversityGreensboroNorth CarolinaUSA,Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Ibukun M. Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional ScienceWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Andres A. Pech‐Cervantes
- College of Agricultural, Family Sciences, and TechnologyFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGeorgiaUSA
| | - Thomas H. Terrill
- College of Agricultural, Family Sciences, and TechnologyFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGeorgiaUSA
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Thorne JW, Bowdridge SA, Murdoch BM, Redden RR. Response of Rambouillet Lambs to an Artificial Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091199. [PMID: 35565625 PMCID: PMC9102365 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) threaten the productivity and health of sheep worldwide, prompting the need for genetic selection to reduce GIN susceptibility. Fecal egg count (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV), and various production traits were examined in parasitized Rambouillet sheep and compared to sire FEC estimated breeding value (EBV). Rambouillet lambs (n = 77) were inoculated with 10,000 H. contortus L3 larvae. Subsequently, FEC, PCV, and body weight (BW) were captured at seven-day intervals for six weeks. Lambs were sired by one of two rams with post-weaning FEC EBV of −9% or +9%. Mean FEC differed (p = 0.0132) with lambs from the lower EBV sire (“Sire L”) being reduced, versus those from the higher EBV sire (“Sire H”), being 2135 ± 211 vs. 2912 ± 207 eggs per gram, respectively. Males and females did not differ for FEC, but females exhibited a higher mean PCV than males, (33.74 vs. 29.65%, p < 0.0001). Lambs were shorn ~120 d post artificial infection and wool measurements were captured. A negative correlation between FEC and grease fleece weight was observed. Our results describe the response of Rambouillet lambs to artificial H. contortus infection and suggest FEC EBV can reduce susceptibility to GIN in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. Thorne
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.W.T.); (B.M.M.)
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, San Angelo, TX 76903, USA
| | - Scott A. Bowdridge
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Brenda M. Murdoch
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.W.T.); (B.M.M.)
| | - R. Reid Redden
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, San Angelo, TX 76903, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-325-653-4576
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An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal nematode and Eimeria coccidia infections in different populations of Kazakh sheep. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251307. [PMID: 34010315 PMCID: PMC8133398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This is an epidemiological study on the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and Eimeria coccidia infections in Kazakh sheep and the F1 and F2 generations of Kazakh × Texel sheep crosses. A total of 7599 sheep fecal samples were collected from the Zhaosu County and Nilka County in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the four seasons-spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2019. The parasite causing the infection was identified by the saturated saline floating method, and the infection intensity was calculated by the modified McMaster method. SPSS19.0 was used to evaluate the differences in the fecal egg count (FEC) of for GIN and the fecal oocyst count (FOC) value of for coccidia per sample. The results showed that there were nine types of sheep GIN infections and Eimeria coccidia in these two counties of Ililocations, with the dominant parasite species of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Ostertagia spp as the predominant parasites in the sheep. Most of the GIN and coccidia infections in these two regions were mild and moderate. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the Zhaosu area was significantly higher than that in the Nilka area, whereas the mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection in Zhaosu was significantly lower than that of Nilka. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the four seasons was the highest in spring, followed by in summer, then in autumn, and the lowest in winter. The mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection was the highest in spring, followed by in autumn, and was the lowest in summer and winter. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection and log (FOC) of coccidia infection of Kazakh sheep was significantly higher than the F1 generation, which was then significantly higher than the F2 generation of summer. A positive correlation was found between the EPG and OPG levels in the sheep. These results showed that the GIN and coccidia infection intensities of the F1 generation sheep of Kazakh ×Texel crosses were significantly lower than that of Kazakh sheep paving the way for marker-based resistance selection.
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Burke JM, Miller JE. Sustainable Approaches to Parasite Control in Ruminant Livestock. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:89-107. [PMID: 32029191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly difficult to manage and control gastrointestinal nematode parasites in pasture-based ruminant livestock operations because of the high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintics should be combined with alternative forms of control. Sustainable tools include copper oxide wire particles and condensed tannin-rich plants, which target primarily Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants. Nematophagous fungi reduce larvae on pasture and target nematode larvae in feces of most livestock species. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, genetic selection focuses on parasite resistance. Producers should use as many tools as possible to minimize the need for pharmaceutical interventions and optimize animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Burke
- USDA ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, 6883 South State Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927, USA.
| | - James E Miller
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Riley DG, Sawyer JE, Craig TM. Shedding and characterization of gastrointestinal nematodes of growing beef heifers in Central Texas. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277S:100024. [PMID: 32904750 PMCID: PMC7458384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bos indicus crossbred females had higher fecal eggs as calves than as yearlings. More Bos indicus background had higher eggs per gram of feces through 1 year of age. Cooperia and Haemonchus species predominated through 1 year of heifer age. Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus species were detected mostly after 1 year of age. Eggs per gram of feces correlated with few production traits of heifers.
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) do not detrimentally affect cattle to the extent of small ruminants. However, they are developing resistance to drugs used to treat them. Genetic strategies to control the nematodes and/or their detrimental effects could be a sustainable alternative to treatment with drugs. An essential first step in development of such a strategy is characterization of nematode populations in commonly used breed types of cattle in local conditions. Fecal egg counts (FEC) were obtained every two months on a cohort of 53 crossbred Nellore-Angus heifers grazing Central Texas pastures from an average heifer age of 3 months to approximately 2 years of age. For 10 of those 12 sets of samples, coprocultures were set up to characterize gastrointestinal nematode species present. Heifers were ½ Nellore ½ Angus (n = 18) or ¾ Angus ¼ Nellore (n = 35). They were born in the spring of 2014 to cows that were from 3–5 years old. They were maintained as a group throughout weaning, postweaning, exposure to bulls as yearlings, and as pregnant cows through the birth of their first calves. An interaction of breed group with sampling time (P < 0.0001) highlighted favorable FEC of ¼ Nellore heifers as compared to ½ Nellore in all but two sampling times. Fecal egg count means were, in general, higher for heifers of both groups in sampling times up to one year of age. Season effects on FEC may be important, but the effect of age may have obscured their detection. There were few significant correlation coefficients for FEC traits with a variety of production traits of these females. Average FEC residuals were positively correlated (r = 0.28 and 0.41; P < 0.05) with winter coat shedding score evaluated at approximately 17 and 24 months of age. Residual correlations of average FEC with calf weaning weight and incidence of shedding with calf age at weaning (r> 0.3) may be indicative of the increased susceptibility of females that lactate heavily or longer to internal parasite infection. Proportions of GIN genera by sampling day differed from χ2 expectation (P < 0.0001). Cooperia and Haemonchus species were detected in large proportions in sampling dates that corresponded to heifers less than one year of age. Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus species predominated in sampling dates after heifers reached one year of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Riley
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - J E Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T M Craig
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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Tsukahara Y, Gipson TA, Hart SP, Dawson LJ, Wang Z, Puchala R, Sahlu T, Goetsch AL. Across and within breed differences in the relationship between packed cell volume and fecal egg count in growing meat goat and hair sheep males naturally and artificially infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 17:100311. [PMID: 31303225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg count (FEC) in different breeds of meat goats and hair sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, including Haemonchus contortus, was characterized. Growing males from eight commercial and two research farms (one Kiko, Spanish, Dorper, and St. Croix; three Boer; four Katahdin) in the southcentral United States were evaluated in a central performance test with ad libitum intake of a 50% concentrate pelleted diet. There were 84 Boer, 55 Kiko, and 57 Spanish goats and 52 Dorper, 129 Katahdin, and 49 St. Croix sheep. During adaptation, animals were dewormed then dosed with 10,000 infective H. contortus larvae. PCV and FEC were determined before deworming (i.e., natural infection potentially with multiple internal parasites) and 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days after artificial infection. Effects of species, breed, and year were analyzed with mixed effects models including day of sampling post dosing as a repeated measure and FEC and FEC × breed as covariates. Moreover, differences in correlation coefficients between PCV and logarithmic FEC (lnFEC) among species, breed, year, and day of sampling were evaluated. Breed affected (P ≤ 0.001) PCV in goats (24.8, 27.2, and 26.0% for Boer, Kiko, and Spanish, respectively; SEM = 0.42) and sheep (29.8, 26.7, and 31.0% for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM = 0.28). There were effects of FEC × breed (P ≤ 0.029) on PCV for Boer, Kiko, Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix (-0.31, -0.33, -0.46, -0.46, and - 0.49% per 1000 eggs, respectively) but not for Spanish goats (P = 0.451). With all data, PCV and lnFEC with natural infection were highly correlated (P < 0.001) for Boer and Kiko goats and Dorper and Katahdin sheep (r = -0.59, -0.67, -0.77, and - 0.84, respectively) but not for Spanish goats or St. Croix sheep (P ≥ 0.323). Correlation coefficients for artificial infection with H. contortus were significant (P ≤ 0.002) except for Spanish goats, although values were lower (-0.40, -0.21, -0.23, -0.47, and - 0.28 for Boer, Kiko, Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively) compared with natural infection. In conclusion, PCV was not related to FEC in Spanish goats infected either naturally or artificially, and the nature of the relationship varied among breeds of goats and sheep. Based on the magnitude of the FEC × breed coefficient, sheep incurred a relatively greater reduction in PCV as FEC increased, and correlation coefficients indicate stronger relationships with natural than artificial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsukahara
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - T A Gipson
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - S P Hart
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - L J Dawson
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA; Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Z Wang
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - R Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - T Sahlu
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - A L Goetsch
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA.
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Zvinorova PI, Halimani TE, Muchadeyi FC, Matika O, Riggio V, Dzama K. Breeding for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes - the potential in low-input/output small ruminant production systems. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:19-28. [PMID: 27369571 PMCID: PMC4938797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is mainly based on the use of drugs, grazing management, use of copper oxide wire particles and bioactive forages. Resistance to anthelmintic drugs in small ruminants is documented worldwide. Host genetic resistance to parasites, has been increasingly used as a complementary control strategy, along with the conventional intervention methods mentioned above. Genetic diversity in resistance to GIN has been well studied in experimental and commercial flocks in temperate climates and more developed economies. However, there are very few report outputs from the more extensive low-input/output smallholder systems in developing and emerging countries. Furthermore, results on quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with nematode resistance from various studies have not always been consistent, mainly due to the different nematodes studied, different host breeds, ages, climates, natural infections versus artificial challenges, infection level at sampling periods, among others. The increasing use of genetic markers (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs) in GWAS or the use of whole genome sequence data and a plethora of analytic methods offer the potential to identify loci or regions associated nematode resistance. Genomic selection as a genome-wide level method overcomes the need to identify candidate genes. Benefits in genomic selection are now being realised in dairy cattle and sheep under commercial settings in the more advanced countries. However, despite the commercial benefits of using these tools, there are practical problems associated with incorporating the use of marker-assisted selection or genomic selection in low-input/output smallholder farming systems breeding schemes. Unlike anthelmintic resistance, there is no empirical evidence suggesting that nematodes will evolve rapidly in response to resistant hosts. The strategy of nematode control has evolved to a more practical manipulation of host-parasite equilibrium in grazing systems by implementation of various strategies, in which improvement of genetic resistance of small ruminant should be included. Therefore, selection for resistant hosts can be considered as one of the sustainable control strategy, although it will be most effective when used to complement other control strategies such as grazing management and improving efficiency of anthelmintics currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Zvinorova
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Para-clinical Veterinary Studies, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - T E Halimani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - F C Muchadeyi
- Biotechnology Platform, Agriculture Research Council Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - O Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK.
| | - V Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK.
| | - K Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Greer AW, Hamie JC. Relative maturity and the development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep: an overlooked paradigm? Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:263-72. [PMID: 26989873 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sheep display considerable variation in both the timing and magnitude of development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Onset of immunity is dependent on a number of factors, including antigenic stimulus, nutrition supply, age and size of the animals, the latter of which are confounded. Here, we review the factors associated with the development of immunity to GIN in sheep, particularly in the context of the role that relative maturity may have through applying the rules of genetic size scaling based on examples from published literature. Comparing animals based on their metabolic age, rather than chronological age, may provide an explanation for the timing of immune development and may reduce the variation in immune development that frequently is observed both between and within breeds. Further, this approach may help explain the phenotypic differences in animal performance between animals of varying immunological capacity to GIN through influences on mature body weight. As such, when considering factors influencing immune development to GIN, physiological age or relative maturity may be considered an overlooked paradigm. We propose it may be worthwhile to consider metabolic age when comparing the immune competence of animals to ensure the subjects are at an analogous stage of physiological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Greer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J C Hamie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Kim ES, Sonstegard TS, da Silva MVGB, Gasbarre LC, Van Tassell CP. Genome-wide scan of gastrointestinal nematode resistance in closed Angus population selected for minimized influence of MHC. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119380. [PMID: 25803687 PMCID: PMC4372334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic markers associated with parasite indicator traits are ideal targets for study of marker assisted selection aimed at controlling infections that reduce herd use of anthelminthics. For this study, we collected gastrointestinal (GI) nematode fecal egg count (FEC) data from post-weaning animals of an Angus resource population challenged to a 26 week natural exposure on pasture. In all, data from 487 animals was collected over a 16 year period between 1992 and 2007, most of which were selected for a specific DRB1 allele to reduce the influence of potential allelic variant effects of the MHC locus. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on BovineSNP50 genotypes revealed six genomic regions located on bovine Chromosomes 3, 5, 8, 15 and 27; which were significantly associated (-log10 p=4.3) with Box-Cox transformed mean FEC (BC-MFEC). DAVID analysis of the genes within the significant genomic regions suggested a correlation between our results and annotation for genes involved in inflammatory response to infection. Furthermore, ROH and selection signature analyses provided strong evidence that the genomic regions associated BC-MFEC have not been affected by local autozygosity or recent experimental selection. These findings provide useful information for parasite resistance prediction for young grazing cattle and suggest new candidate gene targets for development of disease-modifying therapies or future studies of host response to GI parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Soo Kim
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tad S. Sonstegard
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Louis C. Gasbarre
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Curtis P. Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
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Coutinho RMA, Benvenuti CL, Júnior ALFDA, Silva FC, Neves MRM, Navarro AMDC, Vieira LDS, Zaros LG. Phenotypic markers to characterize F2 crossbreed goats infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Jiang Y, Xie M, Chen W, Talbot R, Maddox JF, Faraut T, Wu C, Muzny DM, Li Y, Zhang W, Stanton JA, Brauning R, Barris WC, Hourlier T, Aken BL, Searle SMJ, Adelson DL, Bian C, Cam GR, Chen Y, Cheng S, DeSilva U, Dixen K, Dong Y, Fan G, Franklin IR, Fu S, Guan R, Highland MA, Holder ME, Huang G, Ingham AB, Jhangiani SN, Kalra D, Kovar CL, Lee SL, Liu W, Liu X, Lu C, Lv T, Mathew T, McWilliam S, Menzies M, Pan S, Robelin D, Servin B, Townley D, Wang W, Wei B, White SN, Yang X, Ye C, Yue Y, Zeng P, Zhou Q, Hansen JB, Kristensen K, Gibbs RA, Flicek P, Warkup CC, Jones HE, Oddy VH, Nicholas FW, McEwan JC, Kijas J, Wang J, Worley KC, Archibald AL, Cockett N, Xu X, Wang W, Dalrymple BP. The sheep genome illuminates biology of the rumen and lipid metabolism. Science 2014; 344:1168-1173. [PMID: 24904168 DOI: 10.1126/science.1252806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sheep (Ovis aries) are a major source of meat, milk, and fiber in the form of wool and represent a distinct class of animals that have a specialized digestive organ, the rumen, that carries out the initial digestion of plant material. We have developed and analyzed a high-quality reference sheep genome and transcriptomes from 40 different tissues. We identified highly expressed genes encoding keratin cross-linking proteins associated with rumen evolution. We also identified genes involved in lipid metabolism that had been amplified and/or had altered tissue expression patterns. This may be in response to changes in the barrier lipids of the skin, an interaction between lipid metabolism and wool synthesis, and an increased role of volatile fatty acids in ruminants compared with nonruminant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Min Xie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Richard Talbot
- Ediburgh Genomics, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH 25 9RG, UK
| | - Jillian F Maddox
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas Faraut
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 444, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Chunhua Wu
- Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-1435-1435, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Wenguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.,Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, China
| | - Jo-Ann Stanton
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rudiger Brauning
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - Wesley C Barris
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Thibaut Hourlier
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen L Aken
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M J Searle
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David L Adelson
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Chao Bian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Graham R Cam
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Udaya DeSilva
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Karen Dixen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | | | - Ian R Franklin
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Shaoyin Fu
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Rui Guan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Margaret A Highland
- USDA-ARS Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Michael E Holder
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Aaron B Ingham
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Divya Kalra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christie L Kovar
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Tian Lv
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Tittu Mathew
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean McWilliam
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Moira Menzies
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | | | - David Robelin
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 444, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Bertrand Servin
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 444, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - David Townley
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | | | - Bin Wei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Stephen N White
- USDA-ARS Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | | | - Chen Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Lanzhou,730050,China
| | - Peng Zeng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Huw E Jones
- Biosciences KTN, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V Hutton Oddy
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Frank W Nicholas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John C McEwan
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - James Kijas
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH 25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Brian P Dalrymple
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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13
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Candidate gene approach for parasite resistance in sheep--variation in immune pathway genes and association with fecal egg count. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88337. [PMID: 24533078 PMCID: PMC3922807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep chromosome 3 (Oar3) has the largest number of QTLs reported to be significantly associated with resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes. This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes located in sheep chromosome 3 as well as genes involved in major immune pathways. A total of 41 SNPs were identified across 38 candidate genes in a panel of unrelated sheep and genotyped in 713 animals belonging to 22 breeds across Asia, Europe and South America. The variations and evolution of immune pathway genes were assessed in sheep populations across these macro-environmental regions that significantly differ in the diversity and load of pathogens. The mean minor allele frequency (MAF) did not vary between Asian and European sheep reflecting the absence of ascertainment bias. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major clusters with most of South Asian, South East Asian and South West Asian breeds clustering together while European and South American sheep breeds clustered together distinctly. Analysis of molecular variance revealed strong phylogeographic structure at loci located in immune pathway genes, unlike microsatellite and genome wide SNP markers. To understand the influence of natural selection processes, SNP loci located in chromosome 3 were utilized to reconstruct haplotypes, the diversity of which showed significant deviations from selective neutrality. Reduced Median network of reconstructed haplotypes showed balancing selection in force at these loci. Preliminary association of SNP genotypes with phenotypes recorded 42 days post challenge revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in fecal egg count, body weight change and packed cell volume at two, four and six SNP loci respectively. In conclusion, the present study reports strong phylogeographic structure and balancing selection operating at SNP loci located within immune pathway genes. Further, SNP loci identified in the study were found to have potential for future large scale association studies in naturally exposed sheep populations.
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14
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Zaros LG, Neves MRM, Benvenuti CL, Navarro AMC, Sider LH, Coutinho LL, Vieira LS. Response of resistant and susceptible Brazilian Somalis crossbreed sheep naturally infected by Haemonchus contortus. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1155-61. [PMID: 24425452 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Brazilian Somalis sheep to natural infections by gastrointestinal nematodes. During 98 days, 75 weaned sheep, initially 3-4 months old, were kept on the same pasture and evaluated. Fecal and blood samples were collected for parasitological and hematological exams. After this period, the eight most resistant and the eight most susceptible animals were selected based on their individual averages of nematode fecal egg counts and were slaughtered for worm burden determination and nematodes identification. Abomasum and abomasum lymph nodes were also recovered for gene expression analysis. The animals selected as resistant had lower fecal egg counts during experimental period and smaller worm burdens than the susceptible ones (P < 0.05). The genus Haemonchus, followed by Trischostrongylus and Oesophagostomum, were identified in composite cultures. Haemonchus contortus was the specie identified in the abomasum. Packed cell volume and total plasma protein means were higher in the resistant group (27.2% and 6.1 g/dL) than in the susceptible one (22.5% and 5.3 g/dL), respectively. Regarding cytokine gene expression, IL-4 (P < 0.05) was up-regulated in the abomasum of resistant animals and TNF-α (P < 0.03) and IFN-γ (P < 0.03) in susceptible ones. In abomasum lymph nodes, IL-4 (P < 0.04) and IL-13 (P < 0.05) were up-regulated in the resistant animals and IFN-γ in the susceptible one (P < 0.01). This work provides further evidence that, within a given animal breed, individuals have different responses when infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. Resistant animals who responded more quickly and efficiently to these infections activated a TH2-type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Zaros
- UFRN - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal 1525, Campus Universitário, Natal, RN, CEP 59072-970, Brazil,
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15
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Kim ES, Sonstegard TS, Silva MVGB, Gasbarre LC, Van Tassell CP. Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting gastrointestinal parasite resistance in an experimental Angus population. Anim Genet 2013; 45:117-21. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Soo Kim
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory; USDA; ARS; Beltsville MD 20705 USA
| | - Tad S. Sonstegard
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory; USDA; ARS; Beltsville MD 20705 USA
| | - Marcos Vinicius G. B. Silva
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory; USDA; ARS; Beltsville MD 20705 USA
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Center; Juiz de Fora MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Louis C. Gasbarre
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory; USDA; ARS; Beltsville MD 20705 USA
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16
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Markers/parameters for the evaluation of natural resistance status of small ruminants against gastrointestinal nematodes. Animal 2012; 6:994-1004. [PMID: 22558970 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) throughout the world has led to the need for alternative worm control strategies. One of the possible substitutes to reduce the problems of drug resistance and residue is the evaluation/breeding of small ruminants for greater resistance to the GINs (organically produced), which in turn would be a helpful tool to predict the performance of an animal. At present, the existing diversity in the genetic potential to resist/tolerate GINs infection both within and between breeds has been validated. Successful selection of animals to define the genotype and identified resistance is related to the employed markers. A number of phenotypic traits such as faecal egg count (FEC), worm burden, serum antibodies, peripheral eosinophilia, packed cell volume, live weight, serum protein and albumin concentrations have been used for this purpose both in natural and artificial infections. Relatively resistant/tolerant animals have also been found to have mastocytosis, globule leucocytes, high levels of histamine and immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgE concentrations. Of these traits, the principal and most practical measurement used to assess resistance status in animals undergoing similar parasite challenges is FEC. FEC has a positive/negative correlation with other biochemical, cellular and immunological parameters; however, the reliability of individual trial is often questioned and valuable information regarding the genetic makeup can be obtained from pooled data of a large number of trials and parameters. This paper covers all the aspects reported in the literature on various parameters considered to evaluate the resistance status of a range of small ruminant breeds.
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17
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Kijas JW, Miller JE, Hadfield T, McCulloch R, Garcia-Gamez E, Porto Neto LR, Cockett N. Tracking the emergence of a new breed using 49,034 SNP in sheep. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41508. [PMID: 22848516 PMCID: PMC3407242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic animals are unique in that they have been organised into managed populations called breeds. The strength of genetic divergence between breeds may vary dependent on the age of the breed, the scenario under which it emerged and the strength of reproductive isolation it has from other breeds. In this study, we investigated the Gulf Coast Native breed of sheep to determine if it contains lines of animals that are sufficiently divergent to be considered separate breeds. Allele sharing and principal component analysis (PCA) using nearly 50,000 SNP loci revealed a clear genetic division that corresponded with membership of either the Florida or Louisiana Native lines. Subsequent analysis aimed to determine if the strength of the divergence exceeded that found between recognised breed pairs. Genotypes from 14 breeds sampled from Europe and Asia were used to obtain estimates of pair-wise population divergence measured as F(ST). The divergence separating the Florida and Louisiana Native (F(ST) = 6.2%) was approximately 50% higher than the average divergence separating breeds developed within the same region of Europe (F(ST) = 4.2%). This strongly indicated that the two Gulf Coast Native lines are sufficiently different to be considered separate breeds. PCA using small SNP sets successfully distinguished between the Florida and Louisiana Native animals, suggesting that allele frequency differences have accumulated across the genome. This is consistent with a population history involving geographic separation and genetic drift. Suggestive evidence was detected for divergence at the poll locus on sheep chromosome 10; however drift at neutral markers has been the largest contributor to the genetic separation observed. These results document the emergence of populations that can be considered separate breeds, with practical consequences for bio-conservation priorities, animal registration and the establishment of separate breed societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Kijas
- Division of Livestock Industries, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Shakya K, Miller J, Lomax L, Burnett D. Evaluation of immune response to artificial infections of Haemonchus contortus in Gulf Coast Native compared with Suffolk lambs. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Small ruminant resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes: a case of Haemonchus contortus. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1483-500. [PMID: 21842390 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are a common constraint to small ruminant industry throughout the world, and among those, haemonchosis has its own significance. Control of GIN primarily relies on the use of anthelmintics, but this approach has become less reliable due to the development of resistance in GINs against commonly used anthelmintics and an increased consumer demand for environmentally friendly animal products. These issues have stimulated investigations to find alternative sustainable control strategies, which are less reliant on anthelmintic input. One of such strategies is breeding of small ruminants for their resistance to the GINs. The susceptibility and resistance of animals to GIN infections varies within and between breeds. Various parasitological, biochemical and immunological parameters are employed to evaluate natural resistance status of animals both in natural pasture and artificial infections. The immune mechanisms responsible for resistance are not completely understood, but it has a significant effect in inherited resistance. Relatively resistant or tolerant animals show better local and generalised immune response as compared to susceptible. Immune response against GINs is influenced by many physiological factors. Determination of specific genes linked with host resistance will provide a valuable approach to find out the molecular mechanism of host resistance to GINs. Resistance has been reported to reduce pasture contamination, which in turn reduces re-infection and thus the requirement of the frequent anthelmintic treatments. The efficiency of control can be increased through objective and accurate identification of genetically tolerant individuals by natural and artificial infections with GINs. Complete resistance is the ultimate solution, but this has generally been ignored as a commercial reality. This paper reviews the published reports on natural resistance in small ruminants and discusses the prospects of developing small ruminants, which could be resistant to GINs.
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20
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Piedrafita D, Raadsma HW, Gonzalez J, Meeusen E. Increased production through parasite control: can ancient breeds of sheep teach us new lessons? Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Burke J, Orlik S, Miller J, Terrill T, Mosjidis J. Using copper oxide wire particles or sericea lespedeza to prevent peri-parturient gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep and goats. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Saddiqi H, Iqbal Z, Khan M, Sarwar M, Muhammad G, Yaseen M, Jabbar A. Evaluation of three Pakistani sheep breeds for their natural resistance to artificial infection of Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2010; 168:141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Shakya KP, Miller JE, Horohov DW. A Th2 type of immune response is associated with increased resistance to Haemonchus contortus in naturally infected Gulf Coast Native lambs. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:57-66. [PMID: 19406579 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the major nematode parasites causing substantial economic losses in small ruminant farming worldwide. Recently, effectiveness of anthelmintic treatment has decreased due to an increasing problem of nematode populations that have developed resistance to anthelmintics. Efforts to develop effective vaccines have had limited success. There are certain breeds of sheep that are relatively resistant to the parasite including Gulf Coast Native (Native) sheep. Understanding the protective nature of the immune response that helps these breeds of sheep control infection could enable the development of vaccines to enhance control programs. This experiment was designed to compare the immunological responses of resistant Native versus susceptible Suffolk sheep in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for this resistance. Immune responses were evaluated in naturally infected Native and Suffolk lambs that grazed pasture contaminated predominantly with H. contortus. Ten lambs of each breed grazed together for 42 days. Fecal, blood and serum samples were collected on 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of exposure. Five lambs of each breed were necropsied on day 35 and five on day 42 for nematode recovery and abomasal tissue sample collection. Throughout the course of infection, Native lambs had significantly lower FEC, significantly lower PCV reduction percent, and significantly higher serum IgE after day 14 and increased expression of IL-4 on day 10 post-exposure compared to Suffolk lambs. At both necropsy time points, Native lambs had significantly greater numbers of mucosal mast cells, eosinophils and globule leukocytes in abomasal mucosa than Suffolk lambs. Results indicated that Native lambs had a more pronounced immune response to infection with H. contortus than Suffolk lambs which may be responsible for the observed resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Shakya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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24
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Silva BF, Amarante MRV, Kadri SM, Carrijo-Mauad JR, Amarante AFT. Vertical migration of Haemonchus contortus third stage larvae on Brachiaria decumbens grass. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:85-92. [PMID: 18824304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluating the vertical migration of Haemonchus contortus third stage larvae (L3) on Brachiaria decumbens grass, as well as at verifying whether larval numbers on pasture varies over the day due to climatic conditions. Feces containing H. contortus L3 were deposited on the soil in the middle of herbage which was initially 30 cm high. Seven days later, samples of different herbage strata (0-10, 10-20 and >20 cm), remaining feces and a layer of approximately 1cm soil were collected. Tests were carried out in four periods: September 2006, December 2006, March 2007, and June 2007. Samples were collected at sunrise, mid-day, sunset, and mid-night. The humidity and temperature conditions observed in different months influenced larval migration from the feces to the grass. In September, December and March, it rained after fecal deposition on pasture, which favored migration of larvae from the feces to the herbage. Conversely, in June 2007, when there was no rainfall after fecal deposition and temperatures were lower, L3 were mainly recovered from feces. As regards the vertical migration of larvae, the numbers of H. contortus L3 in the forage strata remained relatively constant over the day. This indicates there is not a determined period in which sheep on pasture are at higher risk of infection. Finally, in all collection periods a considerable amount of third stage larvae was observed on the herbage top, which is the first plant part consumed by sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Caixa Postal 510, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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25
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Burke J, Miller J. Use of FAMACHA system to evaluate gastrointestinal nematode resistance/resilience in offspring of stud rams. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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