1
|
Machado CDC, Alarcón-Torrecillas C, Pericacho M, Rodríguez-Escolar I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA, Morchón R. Involvement of the excretory/secretory and surface-associated antigens of Dirofilaria immitis adult worms in the angiogenic response in an in-vitro endothelial cell model. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109939. [PMID: 37121093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process by which new vessels are formed from pre-existing ones when the physiological conditions of the vascular endothelium are altered. Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, causes changes in the vascular endothelium of the pulmonary arteries due to obstruction, friction, and hypoxia. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the excretory/secretory and surface-associated antigens of adult worms interact and modulates the angiogenic mechanism, viable cell number and cell migration, as well as the formation of pseudo-capillaries. Cultures of human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with excretory/secretory antigens (DiES), surface-associated antigens (Cut) from D. immitis adult worms, VEFG-A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), as well as DiES+VEFG-A and Cut+VEFG-A were used. The production of VEFG-A and other proangiogenic [soluble VEFGR-2 (sVEFGR-2), membrane Endoglin (mEndoglin)] and antiangiogenic [VEFGR-1/soluble Flt (sFlt), soluble Endoglin (sEndoglin)] molecules was assessed using commercial ELISA kits. Cell viability was analyzed by live cell count and cytotoxicity assays by a commercial kit. In addition, viable cell number by MTT-based assay, cell migration by wound-healing assay carrying out scratched wounds, and the capacity of pseudo-capillary formation to analyze cell connections and cell groups in Matrigel cell cultures, were evaluated. In all cases, non‑stimulated cultures were used as controls. DiES+VEFG-A and Cut+VEFG-A significantly increased the production of VEFG-A and sVEFGR-2, and only Cut+VEFG-A significantly increased the production of VEFGR-1/sFlt compared to other groups and non-stimulated cultures. Moreover, only DiES+VEFG-A produced a significant increase in viable cell number and significant decrease cell migration, as well as in the organization and number of cell connections. Excretory/secretory and surface-associated antigens of adult D. immitis activated the angiogenic mechanism by mainly stimulating the synthesis of proangiogenic factors, and only excretory/secretory antigens increased viable cell number, activated cell migration and the formation of pseudo-capillaries. These processes could lead to vascular endothelial remodeling of the infected host and favor the long-term survival of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian David Cardona Machado
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health group, IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Claudia Alarcón-Torrecillas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Escolar
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health group, IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Carretón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, 35413, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, 35413, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health group, IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca-Research Centre for Tropical Diseases University of Salamanca), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pérez Rodríguez MDP, Alarcón-Torrecillas C, Pericacho M, Rodríguez-Escolar I, Carretón E, Morchón R. Effect of somatic antigens of Dirofilaria repens adult worms on angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration and pseudo-capillary formation in human endothelial cells. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:105. [PMID: 36927633 PMCID: PMC10022164 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new vessels by sprouting of endothelial cells from pre-existing vessels in response to stimuli, such as hypoxia or inflammation. Subcutaneous dirofilariasis, caused by Dirofilaria repens, is a zoonotic disease characterized by the formation of subcutaneous nodules with the presence of at least one encapsulated worm, showing perivascular vascularization around it. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the somatic antigen of adult D. repens worms interacts with and modulates the angiogenic mechanism, cell proliferation and migration, and formation of pseudo-capillaries. METHODS The expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1/sFlt, VEGFR-2, mEnd and sEnd in cultures of human vascular endothelial cells stimulated with somatic antigen of adult worms of D. repens (DrSA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and DrSA + VEGF were evaluated by using ELISA commercial kits. Cellular viability was analyzed by live cell count, cytotoxicity assays by using a commercial kit, cell proliferation by MTT-based assay, cell migration by wound-healing assay carried out by scratching wounds and capacity of formation of pseudo-capillaries analyzing cell connections and cell groups in Matrigel cell cultures. In all cases unstimulated cultures were used as controls. RESULTS DrSA + VEGF significantly increased the expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-2 and mEndoglin compared to other groups and unstimulated cultures. Moreover, DrSA + VEGF produced cell proliferation and migration and increased the formation of pseudo-capillaries. CONCLUSIONS Somatic antigen of adult D. repens worms activated the proangiogenic mechanism, cell proliferation and cell migration as well as formation of pseudo-capillaries in this in vitro human endothelial cell model. These processes could be related to the survival of adult D. repens in subcutaneous nodules in infected hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Del Pilar Pérez Rodríguez
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Claudia Alarcón-Torrecillas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Escolar
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Carretón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, 35413, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, IBSAL-CIETUS (Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, 35413, Las Palmas, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wysmołek ME, Długosz E, Wiśniewski M. The Immunological Role of Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Filarial Infections. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040426. [PMID: 35203133 PMCID: PMC8868237 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The endothelium is a monolayer of cells forming a thin membrane that lines the inside of blood vessels. These cells release molecules that regulate vascular relaxation, contraction, and can control blood clotting and the immune response. During infections with filarial nematodes, common parasites of humans and animals, the endothelium is believed to play a key role in the communication between the host and the parasite, since the embryonic stage of filaroids is distributed in the bloodstream. Therefore, this review aims to gather research from different scientists in order to better understand the host immune response in infections with filarial nematodes. Abstract The embryonic stage of filarial nematodes, or microfilariae (Mf), shows daily and seasonal periodicity that requires their migration through blood vessels into the lungs, where they are sequestered when not circulating in the peripheral blood. Therefore, Mf and the host endothelium are likely in a permanent state of hide and seek. Interestingly, filarial nematodes co-cultured in media with a murine endothelial cell line survive eight times longer than those cultured in media alone. This suggests that the endothelium is an important element of the immune response in filarial nematodes, perversely promoting their survival in the host. In this review, we will focus on potential pathways involved in the relationship between filarial nematodes and the host endothelium, including the role of endothelial ICAM/VCAM/PECAM adhesion molecules, surface markers involved in the passage of Mf through host tissue, anti-thrombolic effects caused by the presence of filarial nematodes (including plasmins), endothelial cell proliferation (VEGF), and other aspects of the immune activation of the endothelium. The aim of this review is to merge the knowledge about the cross-talk between Mf of different filarial nematode species and endothelial cells (EC), thus allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of these parasitic infections.
Collapse
|
4
|
Diversity and dynamics of bacteria at the Chrysomya megacephala pupal stage revealed by third-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2006. [PMID: 35132164 PMCID: PMC8821589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the microbial community is essential for understanding the symbiotic relationships between microbes and host insects. Chrysomya megacephala is a vital resource, a forensic insect, a pollinator, and a vector for enteric bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and viruses. However, research on its microbial community is incomprehensive, particularly at the pupal stage, which comprises approximately half of the entire larval development stage and is important entomological evidence in forensic medicine. For the first time, this study investigated the bacterial communities of C. megacephala pupae at different ages using third-generation sequencing technology. The results showed that C. megacephala has a diverse and dynamic bacterial community. Cluster analysis at ≥ 97% similarity produced 154 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that belonged to 10 different phyla and were distributed into 15 classes, 28 orders, 50 families, 88 genera, and 130 species. Overall, the number of bacterial OTUs increased with the development of pupae, and the relative abundance of Wolbachia in the Day5 group was significantly lower than that in the other groups. Within the pupal stage, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla of bacteria. At the genus level, Wolbachia and Ignatzschineria coexisted, a rarely known feature. In addition, we found Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the etiological agent of swine erysipelas, which is rarely identified in insects. This study enriches the understanding of the microbial community of C. megacephala and provides a reference for better utilization and control of C. megacephala.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zueva T, Morchón R, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA, Santana A, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Simón F. Angiogenic response in an in vitro model of dog microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with antigenic extracts from Dirofilaria immitis adult worms. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:315. [PMID: 31234915 PMCID: PMC6591997 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis can occur under pathological conditions when stimuli such as inflammation, vascular obstruction or hypoxia exist. These stimuli are present in cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria immitis). The aim of this study was to analyze the capacity of D. immitis antigens to modify the expression of angiogenic factors and trigger the formation of pseudocapillaries (tube-like structures) in an in vitro model of endothelial cells. METHODS The expression of VEGF-A, sFlt, mEndoglin and sEndoglin in cultures of canine microvascular endothelial cells stimulated with extract of adult worms of D. immitis obtained from an untreated dog (DiSA) and from a dog treated for 15 days with doxycycline (tDiSA), was determined by using commercial kits. The capacity of pseudocapillary formation was evaluated analyzing cell connections and cell groups in Matrigel cell cultures stimulated with DiSA and tDiSA. In both cases non-stimulated cultures were used as controls. RESULTS First, we demonstrated that worms obtained from the dog treated with doxycycline showed a significantly lower amount of Wolbachia (less than 60%) than worms removed from the untreated dog. Only DiSA was able to significantly increase the expression of the proangiogenic factor VEGF-A in the endotelial cells cultures. None of the D. immitis extracts modified the expression of sFlt. tDiSA extract was able to modify the expression of the endoglins, significantly decreasing the expression of the pro-angiogenic mEndoglin and increasing the anti-angiogenic sEndoglin. The formation of pseudocapillaries was negatively influenced by tDiSA, which reduced the organization and number of cellular connections. CONCLUSIONS The ability of antigens from adult D. immitis worms to modify the expression of pro and anti-angiogenic factors in endotelial cell cultures was demonstrated, as well as the trend to form pseudocapillaries in vitro. The capacity of stimulation may be linked to the amount of Wolbachia present in the antigenic extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Zueva
- Group of Animal and Human Dirofilariosis, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Group of Animal and Human Dirofilariosis, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Carretón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alexis Santana
- Albea Veterinarios, Carretera a las Torres, 19, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Barbero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Simón
- Group of Animal and Human Dirofilariosis, Parasitology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomic analysis of the somatic and surface compartments from Dirofilaria immitis adult worms. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:144-52. [PMID: 24602330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis (hearthworm) is a filarial roundworm transmitted by mosquitoes to different vertebrate hosts (dogs, cats and humans, among others), causing dirofilariosis. The adult worms reside in the pulmonary arteries affecting vessels and tissues and resulting in different pathological manifestations. Worms migrate to the heart and surrounding major vessels in heavy infections. Dirofilariosis can result in serious damage to affected hosts. In the last few years, a re-emergence of the disease driven by the climate change has been pointed out. Very recently, the knowledge at molecular level of this parasite has been extended by the published studies on its genome and transcriptome. Nevertheless, studies on the expression of defined protein sets in different parasite compartments and the corresponding role of those proteins in the host-parasite relationship have been relatively scarce to date. These include the description of the adult worm secretome, and some of the proteins eliciting humoural immune responses and those related with plasminogen binding in secreted and surface extracts of the parasite. Here, we investigate by proteomics the somatic and surface compartments of the D. immitis adult worm, adding new information on protein expression and localization that would facilitate a deeper understanding of the host-parasite relationships in dirofilariosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schroeder JH, Simbi BH, Ford L, Cole SR, Taylor MJ, Lawson C, Lawrence RA. Live Brugia malayi microfilariae inhibit transendothelial migration of neutrophils and monocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1914. [PMID: 23209856 PMCID: PMC3510151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a major tropical disease caused by the parasite Brugia malayi. Microfilariae (Mf) circulate in the peripheral blood for 2-3 hours in synchronisation with maximal feeding of the mosquito vector. When absent from the peripheral blood, Mf sequester in the capillaries of the lungs. Mf are therefore in close contact with vascular endothelial cells (EC) and may induce EC immune function and/or wound repair mechanisms such as angiogenesis. In this study, Mf were co-cultured with human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) or human lung microvascular EC (HLMVEC) and the transendothelial migration of leukocyte subsets was analysed. In addition, the protein and/or mRNA expression of chemokine, cytokine and angiogenic mediators in endothelial cells in the presence of live microfilariae were measured by a combination of cDNA arrays, protein arrays, ELISA and fluorescence antibody tests.Surprisingly, our findings indicate that Mf presence partially blocked transendothelial migration of monocytes and neutrophils, but not lymphocytes. However, Mf exposure did not result in altered vascular EC expression of key mediators of the tethering stage of extravasation, such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and various chemokines. To further analyse the immunological function of vascular EC in the presence of Mf, we measured the mRNA and/or protein expression of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators. We found that expression levels of the mediators tested were predominantly unaltered upon B. malayi Mf exposure. In addition, a comparison of angiogenic mediators induced by intact Mf and Wolbachia-depleted Mf revealed that even intact Mf induce the expression of remarkably few angiogenic mediators in vascular EC. Our study suggests that live microfilariae are remarkably inert in their induction and/or activation of vascular cells in their immediate local environment. Overall, this work presents important insights into the immunological function of the vascular endothelium during an infection with B. malayi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bigboy H. Simbi
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Ford
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sara R. Cole
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Taylor
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Lawson
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. Lawrence
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:507-44. [PMID: 22763636 PMCID: PMC3416488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dimri U, Singh SK, Sharma MC, Behera SK, Kumar D, Tiwari P. Oxidant/antioxidant balance, minerals status and apoptosis in peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:296-9. [PMID: 21645912 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to examine lipid peroxides, antioxidants, zinc, copper, iron panels and apoptosis in peripheral blood of dogs with clinical dirofilariosis. In comparison to healthy control, erythrocytic lipid peroxides level and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly (P<0.01) higher in diseased dogs. However, level of reduced glutathione and activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase were significantly (P<0.01) lower in diseased dogs. Blood zinc, copper and iron levels in dogs with dirofilariosis were significantly (P<0.01) lower than the healthy control. The percent apoptotic peripheral leukocytes were significantly higher in dogs with dirofilariosis in comparison with healthy control. From the present study, it is concluded that significant alterations in oxidant/antioxidant balance, mineral status and rate of apoptosis in peripheral blood may be implicated in the pathogenesis of clinical canine dirofilariosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, UP, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Belanger DH, Perkins SL. Wolbachia infection and mitochondrial diversity in the canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:227-33. [PMID: 21171866 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2010.533765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many species of filarial nematodes are infected with Wolbachia pipientis, a maternally inherited endosymbiont. In addition to manipulating host reproduction, these bacteria also affect the evolution of the mitochondrial DNA with which they are transmitted. Selective sweeps can establish a single mitochondrial lineage within a Wolbachia-infected population and purge genetic diversity. While this phenomenon has been studied in insect model systems, it has not been thoroughly examined in a filarial nematode. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patterns of mitochondrial diversity were examined in Dirofilaria immitis, a Wolbachia-infected species. RESULTS The levels of genetic diversity observed in canine heartworm were much lower than those in related species not known to be hosts of Wolbachia. CONCLUSION RESULTS suggest that a maternally inherited endosymbiont can depress mitochondrial diversity in a filarial host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Belanger
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
SUMMARYSuccessful metazoan parasitism, among many other factors, requires a supply of nutrients and the removal of waste products. There is a prerequisite for a parasite-defined vasculature. The angiogenic mechanism(s) involved presumably depend on the characteristics of the tissue- and vascular system-dwelling, parasitic helminths. Simplistically, 2 possibilities or a combination of both have been considered in this review. The multifactorial induction of parasitic helminth-associated neovascularization could arise through, either a host-, a parasite- or a host-/parasite-dependent, angiogenic switch. Most studies appear to support the first and third hypotheses, but evidence exists for the intrahepatic cestodeEchinococcus multilocularis, the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansand the intravascular trematodeSchistosoma mansonifor the second inference. In contrast, the nematode anti-coagulant protein NAPc2 from adultAncylostoma caninumis also an anti-angiogenic factor.
Collapse
|
12
|
Strong expression of TGF-beta in human host tissues around subcutaneous Dirofilaria repens. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1347-54. [PMID: 20809419 PMCID: PMC3234419 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens and other Dirofilaria species are widely distributed parasitic nematodes of carnivores, which occasionally are transmitted to men, causing subcutaneous nodules. In humans, it usually occurs only as single male or female filariae without production of microfilariae. The non-productive living or dead Dirofilaria worms in subcutaneous biopsies from 15 human patients permitted us to study the role of the pleiotropic and immunoregulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) independent from the influence of microfilariae. Antiserum against latent TGF-beta 1 was used for an immunohistological examination. In the infiltrates around female and male filariae, there occurred strongly TGF-beta-positive macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibrocytes, and giant cells adjacent to dead worms. In one nodule, secondary lymph follicles were observed with clearly TGF-beta-positive B cells in the mantle zone and weakly positive macrophages and B cells in the germinal centre. A network of CD35-positive follicular dendritic cells was observed in the germinal centre. All Dirofilaria contained Wolbachia endobacteria, which probably had attracted the numerous TGF-beta-negative neutrophils near to the worm. Wolbachia were phagocytosed by neutrophils adjacent to dead filariae. Macrophages and lymphocytes expressed the MHC class II molecule HLA-DR in small accumulations of immune cells in the outer zone of the infiltrate and the mantle zone and germinal centre of secondary lymph follicles. It is concluded that single non-productive Dirofilaria worms elicit a strong expression of TGF-beta. This result is in accordance with observations on Onchocerca volvulus from patients with the hyporeactive (generalised) form.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dingman P, Levy JK, Kramer LH, Johnson CM, Lappin MR, Greiner EC, Courtney CH, Tucker SJ, Morchon R. Association of Wolbachia with heartworm disease in cats and dogs. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Velasco S, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Simón F. Adult Dirofilaria immitis excretory/secretory antigens upregulate the production of prostaglandin E2 and downregulate monocyte transmigration in an "in vitro" model of vascular endothelial cell cultures. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:331-5. [PMID: 20338689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. Adult worms live in the pulmonary arteries of infected immunocompetent hosts for years. The aim of the present study is the identification of the influence of the metabolic products (excretory/secretory antigens, DiE/S) of D. immitis on the vascular endothelial cells, because the vascular endothelium interplays in a direct manner with the parasite and their products. For this purpose, HAAE-1 vascular endothelial cells were treated with DiE/S, using non-treated cultures as negative controls. Significant increases in the COX-2, 5-LO expression and PGE(2) level were detected in the treated cells compared with the control cells. Moreover, DiE/S decreases monocyte transmigrations across vascular endothelial cell monolayers. Treatment with DiE/S does not have a cytotoxic effect and do not alter apoptosis, necrosis or cell cycle of vascular endothelial cells. These results suggest that the DiE/S stimulates the production of mediators and mechanisms that favor the survival of the parasite, in vascular endothelial cells, contributing to restrict vascular and lung damages in the infected host, without altering the basic physiologic processes of endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Morchón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. del Campo Charro s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
What is new about animal and human dirofilariosis? Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:404-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|