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Alari EO, Ugbomeh AP, Awharitoma AO, Enabulele EE, Aisien M. Observations on the biology of Postharmostomum ntowi Hodasi, 1967 (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) based on intermediate and definitive hosts found in Nigeria. Helminthologia 2023; 60:84-93. [PMID: 37305664 PMCID: PMC10251752 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the recovery of the metacercariae of a brachylaimid trematode from the rectum of the frog Amnirana galamensis from Ase in Delta State, Nigeria, we investigated the land snails in the locality to establish their roles in the life cycle of the parasite. Of the four land snails investigated from Ase (Limicolaria aurora, Archachatina marginata, A. papyracea, and Thapsia oscitans), and a Limicolaria sp. from Tombia (Bayelsa State), four harboured larval stages of the bracylaimid. Only L. aurora and the Limicolaria sp. harboured cercariogenous sporocysts and are therefore presumed to serve as the first intermediate hosts of the parasite. Metacercariae were recovered from the Limicolaria spp. and the Archachatina spp. and so serve as the second intermediate hosts. No larval brachylaimids were recovered from T. oscitans. Metacercariae from L. aurora and A. papyracea were cultured in vivo in 14 days old chicks of Gallus gallus domesticus. Parasites recovered from the experimental hosts 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-infection, showed progressive development of the parasite with the full maturity attained by the 28th day post-infection. Adult parasites recovered from the experimental birds and from free range chicken purchased from Ase and Tombia showed that the brachylaimid infecting these birds was Postharmostomum ntowi, a parasite previously reported in domestic chicken in Ghana. There is need to investigate the host range of the parasite in Nigeria as this trematode is also known to infect the Guinea fowl in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. O. Alari
- Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - A. P. Ugbomeh
- Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - A. O. Awharitoma
- Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - E. E. Enabulele
- Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - M.S.O. Aisien
- Laboratory of Parasitology Research, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Gérard C, De Tombeur Y, Dahirel M, Ansart A. Land snails can trap trematode cercariae in their shell: Encapsulation as a general response against parasites? Parasite 2023; 30:1. [PMID: 36656045 PMCID: PMC9879143 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial gastropods are hosts of a wide variety of metazoan parasites and can respond to parasite exposure in various ways. One of these defence mechanisms, the ability to trap parasites in the host shell, was previously thought to apply only against nematodes. During a field survey along an urbanisation gradient, we found that the shell of Cornu aspersum and Cepaea nemoralis can contain encapsulated trematode cercariae, with prevalences of 7% and 1%, respectively over the entire sample, and up to 47% at the local population level. To our knowledge, this is the first case study unambiguously showing that land snails can trap non-nematode parasites in their shell at non-negligible prevalences. Shell-encapsulation could be a more general defence mechanism than previously described, and more studies are needed to understand its importance and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gérard
- Université de Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 35000 Rennes France,Corresponding author:
| | - Youna De Tombeur
- Université de Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 35000 Rennes France
| | - Maxime Dahirel
- Department of Biology, Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Armelle Ansart
- Université de Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 35000 Rennes France
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First evidence of Brachylaima sp. (Diplostomida; Brachylaimidae) infesting the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus) in Iran. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3597-3601. [PMID: 36192650 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Of the eleven species of shrews described in Iran, the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), the smallest known extant mammal by mass, is recorded in northern and southern provinces. During rodent control programs, a female S. etruscus was trapped and found naturally infected with a trematode which was morphologically identified as Brachylaima sp. This finding represents the first report of trematodiasis in this host species.
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4
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Dahirel M, Proux M, Gérard C, Ansart A. Morph‐dependent nematode infection and its association with host movement in the land snail
Cepaea nemoralis
(Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dahirel
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia‐Antipolis France
- Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - M. Proux
- Univ Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - C. Gérard
- Univ Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - A. Ansart
- Univ Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
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5
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Waki T, Nakao M, Sasaki M, Ikezawa H, Inoue K, Ohari Y, Kameda Y, Asada M, Furusawa H, Miyazaki S. Brachylaima phaedusae n. sp. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) from door snails in Japan. Parasitol Int 2022; 86:102469. [PMID: 34534656 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The metacercarial infections of door snails (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae) with unknown species of the genus Brachylaima (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) have recently been reported in eastern Honshu and Kyushu, Japan. A large scale snail survey was carried out to clarify their taxonomic status. From the period of 2015 to 2020, a total of 1239 land snails (768 door snails and 471 others) were collected from 32 localities in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. The resulting trematode isolates were identified as Brachylaima sp. by mitochondrial DNA barcoding. The sporocysts were found only a few from Megalophaedusa sublunellata (Clausiliidae), Tauphaedusa subaculus (Clausiliidae), and Aegista trochula (Camaenidae), while the metacercariae were frequently detected from 14 species of Clausiliidae and 2 species of other families. Although Brachylaima sp. showed a broad range of intermediate hosts, door snails seem to be very important to drive the life cycle. The gravid adults of Brachylaima sp. was experimentally raised from metacercariae using immunosuppressed mice. Morphological, phylogenetical, and ecological considerations prompted us to propose Brachylaima phaedusae n. sp. for this unknown species. The definitive hosts of the new species are completely unknown. The wide geographic distribution and high genetic diversity of the new species suggest a possibility that the definitive host is ground-foraging birds, which prefer door snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Waki
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi-city, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Highashi 2-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Highashi 2-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikezawa
- Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0622, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga-city, Saga 840-8502, Japan; Saga Prefectural Meat Sanitary Inspection Station, 4127 Minamitaku, Taku-city, Saga 846-0024, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kameda
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 13, Nishi 2 Sen, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruki Furusawa
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi-city, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Miyazaki
- Kyushu Mollusc Study Society, 4-21-17 Konan, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0944, Japan
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Apostolou K, Staikou A, Sotiraki S, Hatziioannou M. An Assessment of Snail-Farm Systems Based on Land Use and Farm Components. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020272. [PMID: 33494527 PMCID: PMC7911867 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the structural and management characteristics of snail farms in Greece were analyzed to maximize sustainable food production. Objectives, such as the classification of farming systems and assessing the effects of various annual production parameters, were investigated. Data were collected (2017) via a questionnaire, and sampling was conducted in 29 snail farms dispersed in six different regions (Thrace, Central Macedonia, West Macedonia, Thessaly, Western Greece, and the Attica Islands). Descriptive statistics for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables were calculated. The similarity between farms was analyzed using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). The average farm operation duration exceeded eight months and the mean annual production was 1597 kg of fresh, live snails. Results recorded five farming systems: elevated sections (7%), net-covered greenhouse (38%), a mixed system with a net-covered greenhouse (10%), open field (38%), and mixed system with an open field (7%). Snail farms differ in the type of substrate, available facilities, and equipment (60% similarity between most of the open field farms). The geographical location of a farms' settlement affects productivity but also influences the duration of operation, especially in open field farms, due to their operation under a wide assortment of climatic types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Apostolou
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytoko Street, 38 445 Nea Ionia Magnesia, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.A.); (M.H.); Tel.: +30-24210-93269 (M.H.)
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, HAO Campus, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Marianthi Hatziioannou
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytoko Street, 38 445 Nea Ionia Magnesia, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.A.); (M.H.); Tel.: +30-24210-93269 (M.H.)
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Gérard C, Ansart A, Decanter N, Martin MC, Dahirel M. Brachylaima spp. (Trematoda) parasitizing Cornu aspersum (Gastropoda) in France with potential risk of human consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:15. [PMID: 32167465 PMCID: PMC7069358 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The edible land snail Cornu aspersum, native to the Mediterranean coastlines of North Africa, is widely distributed on most continents and often invasive in areas where introduction is recent. This species could contribute to the geographic spread of parasites as demonstrated for Brachylaima spp. These cosmopolitan trematodes may represent a threat to human health, like in Australia where Brachylaima cribbi infects humans. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of Brachylaima spp. in two French populations of C. aspersum, Thorigné-Fouillard (Ille-et-Vilaine), and Arçais (Deux-Sèvres), with an overall prevalence of 10.4% (Thorigné-Fouillard) and 73.3% (Arçais), respectively and a metacercarial intensity on average three times higher in Thorigné-Fouillard (37) than in Arçais (11). Cornu aspersum may act as a first and second intermediate host, as demonstrated in Arçais. The morphometrics of metacercariae, particularly the great body length about 2 mm, discriminate our Brachylaima species from those already described in C. aspersum (B. cribbi in Australia, and B. aspersae, B. llobregatensis and B. mascomai in Europe). Molecular analysis, based on 28S and COI, suggests the occurrence of two species in our study, one of which is probably Brachylaima mesostoma, an intestinal parasite of passeriform birds described in Central Europe. We underline the need for further research to identify species of Brachylaima in France and measure the health hazard of consuming field-collected snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gérard
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, Évolution) - UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Armelle Ansart
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, Évolution) - UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nolwenn Decanter
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, Évolution) - UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Claire Martin
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, Évolution) - UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxime Dahirel
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, Évolution) - UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France - INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA (Institut Sophia Agrobiotech), 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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8
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Brachylaima succini sp. nov. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) from Succinea lauta, an amber snail in Hokkaido, Japan. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102104. [PMID: 32169657 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Through a continuous survey of trematodes in land snails of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan, we have discovered four species of the genus Brachylaima (Trematode: Brachylaimidae). Among them, Brachylaima ezohelicis, Brachylaima asakawai, and Brachylaima lignieuhadrae have already been described. Each of the three species is a strict specialist in selecting a particular species of land snail as the first intermediate host. In this report, we propose the fourth species, Brachylaima succini sp. nov., based on ecological, morphological, and phylogenetic considerations. Sporocysts and metacercariae of the new species were found exclusively from Succinea lauta, which is known as an amber snail indigenous to Hokkaido. Phylogenetic trees of nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) demonstrated it to be distinct from the other sympatric species. Although metacercariae of the new species possessed unique morphological characters, adult worms experimentally raised from the metacercariae were similar to those of B. ezohelicis and B. lignieuhadrae. Natural definitive hosts of the new species are unknown, but the existence of common cox1 haplotypes from far-distant localities suggests a possibility that birds are involved as the definitive hosts. Findings of amber snails coinfected with both sporocysts of the new species and Leucochloridium perturbatum also support the involvement of birds.
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9
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Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of intrauterine embryonic and larval stages of Ityogonimus lorum (Digenea: Brachylaimidae) involving transitory development of ciliated miracidia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1583-1595. [PMID: 32107619 PMCID: PMC7184058 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Results of the present study provide ultrastructural evidence that miracidial morphogenesis is fully completed within the intrauterine eggs while in the most posterior uterine regions of Ityogonimus lorum, a digenean parasite of an Iberian mole, Talpa occidentalis (Eulipotyphla, Talpidae). Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructural characteristics of diverse cell types and their organelles of these developing embryos and fully formed miracidia within the eggshell were examined. The eggshell and embryonic envelopes are similar to those described previously by many authors for other digeneans. However, the developing miracidia are unique among previously described digeneans in possessing transitory cilia during larvigenesis, but completely lacking cilia in fully formed miracidium larvae. The evidence for completion of miracidial maturation in intrauterine eggs is based on the presence of the following structures: (1) transitional stage of ciliated differentiating miracidial epithelium; (2) apical and lateral glands, characteristic for digenean miracidia; and (3) fully developed germinative cells grouped together in the germinative sac localized in the posterior region of the miracidium. The protonephridial system with its characteristic flame cells and the nervous system with diverse types of neurons and nerve centers, which are characteristic for other digenean species reported until now, are absent from all these developmental stages of I. lorum. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that the life cycle of I. lorum is entirely terrestrial, involving passive transmission by ingestion of eggs containing unciliated miracidia to the first intermediate host.
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Żbikowska E, Marszewska A, Cichy A, Templin J, Smorąg A, Strzała T. Cepaea spp. as a source of Brachylaima mesostoma (Digenea: Brachylaimidae) and Brachylecithum sp. (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) larvae in Poland. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:145-152. [PMID: 31768685 PMCID: PMC6941998 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasite diagnostics were carried out on 11 Polish populations of Cepaea spp. In three of them, coming from the roadside ditches of a village (Rytel, northern Poland), very high (up to 60%) prevalence of Brachylaima mesostoma was observed. This study provides the first molecular evidence of the presence of B. mesostoma inside Cepaea spp. in Europe. In a few snails from a population found in a private garden in a small town (Chełmża, northern Poland), larvae of Brachylecithum sp. were present. Cercariae and/or metacercariae of B. mesostoma were observed in both species of Cepaea: C. hortensis and C. nemoralis, whereas larvae of Brachylecithum sp. were found only in C. nemoralis. Both species of parasites inhabited snail hepatopancreas whose structure was significantly damaged by larvae. There was no significant connection between parasite invasion and snail host morphotype. The research did not allow the reasons for the high prevalence of B. mesostoma in Cepaea spp. to be explained, and also did not explicitly indicate how the parasite invaded Cepaea spp. individuals making them, at the same time a second intermediate host. However, it poses important questions about the life cycle of the parasite that may threaten extensively kept small-size farms of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Marszewska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Cichy
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Julita Templin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Smorąg
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Strzała
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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11
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Waki T, Sasaki M, Mashino K, Iwaki T, Nakao M. Brachylaima lignieuhadrae n. sp. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) from land snails of the genus Euhadra in Japan. Parasitol Int 2019; 74:101992. [PMID: 31521765 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Land snails of the genus Euhadra (Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae) are indigenous to the Japanese Archipelago. The larvae of an unknown species, tentatively named as Brachylaima sp. B (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae), have been found from Euhadra brandtii sapporo in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. In this study, a large-scale snail survey covering a wide area of Japan was conducted to confirm the larval parasite from members of Euhadra and related genera. Sporocysts with cercariae were found only from Eu. brandtii sapporo in Hokkaido and Euhadra callizona in central Honshu at low prevalence (1.0-9.6%). The metacercariae were detected widely from 6 species of Euhadra and the related genera at high prevalence (7.1-100%). A molecular identification by DNA barcoding demonstrated almost all of the larvae to be Brachylaima sp. B. Adult worms experimentally raised from the metacercariae were morphologically most similar to Brachylaima ezohelicis in Hokkaido, but could be differentiated by the microstructure of the tegumental surface. We propose Brachylaima lignieuhadrae n. sp. for the unknown species, based on the morphology, DNA profile, host specificity, and geographic distribution. Phylogeography of the new species suggests a possibility that migratory birds serve as the definitive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Waki
- Graduate School of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mashino
- The Firefly Museum of Toyota Town, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 750-0441, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwaki
- Meguro Parasitological Museum, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0064, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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12
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Nakao M, Sasaki M, Waki T, Anders JL, Katahira H. Brachylaima asakawai sp. nov. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae), a rodent intestinal fluke in Hokkaido, Japan, with a finding of the first and second intermediate hosts. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:565-574. [PMID: 29705144 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the 1970's and 1980's, an unknown species of the genus Brachylaima (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) had been recorded from the intestines of Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus speciosus in Hokkaido, Japan. The rodent fluke was characteristic in extending a bilateral vitellarium till the level of posterior margin of anterior testis and in keeping almost the same-sized spherical ovary and testes. In this study, the rodent fluke was rediscovered from A. speciosus, Apodemus argenteus, and Myodes rufocanus in Hokkaido. The resultant parasite collection enabled us to make a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcode for tracking its intermediate hosts. The metacercaria of the rodent fluke was detected frequently from the kidney of three species of land snails (Discus pauper, Succinea lauta, and Ainohelix editha). However, its sporocyst with cercariae was found only from the hepatopancreas of D. pauper, a fairly small snail. The wide-spectrum of the second intermediate host seems to increase the chance of transmitting the parasite to various mammals and birds. The use of indigenous land snails as the first and second intermediate hosts, the distinctiveness of the mtDNA sequence, and the characteristic morphology of all the developmental stages prompted us to propose Brachylaima asakawai sp. nov. for the rodent intestinal fluke in Hokkaido. The present field survey suggests that the life cycle of the new species is primarily dependent on a predator-prey relationship between rodents and D. pauper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Waki
- Meguro Parasitological Museum, Shimomeguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0064, Japan
| | - Jason L Anders
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Katahira
- Mie University Graduate School, Faculty of Bioresources, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Marques JDS, Rocha BM, Manso PPDA, D'Ávila S. New insights on the morphology of a digenean parasite (Digenea: Brachylaimidae,Brachylaima mazzantii(Travassos, 1927)) using confocal laser scanning microscopy. ZOOSYSTEMA 2017. [DOI: 10.5252/z2017n4a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juçara de Souza Marques
- Malacological Museum Professor Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais (Brazil)
| | - Bárbara Marum Rocha
- Malacological Museum Professor Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais (Brazil)
| | | | - Sthefane D'Ávila
- Malacological Museum Professor Maury Pinto de Oliveira and Departament of Zoology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais (Brazil)
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14
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Gracenea M, Gállego L. Brachylaimiasis: Brachylaima spp. (Digenea: Brachylaimidae) Metacercariae Parasitizing the Edible Snail Cornu aspersum (Helicidae) in Spanish Public Marketplaces and Health-Associated Risk Factors. J Parasitol 2017. [PMID: 28650216 DOI: 10.1645/17-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The edible land snail Cornu aspersum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) acts as a second intermediate host in the terrestrial life cycle of Brachylaima spp. trematodes, harboring unencysted metacercariae in its kidney. The ingestion of undercooked infected snails by humans may allow metacercariae to potentially develop to adult stage in the intestine, causing brachylaimiasis, as already seen in Australia. The prevalence and dynamics of C. aspersum parasitization by Brachylaima spp. metacercariae in specimens intended for human consumption in Spanish marketplaces were studied. In total, 3,710 C. aspersum specimens were analyzed over 5 yr, which were obtained from public marketplaces in the Spanish cities of Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Tudela, Valencia, and Zaragoza. The overall prevalence was 41.97% (95% CI: 40.38-45.56%). The Tudela marketplace had the highest values for both the seasonal prevalence and abundance in all studies during autumn (93.57% and 3.09, respectively). This market also gave the highest individual metacercarial burden recorded, 212 metacercariae in a single specimen. Overall, the highest prevalence of Brachylaima spp. occurred in autumn (58.65%) and the lowest in winter (22.64%). There was a seasonal effect on prevalence, which increased from summer to autumn and then decreased in winter. In total, 96 experimental Brachylaima adults were obtained from the metacercariae parasitizing the analyzed snails. These were identified through morphometric tools (principal component analysis) as Brachylaima mascomai (56 in Barcelona, 1 in Bilbao, 7 in Tudela, and 3 in Valencia), and Brachylaima llobregatensis (17 in Barcelona, 8 in Bilbao, 1 in Valencia, and 3 in Zaragoza). Logistic regression modeling, conducted to predict the probability of purchasing parasitized snails using city and season as predictors showed a correct prediction overall of 79.0%, with a significant (p = 0.001) risk effect in the Barcelona-autumn interaction (2.551-38.442), a significant (p = 0.049) protection effect in the Tudela-spring interaction (0.076-0.997), a significant (p < 0.001) risk effect in the Tudela-autumn interaction (4.330-78.584), and a significant (p = 0.014) protection effect in the Valencia-spring interaction (0.033-0.687). The high overall prevalence of Brachylaima spp. metacercariae should be a matter of concern for public health authorities, mainly in countries where C. aspersum is consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Gracenea
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Gállego
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Nakao M, Waki T, Sasaki M, Anders JL, Koga D, Asakawa M. Brachylaima ezohelicis sp. nov. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) found from the land snail Ezohelix gainesi, with a note of an unidentified Brachylaima species in Hokkaido, Japan. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:240-249. [PMID: 28131768 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Japanese Archipelago, Ezohelix gainesi, a member of bradybaenid land snails, is endemic mainly to the island of Hokkaido. During July to August of 2016, a survey to detect trematode infections from E. gainesi was carried out at a forest city park in Asahikawa, Hokkaido. Systemic infections of the snails with sporocysts containing short-tailed cercariae were found in 5.3% of 94 individuals examined. Furthermore, most of them (90.4%) harbored non-encysted metacercariae within their kidneys. A DNA sequence identification revealed that both of the sporocyst and the metacercaria belong to an unknown species of the family Brachylaimidae. The metacercariae showed a genetic diversity with 6 haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) even in the limited sampling area. A definitive host of the unknown species could not be determined, although 34 field mice (Apodemus speciosus) and 21 voles (Myodes rufocanus) from the city park were examined for intestinal parasites. To examine the adult stage, the metacercariae were perorally administrated to mice, together with anti-inflammatory treatment with methylprednisolone. Fully matured adult worms were recovered from the intestinal ileum 8 and 14days postinfection. The gravid adults showed typical features of the genus Brachylaima. A morphological and biogeographical evaluation prompted us to propose Brachylaima ezohelicis sp. nov. for the parasite from E. gainesi. The autochthony of the first intermediate host and the spatial heterogeneity of mtDNA suggest that the new species found in the city park is not a recently expanded population of immigrant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Waki
- Meguro Parasitological Museum, Shimomeguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0064, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Jason L Anders
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Asakawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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16
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Gállego L, Gracenea M. Effect of Praziquantel on the Tegument and Digestive Epithelium Ultrastructure of Brachylaima sp. Metacercariae Parasitizing the Edible Land Snail Cornu aspersum. J Parasitol 2016; 102:520-532. [PMID: 27454013 DOI: 10.1645/16-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The edible land snail Cornu aspersum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) acts as second intermediate host in the cycle of Brachylaima sp. trematode, harboring free metacercariae in its kidney. The ingestion of undercooked infected snails by humans allows metacercariae to develop to adult stage in the intestine, causing brachylaimiasis. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice to treat trematodiasis and it is effective against Brachylaima sp. metacercariae. The objective of this work was to assess, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructural changes produced on the tegument and gastrodermis of the Brachylaima metacercariae recovered from C. aspersum treated with PZQ in comparison with untreated ones. Snails naturally infected by Brachylaima sp. metacercariae were treated by PZQ both individually and in groups. Metacercariae recovered from treated and control snails were processed for TEM. The tegument of untreated metacercariae was covered by a regular and thick glycocalyx. The syncytial epithelium contained abundant T2 secretory bodies appearing as membrane-bound biconcave disk-vesicles with high electron-dense and uniform content. The T2 secretory bodies located along the external area of the syncytium were mainly arranged at right angles to the apical plasma membrane. In treated metacercariae, the content of the T2 secretory bodies appeared altered, degenerating from high to low electron density, losing its uniform appearance and forming high electron-dense accumulations scattered around the periphery of the vesicle and separated by low electron-dense spaces. The presence of clusters was detectable in the central area. The characteristic arrangement of the T2 secretory bodies observed in untreated metacercariae was lost in treated ones. Vesicles near the apical area of the tegument no longer maintained their arrangement perpendicular to the apical plasma membrane. The characteristic arrangement of T2 secretory bodies and mitochondria was lost. The T2 secretory bodies were also found altered in the tegumental cell bodies, suggesting that the alterations started at the production stage. Mitochondria were severely degenerated and located in the apical area of the tegument. The digestive system displayed a strong contraction, which included the disappearance of the intracecal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gállego
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Health Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Correspondence should be sent to:
| | - Mercedes Gracenea
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Health Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Correspondence should be sent to:
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17
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Köse M, Eser M, Kartal K, Bozkurt MF. Infections of Larval Stages of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in Brown Garden Snail, Helix aspersa, in Turkey. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:647-51. [PMID: 26537045 PMCID: PMC4635835 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of larval stages of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in the first intermediate host, a species of land snail, Helix aspersa, in Turkey. A total of 211 snails were collected in April-May 2014 from pastures in Mersin District. Larval stages of D. dendriticum were identified under a light microscope. Hepatopancreas from naturally infected H. aspersa snails were examined histologically. The prevalence of larval stages of D. dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in H. aspersa snails was found to be 2.4% and 1.9%, respectively, in Mersin, Turkey. Cercariae were not matured in sporocysts at the beginning of April; however, it was observed that cercariae matured and started to leave sporocysts by early-May. Thus, it was concluded that H. aspersa acts as an intermediate host to D. dendriticumin and Brachylaima sp. in Mersin, Turkey. A digenean trematode Brachylaima sp. was seen for the first time in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Köse
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200-Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Eser
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200-Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Kürşat Kartal
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Health Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200-Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200-Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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18
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Gállego L, Gracenea M. Praziquantel efficacy against Brachylaima sp. metacercariae (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) parasitizing the edible landsnail Cornu aspersum and its HPLC-MS/MS residue determination. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:92-102. [PMID: 26140831 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cornu aspersum is a terrestrial edible snail, often parasitized by Brachylaima (Trematoda) metacercariae. Ingestion of undercooked snails by humans allows metacercariae to develop to adult in the intestine causing brachylaimiasis (expected mortality rate 5-10%). The cosmopolitan character of the trematode and of its vector, enhanced in a future climate change scenario, and the absence of adequate sanitary controls of the snails in marketplaces clearly increase the risk of human brachylaimiasis. The treatment of farmed snails with praziquatel (PZQ) would be a tool to control this food-borne disease. The objectives of this study were: to report the prevalence of Brachylaima metacercariae parasitizing C. aspersum in marketplaces, to assess the efficacy and tolerance of PZQ in C. aspersum and to develop an HPLC-MS/MS analytical method to quantify PZQ residue in the edible snail (the acceptable daily intake of PZQ is 0.17 mg/kg bw in humans). Prevalence of parasitization of C. aspersum by Brachylaima metacercariae in public marketplaces reached the 80%. PZQ was orally administered to snails, mixed with the usual snail food. In dose determination assays three doses were individually tested (10 days): 1.2 mg PZQ/snail, 1.8 mg PZQ/snail (efficacy 97.3%, p < 0.001) and 2.4 mg PZQ/snail (efficacy 98.7%, p < 0.001). In dose confirmation tests (n = 200) the 2.4 mg PZQ/snail dose was group tested (10 snails/box, 7 days): 2 g of PZQ supplemented snail food were disposed daily in the treatment group boxes and 2 g of snail food (placebo) in the control boxes (efficacy 94.6%, p < 0.001; prevalence dropped from 68.7% in control group to 10.1% in treatment group, p < 0.001). Received dose was 220.2 mg PZQ/kg snail with shell. In the analytical method, linearity, lower limit of quantification (0.05 μg/ml), selectivity, carry over, accuracy, precision, dilution integrity, matrix effect and stability were tested. Sixty snails were treated (11 mg PZQ/g snail food) and analyzed. PZQ was detected and quantified (0.093 mg PZQ/g snail). PZQ treatment of C. aspersum is effective, well tolerated by the snail, affordable and easy to reproduce in snail farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gállego
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Health Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gracenea
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Health Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Iglesias R, Centeno L, García N, García-Estévez JM. Pseudocapillaria (Pseudocapillaria) moraveci sp. n. (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from the stomach of Gobius paganellus (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from Vigo estuary (NW Spain). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2013; 60:135-40. [PMID: 23724732 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2013.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocapillaria moraveci sp. n. (Nematoda, Capillariidae) is described from the stomach of Gobius paganellus Linnaeus (Perciformes, Gobiidae) from rocky shores of the Vigo estuary (Northwest Atlantic coast of Spain). Scanning electron microscopy reveals the absence of a dorsal cuticular membrane interconnecting the caudal lobes of male, thus confirming the assignment of this new species to the nominotypical subgenus Pseudocapillaria Freitas, 1959. Pseudocapillaria moraveci can be easily differentiated from other marine congeneric species belonging to subgenera Pseudocapillaria and Ichthyocapillaria Moravec, 1982 by its muscular oesophagus, which is distinctly thickened at the distal third, the terminal or almost terminal anus in female, the presence of a basal internal papilla on each ventrolateral caudal lobe in male, and its exclusive site preference for the stomach. In addition, the spicule, which measures 0.180-0.292 mm in length (4.9-7.9% of body length) and possesses a proximal end expanded and oblique in lateral view, a narrowed middle part, and a distal end almost pointed, also distinguishes this species. Pseudocapillaria moraveci is, together with P. tomentosa (Dujardin, 1843) Moravec, 1987, the only species in the genus Pseudocapillaria that has been reported to infect members of the family Gobiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Biología, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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Parasitic infections in mixed system-based heliciculture farms: dynamics and key epidemiological factors. Parasitology 2013; 140:482-97. [PMID: 23279777 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heliciculture is an excellent alternative to obtain edible snails but its viability is seriously threatened by pathogens. A parasitological survey was conducted in 3 mixed system-based heliciculture farms in Galicia (NW Spain), with the species Tetrahymena rostrata, Tetrahymena limacis, Tetratrichomonas limacis, Cryptobia helicogenae, Brachylaima aspersae (metacercariae and sporocysts), Alloionema appendiculatum, Nemhelix bakeri, and Riccardoella limacum being commonly found infecting Helix aspersa aspersa (petit-gris) snails. With the exception of C. helicogenae, N. bakeri, and B. aspersae sporocysts, all species were also detected in Helix aspersa maxima (gros-gris) snails, although generally with lower parameters. Most monoxenous infections, and consequently multiple parasitism, exhibited a rising trend during the first 2 months of intensive mating, with tendencies being slowed down or even reversed during the third month as a result of accumulated mortality and a sampling-derived reduction in host density. No parasites were vertically transmitted and infections were initially acquired from invading gastropod and micromammal reservoirs during fattening. Finally, artificial hibernation reduced significantly the prevalence of most species. These results confirm the importance of parasites in heliciculture and emphasize the need to prevent the entry of wild reservoirs into the farms and to rapidly remove the carcasses of dead snails from the reproduction units and fattening pens.
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