1
|
Atallah OO, Yassin SM, Verchot J. New Insights into Hop Latent Viroid Detection, Infectivity, Host Range, and Transmission. Viruses 2023; 16:30. [PMID: 38257731 PMCID: PMC10819085 DOI: 10.3390/v16010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hop latent viroid (HLVd), a subviral pathogen from the family Pospiviroidae, is a major threat to the global cannabis industry and is the causative agent for "dudding disease". Infected plants can often be asymptomatic for a period of growth and then develop symptoms such as malformed and yellowing leaves, as well as stunted growth. During flowering, HLVd-infected plants show reduced levels of valuable metabolites. This study was undertaken to expand our basic knowledge of HLVd infectivity, transmission, and host range. HLVd-specific primers were used for RT-PCR detection in plant samples and were able to detect HLVd in as little as 5 picograms of total RNA. A survey of hemp samples obtained from a diseased production system proved sole infection of HLVd (72%) with no coexistence of hop stunt viroid. HLVd was infectious through successive passage assays using a crude sap or total RNA extract derived from infected hemp. HLVd was also highly transmissible through hemp seeds at rates of 58 to 80%. Host range assays revealed new hosts for HLVd: tomato, cucumber, chrysanthemum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0). Sequence analysis of 77 isolates revealed only 3 parsimony-informative sites, while 10 sites were detected among all HLVd isolates available in the GenBank. The phylogenetic relationship among HLVd isolates allowed for inferring two major clades based on the genetic distance. Our findings facilitate further studies on host-viroid interaction and viroid management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (O.O.A.); (S.M.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mironenko NV, Khyutti AV, Kyrova EI, Belov DA, Afanasenko OS. First Detection of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid in Natural Isolates of Potato Blight Agent Phytophthora infestans. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 508:55-62. [PMID: 37186047 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622700119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is the oomycete that causes potato blight, an important disease. The potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is a dangerous pathogen of many plants, including potato. We have previously shown that PSTVd can be transmitted from infected potato plants into the Ph. infestans mycelium, replicated within the mycelium, and then transmitted to other potato plants upon their infection with Ph. infestans in laboratory conditions. The objective of this work was to check the hypothesis that PSTVd transmission, preservation, and replication in Ph. infestans are possible to occur in natural conditions during long-term coevolution of the host and pathogen in the Solanum spp.-Ph. infestans system. A screening test for PSTVd was performed in 111 natural Ph. infestans isolates obtained from potato plants, which represented various cultivars, had signs of potato blight, and were collected from industrial potato fields of the Moscow, Vologda, and Bryansk regions and breeding and variety test plots of the St. Petersburg and Moscow regions in 2020 and 2022. Using RT-PCR with PSTVd-specific primers, 42 Ph. infestans isolates collected in 2020 were tested after five passages and 69 Ph. infestans isolates collected in 2022, after a single passage on rye agar. Diagnostic amplicons were detected in 8 and 50 isolates, respectively. Some of the amplicons were visually assessed as minor amplification products, apparently resulting from nonspecific priming on a host Ph. infestans gene, which codes for a hypothetical protein-coding mRNA in Ph. infestans and other oomycetes. Eight amplicons were sequenced to verify the PSTVd presence in Ph. infestans isolates. Three amplicons corresponded to the complete PSTVd genome and five, to its part (~260 bp). The nucleotide sequences of cloned amplification products were identified to species in the BLAST system and deposited in GenBank. The amplicons obtained with the PSTVd-specific primers were identified as PSTVd sequences in all Ph. infestans isolates examined. The majority of the nucleotide sequences were phylogenetically related to BLAST sequences of PSTVd strains originating from Russia; several strains showed similarity to strains from other countries (France, China, and West African countries). The results demonstrate that PSTVd was for the first time detected in natural (field) Ph. infestans isolates and offer new opportunities for studying the intricate multilevel host-parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Mironenko
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A V Khyutti
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E I Kyrova
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D A Belov
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O S Afanasenko
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aviña-Padilla K, Zamora-Macorra EJ, Ochoa-Martínez DL, Alcántar-Aguirre FC, Hernández-Rosales M, Calderón-Zamora L, Hammond RW. Mexico: A Landscape of Viroid Origin and Epidemiological Relevance of Endemic Species. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213487. [PMID: 36359881 PMCID: PMC9653797 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are single-stranded, circular RNA molecules (234-406 nt) that infect a wide range of crop species and cause economic losses in agriculture worldwide. They are characterized by the existence of a population of sequence variants, attributed to the low fidelity of RNA polymerases involved in their transcription, resulting in high mutation rates. Therefore, these biological entities exist as quasispecies. This feature allows them to replicate within a wide range of host plants, both monocots and dicots. Viroid hosts include economically important crops such as tomato, citrus, and fruit trees such as peach and avocado. Given the high risk of introducing viroids to viroid disease-free countries, these pathogens have been quarantined globally. As discussed herein, Mexico represents a geographical landscape of viroids linked to their origin and comprises considerable biodiversity. The biological features of viroid species endemic to Mexico are highlighted in this communication. In addition, we report the phylogenetic relationships among viroid and viroid strains, their economic impact, geographical distribution, and epidemiological features, including a broad host range and possible long-distance, seed, or insect-mediated transmission. In summary, this review could be helpful for a better understanding of the biology of viroid diseases and future programs on control of movement and spread to avoid economic losses in agricultural industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aviña-Padilla
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, Mexico
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: or (K.A.-P.); (R.W.H.); Tel.: +1-301-504-5203 (R.W.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Loranda Calderón-Zamora
- Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, Calzada de las Americas y calle Universitarios, s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan 80013, Mexico
| | - Rosemarie W. Hammond
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Correspondence: or (K.A.-P.); (R.W.H.); Tel.: +1-301-504-5203 (R.W.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yanagisawa H, Matsushita Y. Effect of potato spindle tuber viroid variants and infection stage on seed transmission through pollen. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:836-843. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Yanagisawa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐8666 Japan
- Narita Branch, Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Aza‐Tennamino, Komaino, Narita Chiba 282‐0021 Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsushita
- Institute of Plant Protection National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐8519 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Afanasenko OS, Khiutti AV, Mironenko NV, Lashina NM. Transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid between <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> and host plants. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:272-280. [PMID: 35774366 PMCID: PMC9167824 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is a naked, circular, single-stranded RNA (356–363 nucleotides in length) which lacks any protein-coding sequences. It is an economically important pathogen and is classified as a high-risk plant quarantine disease. Moreover, it is known that PSTVd is mechanically transmitted by vegetative plant propagation through infected pollen, and by aphids. The aim of this study is to determine the possibility of viroid transmission by potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. PSTVd-infected (strain VP87) potato cultivars Gala, Colomba, and Riviera were inoculated with P. infestans isolate PiVZR18, and in 7 days, after the appearance of symptoms, re-isolation of P. infestans on rye agar was conducted. RT-PCR diagnostics of PSTVd in a mixture of mycelia and sporangia were positive after 14 days of cultivation on rye agar. The PSTVd-infected P. infestans isolate PiVZR18v+ was used to inoculate the healthy, viroid-free plants of potato cv. Gala and tomato cv. Zagadka. After 60 days, an amplification fragment of PSTVd was detected in the tissues of one plant of tomato cv. Zagadka by RT-PCR with the primer set P3/P4, indicating successful transmission of PSTVd by P. infestans isolate PiVZR18v+. This result was confirmed by sequencing of the RT-PCR amplicon with primers P3/P4. The partial sequence of this amplicon was identical (99.5 %) to PSTVd strain VP87. RT-PCR showed the possibility of viroid stability in a pure culture of P. infestans isolate PiVZR18v+ after three consecutive passages on rye agar. PSTVd was not detected after the eighth passage on rye agar in P. infestans subculture. These results are initial evidence of potato viroid PSTVd being bidirectionally transferred between P. infestans and host plants
Collapse
|
6
|
Kochetov AV, Pronozin AY, Shatskaya NV, Afonnikov DA, Afanasenko OS. Potato spindle tuber viroid. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:269-275. [PMID: 34901723 PMCID: PMC8628614 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids belong to a very interesting class of molecules attracting researchers in phytopathology and
molecular evolution. Here we review recent literature data concerning the genetics of Potato spindle tuber viroid
(PSTVd) and the mechanisms related to its pathological effect on the host plants. PSTVd can be transmitted vertically through microspores and macrospores, but not with pollen from another infected plant. The 359 nucleotidelong genomic RNA of PSTVd is highly structured and its 3D-conformation is responsible for interaction with host
cellular factors to mediate replication, transport between tissues during systemic infection and the severity of
pathological symptoms. RNA replication is prone to errors and infected plants contain a population of mutated
forms of the PSTVd genome. Interestingly, at 7 DAI, only 25 % of the newly synthesized RNAs were identical to
the master copy, but this proportion increased to up to 70 % at 14 DAI and remained the same afterwards. PSTVd
infection induces the immune response in host plants. There are PSTVd strains with a severe, a moderate or a mild
pathological effect. Interestingly, viroid replication itself does not necessarily induce strong morphological or
physiological symptoms. In the case of PSTVd, disease symptoms may occur due to RNA-interference, which decreases the expression levels of some important cellular regulatory factors, such as, for example, potato StTCP23
from the gibberellic acid pathway with a role in tuber morphogenesis or tomato FRIGIDA-like protein 3 with an
early flowering phenotype. This association between the small segments of viroid genomic RNAs complementary
to the untranslated regions of cellular mRNAs and disease symptoms provides a way for new resistant cultivars to
be developed by genetic editing. To conclude, viroids provide a unique model to reveal the fundamental features
of living systems, which appeared early in evolution and still remain undiscovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Y Pronozin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Shatskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D A Afonnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O S Afanasenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Steinbachová L, Matoušek J, Steger G, Matoušková H, Radišek S, Honys D. Transformation of Seed Non-Transmissible Hop Viroids in Nicotiana benthamiana Causes Distortions in Male Gametophyte Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112398. [PMID: 34834761 PMCID: PMC8624972 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are small, non-coding, parasitic RNAs that promote developmental distortions in sensitive plants. We analyzed pollen of Nicotiana benthamiana after infection and/or ectopic transformation with cDNAs of citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variant AS1. These viroids were seed non-transmissible in N. benthamiana. All viroids propagated to high levels in immature anthers similar to leaves, while their levels were drastically reduced by approximately 3.6 × 103, 800 and 59 times in mature pollen of CBCVd, AFCVd and PSTVd infected N. benthamiana, respectively, in comparison to leaves. These results suggest similar elimination processes during male gametophyte development as in the Nicotiana tabacum we presented in our previous study. Mature pollen of N. benthamiana showed no apparent defects in infected plants although all three viroids induced strong pathological symptoms on leaves. While Nicotiana species have naturally bicellular mature pollen, we noted a rare occurrence of mature pollen with three nuclei in CBCVd-infected N. benthamiana. Changes in the expression of ribosomal marker proteins in AFCVd-infected pollen were detected, suggesting some changes in pollen metabolism. N. benthamiana transformed with 35S-driven viroid cDNAs showed strong symptoms including defects in pollen development. A large number of aborted pollen (34% and 62%) and a slight increase of young pollen grains (8% and 15%) were found in mature pollen of AFCVd and CBCVd transformants, respectively, in comparison to control plants (3.9% aborted pollen and 0.3% young pollen). Moreover, pollen grains with malformed nuclei or trinuclear pollen were found in CBCVd-transformed plants. Our results suggest that "forcing" overexpression of seed non-transmissible viroid led to strong pollen pathogenesis. Viroid adaptation to pollen metabolism can be assumed as an important factor for viroid transmissibility through pollen and seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Steinbachová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Gerhard Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Helena Matoušková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia;
| | - David Honys
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
SANO T. Progress in 50 years of viroid research-Molecular structure, pathogenicity, and host adaptation. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:371-401. [PMID: 34380915 PMCID: PMC8403530 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are non-encapsidated, single-stranded, circular RNAs consisting of 246-434 nucleotides. Despite their non-protein-encoding RNA nature, viroids replicate autonomously in host cells. To date, more than 25 diseases in more than 15 crops, including vegetables, fruit trees, and flowers, have been reported. Some are pathogenic but others replicate without eliciting disease. Viroids were shown to have one of the fundamental attributes of life to adapt to environments according to Darwinian selection, and they are likely to be living fossils that have survived from the pre-cellular RNA world. In 50 years of research since their discovery, it was revealed that viroids invade host cells, replicate in nuclei or chloroplasts, and undergo nucleotide mutation in the process of adapting to new host environments. It was also demonstrated that structural motifs in viroid RNAs exert different levels of pathogenicity by interacting with various host factors. Despite their small size, the molecular mechanism of viroid pathogenicity turned out to be more complex than first thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo SANO
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification and Molecular Mechanisms of Key Nucleotides Causing Attenuation in Pathogenicity of Dahlia Isolate of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197352. [PMID: 33027943 PMCID: PMC7583970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variant, PSTVd-Dahlia (PSTVd-D or PSTVd-Dwt) induces very mild symptoms in tomato cultivar 'Rutgers', PSTVd-Intermediate (PSTVd-I or PSTVd-Iwt) induces severe symptoms. These two variants differ by nine nucleotides, of which six mutations are located in the terminal left (TL) to the pathogenicity (P) domains. To evaluate the importance of mutations located in the TL to the P domains, ten types of point mutants were created by swapping the nucleotides between the two viroid variants. Bioassay in tomato plants demonstrated that two mutants created on PSTVd-Iwt at positions 42 and 64 resulted in symptom attenuation. Phenotypic and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that mutation at position 42 of PSTVd-Iwt significantly reduced disease severity and accumulation of the viroid, whereas mutation at position 64 showed a significant reduction in stunting when compared to the PSTVd-Iwt infected plant. RT-qPCR analysis on pathogenesis-related protein 1b1 and chalcone synthase genes showed a direct correlation with symptom severity whereas the expansin genes were down-regulated irrespective of the symptom severity. These results indicate that the nucleotides at positions 42 and 64 are in concert with the ones at positions 43, 310, and 311/312, which determines the slower and stable accumulation of PSTVd-D without eliciting excessive host defense responses thus contributing in the attenuation of disease symptom.
Collapse
|
10
|
Matoušek J, Steinbachová L, Drábková LZ, Kocábek T, Potěšil D, Mishra AK, Honys D, Steger G. Elimination of Viroids from Tobacco Pollen Involves a Decrease in Propagation Rate and an Increase of the Degradation Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3029. [PMID: 32344786 PMCID: PMC7216239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viroids-single-stranded, non-coding, circular RNA parasites of plants-are not transmissible through pollen to seeds and to next generation. We analyzed the cause for the elimination of apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) and citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) from male gametophyte cells of Nicotiana tabacum by RNA deep sequencing and molecular methods using infected and transformed tobacco pollen tissues at different developmental stages. AFCVd was not transferable from pollen to seeds in reciprocal pollinations, due to a complete viroid eradication during the last steps of pollen development and fertilization. In pollen, the viroid replication pathway proceeds with detectable replication intermediates, but is dramatically depressed in comparison to leaves. Specific and unspecific viroid degradation with some preference for (-) chains occurred in pollen, as detected by analysis of viroid-derived small RNAs, by quantification of viroid levels and by detection of viroid degradation products forming "comets" on Northern blots. The decrease of viroid levels during pollen development correlated with mRNA accumulation of several RNA-degrading factors, such as AGO5 nuclease, DICER-like and TUDOR S-like nuclease. In addition, the functional status of pollen, as a tissue with high ribosome content, could play a role during suppression of AFCVd replication involving transcription factors IIIA and ribosomal protein L5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (T.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Lenka Steinbachová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.Z.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.Z.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Tomáš Kocábek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (T.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - David Potěšil
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (T.K.); (A.K.M.)
| | - David Honys
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (L.Z.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Gerhard Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Pospiviroids. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120706. [PMID: 30545048 PMCID: PMC6315636 DOI: 10.3390/v10120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are highly structured, single-stranded, non-protein-coding circular RNA pathogens. Some viroids are vertically transmitted through both viroid-infected ovule and pollen. For example, potato spindle tuber viroid, a species that belongs to Pospiviroidae family, is delivered to the embryo through the ovule or pollen during the development of reproductive tissues before embryogenesis. In addition, some of Pospiviroidae are also horizontally transmitted by pollen. Tomato planta macho viroid in pollen infects to the ovary from pollen tube during pollen tube elongation and eventually causes systemic infection, resulting in the establishment of horizontal transmission. Furthermore, fertilization is not required to accomplish the horizontal transmission. In this review, we will overview the recent research progress in vertical and horizontal transmission of viroids, mainly by focusing on histopathological studies, and also discuss the impact of seed transmission on viroid dissemination and seed health.
Collapse
|