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Hu Y, Hao C, Wang D, Guo M, Chu H, Jin X, Zu S, Ding X, Zhang H, Hu H. Porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes JAK-STAT signaling pathway by targeting STAT1 through KPNA2 degradation. J Virol 2024:e0033424. [PMID: 38829137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00334-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteric pathogenic coronavirus that causes acute and severe watery diarrhea in piglets and has the ability of cross-species transmission, posing a great threat to swine production and public health. The interferon (IFN)-mediated signal transduction represents an important component of virus-host interactions and plays an essential role in regulating viral infection. Previous studies have suggested that multifunctional viral proteins encoded by coronaviruses antagonize the production of IFN via various means. However, the function of these viral proteins in regulating IFN-mediated signaling pathways is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that PDCoV and its encoded nucleocapsid (N) protein antagonize type I IFN-mediated JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We identified that PDCoV infection stimulated but delayed the production of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, PDCoV inhibited JAK-STAT signal transduction by targeting the nuclear translocation of STAT1 and ISGF3 formation. Further evidence showed that PDCoV N is the essential protein involved in the inhibition of type I IFN signaling by targeting STAT1 nuclear translocation via its C-terminal domain. Mechanistically, PDCoV N targets STAT1 by interacting with it and subsequently inhibiting its nuclear translocation. Furthermore, PDCoV N inhibits STAT1 nuclear translocation by specifically targeting KPNA2 degradation through the lysosomal pathway, thereby inhibiting the activation of downstream sensors in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which PDCoV N interferes with the host antiviral response.IMPORTANCEPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus that receives increased attention and seriously threatens the pig industry and public health. Understanding the underlying mechanism of PDCoV evading the host defense during infection is essential for developing targeted drugs and effective vaccines against PDCoV. This study demonstrated that PDCoV and its encoded nucleocapsid (N) protein antagonize type I interferon signaling by targeting STAT1, which is a crucial signal sensor in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Further experiments suggested that PDCoV N-mediated inhibition of the STAT1 nuclear translocation involves the degradation of KPNA2, and the lysosome plays a role in KPNA2 degradation. This study provides new insights into the regulation of PDCoV N in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and reveals a novel mechanism by which PDCoV evades the host antiviral response. The novel findings may guide us to discover new therapeutic targets and develop live attenuated vaccines for PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenlin Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Donghan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Food Pathogens Surveillance, Zhengzhou, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaopo Zu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Food Pathogens Surveillance, Zhengzhou, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Food Pathogens Surveillance, Zhengzhou, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Food Pathogens Surveillance, Zhengzhou, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Food Pathogens Surveillance, Zhengzhou, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
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Fan L, Wang W, Yi X, Yuan X, Chen Z, Xiao L, Lu C, Guo R, Fan B, Ma J, Zha Y, Shu J, Li J, Li B. An inactivated PDCoV vaccine induces robust neutralizing antibodies and immune protection in pigs lasting for three months. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106714. [PMID: 38801864 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhea mainly in suckling piglets and has the potential to infect humans. Whereas, there is no commercially available vaccine which can effectively prevent this disease. In this study, to ascertain the duration of immune protection of inactivated PDCoV vaccine, suckling piglets were injected subcutaneously with inactivated PDCoV vaccine using a prime/boost strategy at 3 and 17-day-old. Neutralizing antibody assay showed that the level of the inactivated PDCoV group was still ≥1:64 at three months after prime vaccination. The three-month-old pigs were orally challenged with PDCoV strain CZ2020. Two pigs in challenge control group showed mild to severe diarrhea at 10-11 day-post-challenge (DPC), while the inactivated PDCoV group had no diarrhea. High levels of viral shedding, substantial intestinal villus atrophy, and positive straining of viral antigens in ileum were detected in challenge control group, while the pigs in inactivated PDCoV group exhibited significantly reduced viral load, minor intestinal villi damage and negative straining of viral antigens. These results demonstrated that PDCoV was pathogenic against three-month-old pigs and inactivated PDCoV vaccine can provide effective protection in pigs lasting for three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xuesong Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhuoqi Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chunyu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yinhe Zha
- Zhejiang Hongsheng Biotechnology CO. LTD, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Zhejiang Hongsheng Biotechnology CO. LTD, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Wang G, Cao Y, Xu C, Zhang S, Huang Y, Zhang S, Bao W. Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells after PDCoV infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1359547. [PMID: 38855411 PMCID: PMC11160942 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with worldwide distribution, mainly infects newborn piglets with severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and even death, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of PDCoV infection and the effects of PDCoV infection on host transcripts and metabolites remain incompletely understood. Methods This study investigated a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) following PDCoV infection by LC/MS and RNA-seq techniques. A total of 1,401 differentially expressed genes and 254 differentially accumulated metabolites were detected in the comparison group of PDCoV-infected vs. mock-infected. Results and discussion We found that PDCoV infection regulates gene sets associated with multiple signaling pathways, including the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, ras signaling pathway and so on. Besides, the metabolomic results showed that biosynthesis of cofactors, nucleotide metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, and biosynthesis of amino acid were involved in PDCoV infection. Moreover, integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed the involvement of ferroptosis in PDCoV infection, and exogenous addition of the ferroptosis activator erastin significantly inhibited PDCoV replication. Overall, these unique transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming features may provide a better understanding of PDCoV-infected IPEC-J2 cells and potential targets for antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Shi Y, Li B, Cheng J, Tao J, Tang P, Jiao J, Liu H. Microbial Community and Metabolome Analysis of the Porcine Intestinal Damage Model Induced by the IPEC-J2 Cell Culture-Adapted Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) Infection. Microorganisms 2024; 12:874. [PMID: 38792704 PMCID: PMC11124095 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the intestinal damage induced by the IPEC-J2 cell culture-passaged PDCoV. The results showed that PDCoV disrupted the intestinal structure and increased intestinal permeability, causing abnormalities in mucosal pathology. Additionally, PDCoV induced an imbalance in the intestinal flora and disturbed its stability. Microbial community profiling revealed bacterial enrichment (e.g., Proteobacteria) and reduction (e.g., Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) in the PDCoV-inoculated piglet model. In addition, metabolomics analysis indicated that 82 named differential metabolites were successfully quantified, including 37 up-regulated and 45 down-regulated metabolites. Chenodeoxycholic acid, sphingosine, and oleanolic aldehyde levels were reduced in PDCoV-inoculated piglets, while phenylacetylglycine and geranylgeranyl-PP levels were elevated. Correlation analysis indicated a negative correlation between Escherichia-Shigella and choline, succinic acid, creatine, phenyllactate, and hippuric acid. Meanwhile, Escherichia-Shigella was positively correlated with acetylcholine, L-Glutamicacid, and N-Acetylmuramate. Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010, Blautia, and Limosilactobacillus were negatively and positively correlated with sphingosine, respectively. These data suggested PDCoV-inoculated piglets exhibited significant taxonomic perturbations in the gut microbiome, which may result in a significantly altered metabolomic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
| | - Pan Tang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
| | - Jiajie Jiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (Y.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai 201302, China
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Shan X, Li R, Ma X, Qiu G, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Wu D, Wang L, Zhang J, Wang T, Li W, Xiang Y, Song H, Niu D. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanism and vaccine development of porcine Deltacoronavirus. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:79. [PMID: 38653845 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have been identified as pathogens of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in humans and various animal species. In recent years, the global spread of new coronaviruses has had profound influences for global public health and economies worldwide. As highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, coronaviruses have become the focus of current research. Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an enterovirus belonging to the family of coronaviruses, has emerged on a global scale in the past decade and significantly influenced the swine industry. Moreover, PDCoV infects not only pigs but also other species, including humans, chickens and cattles, exhibiting a broad host tropism. This emphasizes the need for in-depth studies on coronaviruses to mitigate their potential threats. In this review, we provided a comprehensive summary of the current studies on PDCoV. We first reviewed the epidemiological investigations on the global prevalence and distribution of PDCoV. Then, we delved into the studies on the pathogenesis of PDCoV to understand the mechanisms how the virus impacts its hosts. Furthermore, we also presented some exploration studies on the immune evasion mechanisms of the virus to enhance the understanding of host-virus interactions. Despite current limitations in vaccine development for PDCoV, we highlighted the inhibitory effects observed with certain substances, which offers a potential direction for future research endeavors. In conclusion, this review summarized the scientific findings in epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccine development of PDCoV. The ongoing exploration of potential vaccine candidates and the insights gained from inhibitory substances have provided a solid foundation for future vaccine development to prevent and control diseases associated with PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Jinfan Feed Co., Ltd, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Qiu
- Deqing County Ecological Forestry Comprehensive Service Center, Deqing, 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- The Central Hospital of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - De Wu
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinhua Development Zone, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifen Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang Y, Si L, Gao J, Shu X, Qiu C, Zhang Y, Zu S, Hu H. Serial passage of PDCoV in cell culture reduces its pathogenicity and its damage of gut microbiota homeostasis in piglets. mSystems 2024; 9:e0134623. [PMID: 38349151 PMCID: PMC10949489 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that mainly causes diarrhea in suckling piglets, and also has the potential for cross-species transmission. However, there are still no commercial vaccines available to prevent and control PDCoV infection. In this study, PDCoV strain HNZK-02 was serially propagated in vitro for up to 150 passages and the amino acid changes have mainly occurred in the S protein during serial passage which caused structure change. PDCoV HNZK-02-passage 5 (P5)-infected piglets exhibited acute and severe watery diarrhea, an obvious intestinal damage, while the piglets infected with PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 showed no obvious clinical signs, weak intestinal lesions, and lower viral loads in rectal swabs and various tissues. Compared with the PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 infection, HNZK-02-P150 infection resulted in a decrease in intestinal mucosal permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 infection had significantly reduced bacterial diversity and increased relative abundance of opportunistic pathogens, while PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 infection did not significantly affect the bacterial diversity, and the relative abundance of probiotics increased. Furthermore, the alterations of gut microbiota were closely related to the change of pro-inflammatory factor. Metagenomics prediction analysis demonstrated that HNZK-02-P150 modulated the tyrosine metabolism, Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, which coincided with lower inflammatory response and intestinal permeability in the piglets infected with HNZK-02-P150. In conclusion, the PDCoV HNZK-02 was successfully attenuated by serial passage in vitro, and the changes of S gene, metabolic function, and gut microbiota may contribute to the attenuation. The PDCoV HNZK-02-P150 may have the potential for developing live-attenuated vaccine.IMPORTANCEPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an enteropathogen causing severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death in nursing piglets, devastating great economic losses for the global swine industry, and has cross-species transmission and zoonotic potential. There are currently no approved treatments or vaccines available for PDCoV. In addition, gut microbiota has an important relationship with the development of many diseases. Here, the PDCoV virulent HNZK-02 strain was successfully attenuated by serial passage on cell cultures, and the pathogenesis and effects on the gut microbiota composition and metabolic function of the PDCoV HNZK-02-P5 and P150 strains were investigated in piglets. We also found the genetic changes in the S protein during passage in vitro and the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of PDCoV, while their interaction molecular mechanism would need to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Si
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junlong Gao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangli Shu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Congrui Qiu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaopo Zu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Hu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Li Z, Lai Y, Qiu R, Tang W, Ren J, Xiao S, Fang P, Fang L. Hyperacetylated microtubules assist porcine deltacoronavirus nsp8 to degrade MDA5 via SQSTM1/p62-dependent selective autophagy. J Virol 2024; 98:e0000324. [PMID: 38353538 PMCID: PMC10949429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00003-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) is a highly dynamic polymer that functions in various cellular processes through MT hyperacetylation. Thus, many viruses have evolved mechanisms to hijack the MT network of the cytoskeleton to allow intracellular replication of viral genomic material. Coronavirus non-structural protein 8 (nsp8), a component of the viral replication transcriptional complex, is essential for viral survival. Here, we found that nsp8 of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with a zoonotic potential, inhibits interferon (IFN)-β production by targeting melanoma differentiation gene 5 (MDA5), the main pattern recognition receptor for coronaviruses in the cytoplasm. Mechanistically, PDCoV nsp8 interacted with MDA5 and induced autophagy to degrade MDA5 in wild-type cells, but not in autophagy-related (ATG)5 or ATG7 knockout cells. Further screening for autophagic degradation receptors revealed that nsp8 interacts with sequestosome 1/p62 and promotes p62-mediated selective autophagy to degrade MDA5. Importantly, PDCoV nsp8 induced hyperacetylation of MTs, which in turn triggered selective autophagic degradation of MDA5 and subsequent inhibition of IFN-β production. Overall, our study uncovers a novel mechanism employed by PDCoV nsp8 to evade host innate immune defenses. These findings offer new insights into the interplay among viruses, IFNs, and MTs, providing a promising target to develop anti-viral drugs against PDCoV.IMPORTANCECoronavirus nsp8, a component of the viral replication transcriptional complex, is well conserved and plays a crucial role in viral replication. Exploration of the role mechanism of nsp8 is conducive to the understanding of viral pathogenesis and development of anti-viral strategies against coronavirus. Here, we found that nsp8 of PDCoV, an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with a zoonotic potential, is an interferon antagonist. Further studies showed that PDCoV nsp8 interacted with MDA5 and sequestosome 1/p62, promoting p62-mediated selective autophagy to degrade MDA5. We further found that PDCoV nsp8 could induce hyperacetylation of MT, therefore triggering selective autophagic degradation of MDA5 and inhibiting IFN-β production. These findings reveal a novel immune evasion strategy used by PDCoV nsp8 and provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinan Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Runhui Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbing Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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8
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Li B, Gao Y, Ma Y, Shi K, Shi Y, Feng S, Yin Y, Long F, Sun W. Genetic and Evolutionary Analysis of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Guangxi Province, Southern China, from 2020 to 2023. Microorganisms 2024; 12:416. [PMID: 38399820 PMCID: PMC10893222 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has shown large-scale global spread since its discovery in Hong Kong in 2012. In this study, a total of 4897 diarrheal fecal samples were collected from the Guangxi province of China from 2020 to 2023 and tested using RT-qPCR. In total, 362 (362/4897, 7.39%) of samples were positive for PDCoV. The S, M, and N gene sequences were obtained from 34 positive samples after amplification and sequencing. These PDCoV gene sequences, together with other PDCoV S gene reference sequences from China and other countries, were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Chinese PDCoV strains have diverged in recent years. Bayesian analysis revealed that the new China 1.3 lineage began to diverge in 2012. Comparing the amino acids of the China 1.3 lineage with those of other lineages, the China 1.3 lineage showed variations of mutations, deletions, and insertions, and some variations demonstrated the same as or similar to those of the China 1.2 lineage. In addition, recombination analysis revealed interlineage recombination in CHGX-MT505459-2019 and CHGX-MT505449-2017 strains from Guangxi province. In summary, the results provide new information on the prevalence and evolution of PDCoV in Guangxi province in southern China, which will facilitate better comprehension and prevention of PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (B.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yeheng Gao
- Institute of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Industry Development, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (B.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (B.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (S.F.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (B.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (S.F.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (S.F.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (S.F.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.)
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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9
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Liu C, Huang W, He X, Feng Z, Chen Q. Research Advances on Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:448. [PMID: 38338091 PMCID: PMC10854734 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a virulent pathogen that causes acute diarrhea in piglets. The virus was first discovered in Guangdong Province, China, in 2017 and has since emerged in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces. The outbreak exhibited a localized and sporadic pattern, with no discernable temporal continuity. The virus can infect human progenitor cells and demonstrates considerable potential for cross-species transmission, representing a potential risk for zoonotic transmission. Therefore, continuous surveillance of and comprehensive research on SADS-CoV are imperative. This review provides an overview of the temporal and evolutionary features of SADS-CoV outbreaks, focusing on the structural characteristics of the virus, which serve as the basis for discussing its potential for interspecies transmission. Additionally, the review summarizes virus-host interactions, including the effects on host cells, as well as apoptotic and autophagic behaviors, and discusses prevention and treatment modalities for this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Weili Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xinyan He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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10
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Shi C, Liang W, Guo M, Yuan J, Zu S, Hu H. Chlorogenic acid inhibits porcine deltacoronavirus release by targeting apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111359. [PMID: 38101217 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), belonging to family Coronaviridae, genus Deltacoronavirus, can cause acute diarrhea in piglets, and also possesses cross-species transmission potential, leading to severe economic losses and threatening public health. However, no approved drug against PDCoV infection is available. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), the main active component of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, against PDCoV infection. The results showed that CGA inhibited the replication of PDCoV significantly both in LLC-PK1 and ST cells, with a selectivity index greater than 80. CGA decreased the synthesis of PDCoV viral RNA and protein, and viral titers in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the time-of-addition assay indicated that CGA mainly affected the early stage of virus replication and viral release. Moreover, CGA significantly reduced apoptosis caused by PDCoV infection, and the application of apoptosis agonist and inhibitor revealed that apoptosis could promote progeny virus release. Further study demonstrated that CGA can inhibit virus release by directly targeting apoptosis caused by PDCoV infection. In conclusion, CGA is an effective agent against PDCoV, which provides a foundation for drug development for the treatment of PDCoV and other coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shaopo Zu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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11
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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12
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Wu J, Tang R, Zhang X, Gao M, Guo L, Zhang L, Shi D, Zhang X, Shi H, Song H, Feng L, Chen J. IFITM3 restricts porcine deltacoronavirus infection by targeting its Spike protein. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109953. [PMID: 38118371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antiviral molecules is crucial for controlling porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Previous studies have provided evidence that the IFN-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which is coded by an interferon-stimulated gene, prevents the infections of a number of enveloped viruses. Nevertheless, the involvement of IFITM3 in PDCoV infection remains unexplored. In this study, it was observed that the overexpression of IFITM3 successfully restrictes the infection of PDCoV in cell cultures. Conversely, the suppression of IFITM3 facilitates the infection of PDCoV in IPI-2I and IPEC-J2 cells. Further studies revealed that IFITM3 limits the attachment phase of viral infection by interacting with the S1 subunit of the PDCoV Spike (S) protein. In addition, IFITM3 is verified as a member of the CD225 family, the GxxxG conserved motif of this family is important for it to limit PDCoV infection. In summary, this study reveals the mechanism of IFITM3 as an antiviral molecule to inhibit PDCoV infection, and also provides theoretical supports for screening effective anti-PDCoV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiao Wu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rongfeng Tang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mingzhe Gao
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Da Shi
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongying Song
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Zhao Y, Yuan J, Xiao D, Zhang L, Li C, Hu J, Chen R, Song D, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Yan Q, Han X, Wen X, Cao S, Huang X. HSP90AB1 is a host factor that promotes porcine deltacoronavirus replication. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105536. [PMID: 38092149 PMCID: PMC10789647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus. It causes mortality in neonatal piglets and is of growing concern because of its broad host range, including humans. To date, the mechanism of PDCoV infection remains poorly understood. Here, based on a genome-wide CRISPR screen of PDCoV-infected cells, we found that HSP90AB1 (heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B1) promotes PDCoV infection. Knockdown or KO of HSP90AB1 in LLC-PK cells resulted in a significantly suppressed PDCoV infection. Infected cells treated with HSP90 inhibitors 17-AAG and VER-82576 also showed a significantly suppressed PDCoV infection, although KW-2478, which does not affect the ATPase activity of HSP90AB1, had no effect on PDCoV infection. We found that HSP90AB1 interacts with the N, NS7, and NSP10 proteins of PDCoV. We further evaluated the interaction between N and HSP90AB1 and found that the C-tail domain of the N protein is the HSP90AB1-interacting domain. Further studies showed that HSP90AB1 protects N protein from degradation via the proteasome pathway. In summary, our results reveal a key role for HSP90AB1 in the mechanism of PDCoV infection and contribute to provide new host targets for PDCoV antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingfei Hu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daili Song
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Science-Observation Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Science-Observation Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Lu Y, Yu R, Tong L, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Pan L, Wang Y, Guo H, Hu Y, Liu X. Transcriptome Analysis of LLC-PK Cells Single or Coinfected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Deltacoronavirus. Viruses 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 38257774 PMCID: PMC10818665 DOI: 10.3390/v16010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are the two most prevalent swine enteric coronaviruses worldwide. They commonly cause natural coinfections, which worsen as the disease progresses and cause increased mortality in piglets. To better understand the transcriptomic changes after PEDV and PDCoV coinfection, we compared LLC porcine kidney (LLC-PK) cells infected with PEDV and/or PDCoV and evaluated the differential expression of genes by transcriptomic analysis and real-time qPCR. The antiviral efficacy of interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) against PDCoV and PEDV infections was also assessed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in PEDV-, PDCoV-, and PEDV + PDCoV-infected cells at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi), and at 24 hpi, the number of DEGs was the highest. Furthermore, changes in the expression of interferons, which are mainly related to apoptosis and activation of the host innate immune pathway, were found in the PEDV and PDCoV infection and coinfection groups. Additionally, 43 ISGs, including GBP2, IRF1, ISG20, and IFIT2, were upregulated during PEDV or PDCoV infection. Furthermore, we found that ISG20 significantly inhibited PEDV and PDCoV infection in LLC-PK cells. The transcriptomic profiles of cells coinfected with PEDV and PDCoV were reported, providing reference data for understanding the host response to PEDV and PDCoV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Ruiming Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Lixin Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Yonghao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
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15
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Kong F, Jia H, Xiao Q, Fang L, Wang Q. Prevention and Control of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses in China: A Review of Vaccine Development and Application. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 38276670 PMCID: PMC10820180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECs) cause significant economic losses to the pig industry in China. Although many commercialized vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, viruses are still widespread. The recent emergence of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), for which no vaccines are available, increases the disease burden. In this review, we first introduced the genomic organization and epidemiology of SECs in China. Then, we discussed the current vaccine development and application in China, aiming to provide suggestions for better prevention and control of SECs in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhi Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Huilin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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16
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Zhou L, Li C, Zhang R, Li Q, Sun Y, Feng Y, Lan T, Ma J. Identification of a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724714 inhibits SADS-CoV related swine diarrhea coronaviruses infection in vitro. Virol Sin 2023; 38:778-786. [PMID: 37406816 PMCID: PMC10590692 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 has caused unprecedented panic among all mankind, pointing the major importance of effective treatment. Since the emergence of the swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) at the end of 2017, multiple reports have indicated that the bat-related SADS-CoV possesses a potential threat for cross-species transmission. Vaccines and antiviral drugs development deserve more attention. In this study, we found that the HER2 phosphorylation inhibitor (CP-724714) inhibited SADS-CoV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Further validation demonstrated that CP-724714 affected at the post-entry stage of SADS-CoV infection cycle. Also, efficient SADS-CoV infection required the activation of HER2 and its cascade Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway. In addition, CP-724714 has a broad-spectrum anti-swine diarrhea coronaviruses activity, and can dose-dependently combat SADS-CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection in vitro with a specificity index of greater than 21.98, 9.38, 95.23 and 31.62, respectively. These results highlight the potential utility of CP-724714 or antiviral drugs targeting with HER2 and its cascade Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway as host-targeted SADS-CoV and other related coronaviruses therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianniu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jingyun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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17
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Wu Y, Li M, Tian J, Yan H, Pan Y, Shi H, Shi D, Chen J, Guo L, Feng L. Broad antagonism of coronaviruses nsp5 to evade the host antiviral responses by cleaving POLDIP3. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011702. [PMID: 37801439 PMCID: PMC10602385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of the largest RNA viruses that typically cause respiratory, enteric, and hepatic diseases in animals and humans, imposing great threats to the public safety and animal health. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a newly emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets all over the world and poses potential risks of cross-species transmission. Here, we use PDCoV as a model of CoVs to illustrate the reciprocal regulation between CoVs infection and host antiviral responses. In this study, downregulation of DNA polymerase delta interacting protein 3 (POLDIP3) was confirmed in PDCoV infected IPEC-J2 cells by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and Western blotting analysis. Overexpression of POLDIP3 inhibits PDCoV infection, whereas POLDIP3 knockout (POLDIP3-/-) by CRISPR-Cas9 editing significantly promotes PDCoV infection, indicating POLDIP3 as a novel antiviral regulator against PDCoV infection. Surprisingly, an antagonistic strategy was revealed that PDCoV encoded nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) was responsible for POLDIP3 reduction via its 3C-like protease cleavage of POLDIP3 at the glutamine acid 176 (Q176), facilitating PDCoV infection due to the loss of antiviral effects of the cleaved fragments. Consistent with the obtained data in IPEC-J2 cell model in vitro, POLDIP3 reduction by cleavage was also corroborated in PDCoV infected-SPF piglets in vivo. Collectively, we unveiled a new antagonistic strategy evolved by PDCoV to counteract antiviral innate immunity by nsp5-mediated POLDIP3 cleavage, eventually ensuring productive virus replication. Importantly, we further demonstrated that nsp5s from PEDV and TGEV harbor the conserved function to cleave porcine POLDIP3 at the Q176 to despair POLDIP3-mediated antiviral effects. In addition, nsp5 from SARS-CoV-2 also cleaves human POLDIP3. Therefore, we speculate that coronaviruses employ similar POLDIP3 cleavage mechanisms mediated by nsp5 to antagonize the host antiviral responses to sustain efficient virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haoxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yudi Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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18
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Chen L, Huang Y, Xu T, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Xu ZW. Prokaryotic expression of porcine deltacoronavirus S gene truncated segment and establishment of indirect ELISA detection method. J Virol Methods 2023; 320:114775. [PMID: 37482197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging discovered coronavirus that causes significant losses in the global swine industry. This study aimed to establish an indirect ELISA method for detecting PDCoV antibodies using the truncated gene of PDCoV spike protein (S). The purified S protein was used as the coating antigen for the polyclonal antibody. The conditions were optimized to establish an indirect ELISA detection method for PDCoV based on the S protein, which showed good specificity and no cross-reaction with SVV-VP1, ASFV-P72, GETV-E2, PRV-gE, etc. The method has high repeatability, with coefficients of variation within and between batches less than 10%. Compared with the commercial kit, the positive coincidence rate is 86.40%, the negative coincidence rate is 89.43%, and the total coincidence rate is 91.76%. This ELISA can be used for PDCoV serological investigation and antibody evaluation. It can also lay the foundation for further research and development of PDCoV S protein ELISA antibody detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China; Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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19
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Wu H, Li C, Sun X, Cheng Y, Chen Z. Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody against Porcine Deltacoronavirus Membrane Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13934. [PMID: 37762237 PMCID: PMC10530725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging virus that poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Its membrane (M) protein is crucial for virion assembly and virus-host interactions. We selected the hydrophilic region of M protein for prokaryotic expression, purification, and recombinant protein production. Utilizing hybridoma technology, we prepared the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 24-A6 against M protein. The mAb 24-A6 was shown to be suitable for use in immunofluorescence assays, western blotting, and immunoprecipitation, with specificity for PDCoV and no cross-reactivity with other five porcine viruses. The M protein was observed to be expressed as early as 3 h after PDCoV infection, increasing its expression over the duration of infection. Notably, the antigenic epitope of the M protein identified as 103SPESRL108 recognized by mAb 24-A6 was found within a conserved structural domain (SWWSFNPETNNL) of the coronavirus M protein, indicating a crucial overlap between a functionally important viral assembly region and a region recognized by the immune system. Our findings provide valuable insights into mAb 24-A6 targeting the antigenic epitope of M protein and may contribute to the development of diagnostic tools for PDCoV infection and fundamental research into the function of PDCoV M protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiguang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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20
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Wang GL, Li LB, Chen JJ, Wang QC, Ye RZ, Li LM, Zhu KL, Jiang WG, Tian S, Fang LQ. Emergence of a Novel Genotype of Pigeon Deltacoronavirus Closely Related to Porcine Deltacoronavirus HKU15 and Sparrow Deltacoronavirus HKU17 in a Live Poultry Market in Shandong Province, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0055623. [PMID: 37382540 PMCID: PMC10433798 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00556-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bo Li
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Wang
- Jining Municipal Government Hospital Department, Jining, China
| | - Run-Ze Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Li
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Ka-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Guo Jiang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China
| | - Shen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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21
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Jiang S, Zhang S, Kang X, Feng Y, Li Y, Nie M, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhao S, Jiang T, Li J. Risk Assessment of the Possible Intermediate Host Role of Pigs for Coronaviruses with a Deep Learning Predictor. Viruses 2023; 15:1556. [PMID: 37515242 PMCID: PMC10384923 DOI: 10.3390/v15071556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses (CoVs) have been found to cause infection in humans, suggesting that Suiformes might be potential intermediate hosts in CoV transmission from their natural hosts to humans. The present study aims to establish convolutional neural network (CNN) models to predict host adaptation of swine CoVs. Decomposing of each ORF1ab and Spike sequence was performed with dinucleotide composition representation (DCR) and other traits. The relationship between CoVs from different adaptive hosts was analyzed by unsupervised learning, and CNN models based on DCR of ORF1ab and Spike were built to predict the host adaptation of swine CoVs. The rationality of the models was verified with phylogenetic analysis. Unsupervised learning showed that there is a multiple host adaptation of different swine CoVs. According to the adaptation prediction of CNN models, swine acute diarrhea syndrome CoV (SADS-CoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are adapted to Chiroptera, swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is adapted to Carnivora, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (PHEV) might be adapted to Primate, Rodent, and Lagomorpha, and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) might be adapted to Chiroptera, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora. In summary, the DCR trait has been confirmed to be representative for the CoV genome, and the DCR-based deep learning model works well to assess the adaptation of swine CoVs to other mammals. Suiformes might be intermediate hosts for human CoVs and other mammalian CoVs. The present study provides a novel approach to assess the risk of adaptation and transmission to humans and other mammals of swine CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Jiang
- College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yadan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Maoshun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shishun Zhao
- College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
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22
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Zhang S, Zhang S, Hou Y, Huang Y, Cai J, Wang G, Cao Y, Chen Z, Fang X, Bao W. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection Disrupts the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Inhibits Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation to Goblet Cells via the Notch Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0068923. [PMID: 37289083 PMCID: PMC10308910 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00689-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells and their secreted mucus are important elements of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which allows host cells to resist invasion by intestinal pathogens. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteric virus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs and causes large economic losses to pork producers worldwide. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells and disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier remain to be determined. Here, we report that in newborn piglets, PDCoV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier: specifically, there is intestinal villus atrophy, crypt depth increases, and tight junctions are disrupted. There is also a significant reduction in the number of goblet cells and the expression of MUC-2. In vitro, using intestinal monolayer organoids, we found that PDCoV infection activates the Notch signaling pathway, resulting in upregulated expression of HES-1 and downregulated expression of ATOH-1 and thereby inhibiting the differentiation of intestinal stem cells into goblet cells. Our study shows that PDCoV infection activates the Notch signaling pathway to inhibit the differentiation of goblet cells and their mucus secretion, resulting in disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier. IMPORTANCE The intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly secreted by the intestinal goblet cells, is a crucial first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells, thereby disrupting the mucosal barrier; however, the mechanism by which PDCoV disrupts the barrier is not known. Here, we report that in vivo, PDCoV infection decreases villus length, increases crypt depth, and disrupts tight junctions. Moreover, PDCoV activates the Notch signaling pathway, inhibiting goblet cell differentiation and mucus secretion in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction caused by coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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23
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Hong Y, Ma B, Li J, Shuai J, Zhang X, Xu H, Zhang M. Triplex-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Simultaneous Detection of Three Pathogens of Porcine Viral Diarrhea Syndrome in Swine. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1910. [PMID: 37370420 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine bocavirus (PBoV), and porcine rotavirus (PoRV) are associated with porcine viral diarrhea. In this study, triplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was established for the simultaneous detection of PEDV, PoRV, and PBoV. The PEDV-gp6, PoRV-vp6, and PBoV-vp1 genes were selected to design LAMP primers. The amplification could be carried out at 64 °C using a miniature metal bath within 30 min. The triplex LAMP-LFD assay exhibited no cross-reactions with other porcine pathogens. The limits of detection (LODs) of PEDV, PoRV, and PBoV were 2.40 × 101 copies/μL, 2.89 × 101 copies/μL, and 2.52 × 101 copies/μL, respectively. The consistency between rt-qPCR and the triplex LAMP-LFD was over 99% in field samples testing. In general, the triplex LAMP-LFD assay was suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of the three viruses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Hangzhou Quickgene Sci-Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiangbing Shuai
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Hanyue Xu
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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24
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Li Z, Duan P, Qiu R, Fang L, Fang P, Xiao S. HDAC6 Degrades nsp8 of Porcine Deltacoronavirus through Deacetylation and Ubiquitination to Inhibit Viral Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0037523. [PMID: 37133375 PMCID: PMC10231189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00375-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that has the potential to infect humans. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique type IIb cytoplasmic deacetylase with both deacetylase activity and ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, which mediates a variety of cellular processes by deacetylating histone and nonhistone substrates. In this study, we found that ectopic expression of HDAC6 significantly inhibited PDCoV replication, while the reverse effects could be observed after treatment with an HDAC6-specific inhibitor (tubacin) or knockdown of HDAC6 expression by specific small interfering RNA. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HDAC6 interacted with viral nonstructural protein 8 (nsp8) in the context of PDCoV infection, resulting in its proteasomal degradation, which was dependent on the deacetylation activity of HDAC6. We further identified the key amino acid residues lysine 46 (K46) and K58 of nsp8 as acetylation and ubiquitination sites, respectively, which were required for HDAC6-mediated degradation. Through a PDCoV reverse genetics system, we confirmed that recombinant PDCoV with a mutation at either K46 or K58 exhibited resistance to the antiviral activity of HDAC6, thereby exhibiting higher replication compared with wild-type PDCoV. Collectively, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the function of HDAC6 in regulating PDCoV infection and provide new strategies for the development of anti-PDCoV drugs. IMPORTANCE As an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with zoonotic potential, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has sparked tremendous attention. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a critical deacetylase with both deacetylase activity and ubiquitin E3 ligase activity and is extensively involved in many important physiological processes. However, little is known about the role of HDAC6 in the infection and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Our present study demonstrates that HDAC6 targets PDCoV-encoded nonstructural protein 8 (nsp8) for proteasomal degradation through the deacetylation at the lysine 46 (K46) and the ubiquitination at K58, suppressing viral replication. Recombinant PDCoV with a mutation at K46 and/or K58 of nsp8 displayed resistance to the antiviral activity of HDAC6. Our work provides significant insights into the role of HDAC6 in regulating PDCoV infection, opening avenues for the development of novel anti-PDCoV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Panpan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Runhui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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25
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Hou W, Fan M, Zhu Z, Li X. Establishment and Application of a Triplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Differentiation of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV. Viruses 2023; 15:1238. [PMID: 37376539 DOI: 10.3390/v15061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine viral diarrhea is very common in clinical practice and has caused huge losses to the pig industry. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are important pathogens of porcine viral diarrhea. Co-infection situations among these three viruses in clinics are common, which increases the difficulty of differential diagnosis. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is commonly used to detect pathogens. TaqMan real-time PCR is more sensitive than conventional PCR and has better specificity and accuracy. In this study, a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay based on TaqMan probes was developed for differential detection of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV. The triplex real-time RT-PCR assay developed in this study could not detect unrelated pathogens and showed satisfactory specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.0 × 101 copies/μL. Sixteen clinical samples were used to compare the results of the commercial RT-PCR kit and the triplex RT-PCR for PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV detection, and the results were completely consistent. A total of 112 piglet diarrhea samples collected from Jiangsu province were next used to study the local prevalence of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV. The positive rates of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV detected by the triplex real-time RT-PCR were 51.79% (58/112), 59.82% (67/112), and 2.68% (3/112), respectively. The co-infections of PEDV and PoRV were frequent (26/112, 23.21%), followed by the co-infections of PDCoV and PoRV (2/112, 1.79%). This study established a useful tool for simultaneous differentiation of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV in practice and provided valuable information on the prevalence of these diarrhea viral pathogens in Jiangsu province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Hou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maodi Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843399, China
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26
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Castañeda-Montes FJ, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Mendoza-Elvira S. A Candidate Antigen of the Recombinant Membrane Protein Derived from the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Synthetic Gene to Detect Seropositive Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051049. [PMID: 37243136 DOI: 10.3390/v15051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emergent swine coronavirus which infects cells from the small intestine and induces watery diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration, causing mortality in piglets (>40%). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the recombinant membrane protein (M) of PDCoV (rM-PDCoV), which was developed from a synthetic gene obtained after an in silico analysis with a group of 138 GenBank sequences. A 3D model and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the highly conserved M protein structure. Therefore, the synthetic gene was successfully cloned in a pETSUMO vector and transformed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The rM-PDCoV was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with ~37.7 kDa. The rM-PDCoV immunogenicity was evaluated in immunized (BLAB/c) mice and iELISA. The data showed increased antibodies from 7 days until 28 days (p < 0.001). The rM-PDCoV antigenicity was analyzed using pig sera samples from three states located in "El Bajío" Mexico and positive sera were determined. Our results show that PDCoV has continued circulating on pig farms in Mexico since the first report in 2019; therefore, the impact of PDCoV on the swine industry could be higher than reported in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jesus Castañeda-Montes
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Susana Mendoza-Elvira
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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27
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He W, Peng Q, Li J, Huang J, Cai X, Li S, Zhang B, Xiao L, Gao J, Wang C, Qian J, Gu L, Wang R, Tang X, Li K, Song X, Zhou J, Zhu M, Li B. Attenuation of a Highly Pathogenic Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strain CZ2020 by a Serial Passage In Vitro. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2830485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea to pigs of all ages, especially the suckling piglets under one-week-old. We previously isolated a highly pathogenic PDCoV strain, CZ2020, from a diarrheal piglet and have passaged it for over 100 passages. The adaptability of the CZ2020 increased gradually in vitro as the passage increased. Amino acid mutations were observed in pp1a, pp1ab, spike, envelop, and membrane proteins, and the spike protein accounts for 66.7% of all amino acid mutations. Then, the high passage strains, CZ2020-F80 and CZ2020-F100, were selected for evaluation of the pathogenicity in three-day-old piglets to examine whether these amino acid changes affected their virulence. At 2 days postchallenge (DPC), 2/5 piglets started to show typical diarrhea, and at 4 DPC, severe diarrhea was observed in the CZ2020-challenged piglets. Viral RNA could be detected at 1 DPC in rectal swabs and reached its highest at 4 DPC in the CZ2020-challenged group. CZ2020-F80- and CZ2020-F100-challenged groups have one piglet exhibiting mild diarrhea at 4 and 6 DPC, respectively. Compared with the CZ2020-challenged group, the piglets in CZ2020-F80- and F100-challenged groups had lower viral loads in rectal swabs, intestines, and other organs. No obvious histopathological lesions were observed in the intestines of CZ2020-F80- and F100-challenged piglets. Virulent PDCoV infection could also induce strong interferons and proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that the strains, CZ2020-F80 and CZ2020-F100, were significantly attenuated via serial passaging in vitro and have the potential for developing attenuated vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Animal Virus and Genetic Engineering, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuhang Cai
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Baotai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Laqiang Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuechao Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kemang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xu Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingjun Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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28
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Sun W, Shi Z, Wang P, Zhao B, Li J, Wei X, Wei L, Wang J. Metavirome Analysis Reveals a High Prevalence of Porcine Hemagglutination Encephalomyelitis Virus in Clinically Healthy Pigs in China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040510. [PMID: 37111396 PMCID: PMC10144687 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Six swine coronaviruses (SCoVs), which include porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine hemagglutination encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), have been reported as infecting and causing serious diseases in pigs. To investigate the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of SCoVs in clinically healthy pigs in China, we collected 6400 nasal swabs and 1245 serum samples from clinically healthy pigs at slaughterhouses in 13 provinces in 2017 and pooled them into 17 libraries by type and region for next-generation sequencing (NGS) and metavirome analyses. In total, we identified five species of SCoVs, including PEDV, PDCoV, PHEV, PRCV, and TGEV. Strikingly, PHEV was detected from all the samples in high abundance and its genome sequences accounted for 75.28% of all coronaviruses, while those belonging to TGEV (including PRCV), PEDV, and PDCoV were 20.4%, 2.66%, and 2.37%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that two lineages of PHEV have been circulating in pig populations in China. We also recognized two PRCVs which lack 672 nucleotides at the N-terminus of the S gene compared with that of TGEV. Together, we disclose preliminarily the genetic diversities of SCoVs in clinically healthy pigs in China and provide new insights into two SCoVs, PHEV and PRCV, that have been somewhat overlooked in previous studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lili Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention & National Data Center for Animal Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
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30
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Diagnostic Approach to Enteric Disorders in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030338. [PMID: 36766227 PMCID: PMC9913336 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of enteric disorders in pigs is extremely challenging, at any age. Outbreaks of enteric disease in pigs are frequently multifactorial and multiple microorganisms can co-exist and interact. Furthermore, several pathogens, such as Clostridium perfrigens type A, Rotavirus and Lawsonia intracellularis, may be present in the gut in the absence of clinical signs. Thus, diagnosis must be based on a differential approach in order to develop a tailored control strategy, considering that treatment and control programs for enteric diseases are pathogen-specific. Correct sampling for laboratory analyses is fundamental for the diagnostic work-up of enteric disease in pigs. For example, histology is the diagnostic gold standard for several enteric disorders, and sampling must ensure the collection of representative and optimal intestinal samples. The aim of this paper is to focus on the diagnostic approach, from sampling to the aetiological diagnosis, of enteric disorders in pigs due to different pathogens during the different phases of production.
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31
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Xiao W, Huang W, Chen C, Wang X, Liao S, Xia S, Fang P, Xiao S, Fang L. Porcine deltacoronavirus uses heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109616. [PMID: 36495740 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with extensive tissue tropism and cross-species transmission potential. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex polysaccharide ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix and acts as an attachment factor for many viruses. However, whether PDCoV uses HS as an attachment receptor is unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with heparin sodium or heparinase Ⅱ significantly inhibited PDCoV binding and infection among LLC-PK1 and IPI-2I cells. Attenuation of HS sulfuration by sodium chlorate also impeded PDCoV binding and infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that HS functioned independently of amino peptidase N (APN), a functional PDCoV receptor, in PDCoV infection. Molecular docking revealed that the S1 subunit of the PDCoV spike protein might be a putative region for HS binding. Taken together, these results firstly confirmed that HS is an attachment receptor for PDCoV infection, providing new insight into better understanding the mechanisms of PDCoV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shusen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Zhai K, Zhang Z, Liu X, Lv J, Zhang L, Li J, Ma Z, Wang Y, Guo H, Zhang Y, Pan L. Mucosal immune responses induced by oral administration of recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing the S1 protein of PDCoV. Virology 2023; 578:180-189. [PMID: 36586181 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus is an evolving coronavirus that primarily infects the intestine and may lead to intestinal disease in piglets. Up to now, no commercial vaccination is readily accessible to protect against the spread of PDCoV. Lactococcus lactis has been shown to have good immune efficacy and safety and can be used as a genetically engineered vaccine to deliver antigens. In this research, we utilized L. lactis NZ9000 to provide the S1 protein orally and improved the delivery efficiency by connecting the M cell targeting ligand Co1 with the S1 protein of PDCoV in tandem to obtain the recombinant protein S1-Co1. We successfully constructed two recombinant strains capable of expressing PDCoV-S1 and PDCoV-S1-Co1 proteins (i.e., L. lactis NZ9000-S1 and L. lactis NZ9000-S1-Co1), and their immunogenic capacity was evaluated in mice. Our study shows that Lactococcus is an advantageous bacterial live vector vaccine and is anticipated as a potential PDCoV vaccination option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Jiahao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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Genome-Wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screen Reveals a Role for SLC35A1 in the Adsorption of Porcine Deltacoronavirus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0162622. [PMID: 36453883 PMCID: PMC9769367 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01626-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, not only causes diarrhea in piglets but also possesses the potential to infect humans. To better understand host-virus genetic dependencies and find potential therapeutic targets for PDCoV, we used a porcine single-guide RNA (sgRNA) lentivirus library to screen host factors related to PDCoV infection in LLC-PK1 cells. The solute carrier family 35 member A1 (SLC35A1), a key molecule in the sialic acid (SA) synthesis pathway, was identified as a host factor required for PDCoV infection. A knockout of SLC35A1 caused decreases in the amounts of cell surface sialic acid (SA) and viral adsorption; meanwhile, trypsin promoted the use of SA in PDCoV infection. By constructing and assessing a series of recombinant PDCoV strains with the deletion or mutation of possible critical domain or amino acid residues for SA binding in the S1 N-terminal domain, we found that S T182 might be a PDCoV SA-binding site. However, the double knockout of SLC35A1 and amino peptidase N (APN) could not block PDCoV infection completely. Additionally, we found that different swine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus, are differentially dependent on SA. Overall, our study uncovered a collection of host factors that can be exploited as drug targets against PDCoV infection and deepened our understanding of the relationship between PDCoV and SA. IMPORTANCE Identifying the host factors required for replication will be helpful to uncover the pathogenesis mechanisms and develop antivirals against the emerging coronavirus porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Herein, we performed a genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 knockout screen, the results of which revealed that the solute carrier family 35 member A1 (SLC35A1) is a host factor required for PDCoV infection that acts by regulating cell surface sialic acid (SA). We also identified the T182 site in the N-terminal domain of PDCoV S1 subunit as being associated with the SA-binding site and found that trypsin promotes the use of cell surface SA by PDCoV. Furthermore, different swine enteric coronaviruses use SLC35A1 differently for infection. This is the first study to screen host factors required for PDCoV replication using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 functional knockout, thereby providing clues for developing antiviral drugs against PDCoV infection.
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Shu X, Han F, Hu Y, Hao C, Li Z, Wei Z, Zhang H. Co-infection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus alters gut microbiota diversity and composition in the colon of piglets. Virus Res 2022; 322:198954. [PMID: 36198372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) are the main porcine enteric coronaviruses that cause severe diarrhoea in piglets, posing huge threat to the swine industry. Our previous study verified that the co-infection of PDCoV and PEDV is common in natural swine infections and obviously enhances the disease severity in piglets. However, the effects of co-infection of PDCoV and PEDV on intestinal microbial community are unknown. In current study, the microbial composition and diversity in the colon of piglets were analyzed. Our results showed that both of PDCoV and PEDV were mainly distributed in the small intestines and caused severe damage of ileum but not colon in the co-inoculated piglets. Furthermore, we observed that PDCoV and PEDV co-infection alters the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, family and genus levels. The abundance of Mitsuokella and Collinsella at genus level were significantly increased in PDCoV-PEDV co-infection piglets. Spearman's correlation analysis further suggested that there existed strong positive correlation between Mitsuokella and TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, these two factors may together aggravating the small intestine pathological lesions. These results proved there existed obvious correlation between the disease severity caused by PDCoV-PEDV co-infection and intestinal microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Fangfang Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yating Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Chenlin Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Honglei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Co-infection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces early TRAF6-mediated NF-κB and IRF7 signaling pathways through TLRs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19443. [PMID: 36376395 PMCID: PMC9660140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infect the small intestine and cause swine enteric coronavirus disease. The mucosal innate immune system is the first line of defense against viral infection. The modulatory effect of PDCoV and PEDV coinfection on antiviral signaling cascades of the intestinal mucosa has not been reported. Here, we investigate the gene expression levels of pattern recognition receptors, downstream inflammatory signaling pathway molecules, and associated cytokines on the intestinal mucosa of neonatal piglets either infected with a single- or co-infected with PDCoV and PEDV using real-time PCR. The results demonstrate that single-PEDV regulates the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway through RIG-I regulation. In contrast, single-PDCoV and PDCoV/PEDV coinfection regulate proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines through TRAF6-mediated canonical NF-κB and IRF7 signaling pathways through TLRs. Although PDCoV/PEDV coinfection demonstrated an earlier modulatory effect in these signaling pathways, the regulation of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines was observed simultaneously during single viral infection. These results suggested that PDCoV/PEDV coinfection may have synergistic effects that lead to enhanced viral evasion of the mucosal innate immune response.
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Yuan C, Sun L, Chen L, Li L, Yao Z, Wang Y, Guo H, Li T, Song Q. Differences in cytokines expression between Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002349. [PMID: 36439802 PMCID: PMC9686284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) primarily infects suckling piglets and causes severe economic losses to the swine industry. Cytokines, as part of the innate immune response, are important in PEDV infection. The cytokines secreted by cell infection models in vitro might reflect true response to viral infection of target cells in vivo. Vero cells and IPEC-J2 are commonly used as an in vitro model to investigate PEDV infection. However, it is not clear which type of cells is more beneficial to the study of PEDV. In our study, firstly, Vero cells and IPEC-J2 were successfully infected with PEDV virulent strains (HBQY2016) and attenuated vaccine strains (CV777) and were capable of supporting virus replication and progeny release. Moreover, cytokine differences expression by Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells infected with two PEDV strains were analyzed. Compared with IPEC-J2 cells, only the mRNA levels of TGF-β, MIP-1β and MCP-1 were detected in Vero cells. ELISA assay indicated that compared to the control group, the PEDV-infected group had significantly induced expression levels of IL-1β, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8, and CXCL10 in IPEC-J2 cells, while only secretion level of IL-1β, MIP-1β and IL-8 in Vero cells were higher in PEDV infected group. Finally, cytokines change of piglets infected PEDV-HBQY2016 strains were detected by cDNA microarray, and similar to those of IPEC-J2 cells infected PEDV. Collectively, these data determined that the IPEC-J2 could be more suitable used as a cell model for studying PEDV infection in vitro compared with Vero cells, based on the close approximation of cytokine expression profile to in vivo target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Limin Li
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zuojun Yao
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyong Guo
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qinye Song
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Qinye Song,
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Shi J, Xu C, Wu Z, Bao W, Wu S. Integrated analysis of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network involved in immune regulation in the spleen of Meishan piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1031786. [PMID: 36337195 PMCID: PMC9627291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1031786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meishan pigs are a famous local pig breed in China, with high fertility and early sexual maturity, and stronger immunity compared to other breeds. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in pigs and performs essential functions, such as those relating to immunity and haematopoiesis. The invasion of many pathogenic microorganisms in pigs is associated with spleen damage. Long non-coding RNAs participate in a broad range of biological processes and have been demonstrated to be associated with splenic immune regulation. However, the expression network of mRNAs and lncRNAs in the spleen of Meishan pigs remains unclear. This study collected spleen tissues from Meishan piglets at three different ages as a model, and mRNA and lncRNA transcripts were profiled for each sample. Additionally, 1,806 differential mRNAs and 319 differential lncRNAs were identified. A complicated interaction between mRNAs and lncRNAs was identified via WGCNA, demonstrating that lncRNAs are a crucial regulatory component in mRNA. The results show that the modules black and red have similar mRNA and lncRNA transcription patterns and are mainly involved in the process of the immune defense response. The core genes (DHX58 and IFIT1) and key lncRNAs (TCONS-00002102 and TCONS-00012474) of piglet spleen tissue were screened using the ceRNA network. The expression of these genes is related to the immune response of pigs. Our research may contribute to a further understanding of mRNA and lncRNA expression in the spleen of piglets, and provide new ideas to improve the disease resistance of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shenglong Wu
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Establishment of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) fluorescence assay for the detection of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:369. [PMID: 36221092 PMCID: PMC9552127 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) causes acute vomiting and diarrhea in piglets, leading to significant financial losses for the pig industry. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a rapid nucleic acid amplification technology used under constant temperature conditions. The study established a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-RPA assay for early diagnosis of SADS-CoV. RESULTS: The detection limit of the real-time RT-RPA was 74 copies/µL of SADS-CoV genomic standard recombinant plasmid in 95% of cases. The assay was performed in less than 30 min and no cross-reactions were observed with eight other common viruses that affect swine, including classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudo rabies virus (PRV), swine influenza virus (SIV), seneca valley virus (SVA), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). The coefficient of variation (C.V.) values of the two standards dilutions and three positive clinical sample ranged from 2.95% to 4.71%. A total of 72 clinical fecal samples from swine with diarrheal symptoms were analyzed with the developed RT-RPA and quantitative RT-PCR. There was 98.61% agreement between the RT-RPA and the quantitative real-time PCR results. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the developed RT-RPA assay had good specificity, sensitivity, stability and repeatability. The study successfully established a broadly reactive RT-RPA assay for SADS-CoV detection.
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More‐Bayona JA, Ramirez‐Velasquez M, Hause B, Nelson E, Rivera‐Geronimo H. First isolation and whole genome characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs in Peru. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1561-e1573. [PMID: 35184388 PMCID: PMC9790302 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus is a newly emergent enteric pathogen affecting swine farms worldwide. It has been detected in several countries in Europe, Asia and North America; yet, it has not been reported in South America. In November 2019, an enteric disease outbreak in a pig farm located in San Martin, Peru, was reported along with submission of three intestinal samples from pigs who succumbed to the disease. Samples were processed for molecular detection by qRT-PCR, viral isolation and further sequencing analysis. A taqman-based RT-PCR was performed to differentiate among the most relevant swine enteric coronaviruses described to date. All samples were positive to porcine deltacoronavirus with a cycle threshold (Ct) value between 9 and 14, revealing a high viral load, while testing negative to porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis viruses. Following detection, viral isolation was performed using PK-15 and Vero cell lines. After 5 days of inoculation, no cytopathic effect was observed. A second blind passage allowed the observation of cytopathic effect on PK-15 cells, while it remained absent in Vero cells. A fluorescence test using an anti-N monoclonal antibody confirmed viral replication. One sample was processed for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In short, raw reads were imported into CLC genomics and assembled de novo. Out of 479k reads generated from the sample, 436k assembled into a 25,501 bp contig which was 99.5% identical to a reference porcine deltacoronavirus strain from the USA within the North American phylogroup. Yet, there are relevant differences at the nucleotide and amino acid levels compared with previously described porcine deltacoronavirus strains. Altogether, our findings represent the first report of porcine deltacoronavirus in South America, which provides information of its evolutionary origin. Thus, this study offers new insights into the molecular epidemiology of porcine deltacoronavirus infections in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. More‐Bayona
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Mercy Ramirez‐Velasquez
- Laboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge TechnologiesWorthingtonMinnesotaUSA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
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Zeng J, Wang W, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Yang H. A nucleic acid detection assay combining reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification with a lateral flow dipstick for the rapid visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus. Virulence 2022; 13:1471-1485. [PMID: 36005235 PMCID: PMC9450908 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen causing severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and death in nursing piglets and enormous economic losses for the global swine industry. Furthermore, it can infect multiple animal species including humans. Therefore, a rapid, definitive diagnostic assay is required for the effective control of this zoonotic pathogen. To identify PDCoV, we developed a nucleic acid detection assay combining reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) targeting the highly conserved genomic region in the ORF1b gene. The RT-RAA-LFD assay exhibited good PDCoV detection reproducibility and repeatability and could be completed within 11 min. Ten minutes at 40 °C was required for nucleic acid amplification and 1 min at room temperature was needed for the visual LFD readout. The assay specifically detected PDCoV and did not cross-react with any other major swine pathogens. The 95% limit of detection (LOD) was 3.97 median tissue culture infectious dose PDCoV RNA per reaction. This performance was comparable to that of a reference TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR (trRT-PCR) assay for PDCoV. Of 149 swine small intestine, rectal swab, and serum samples, 71 and 75 tested positive for PDCoV according to RT-RAA-LFD and trRT-PCR, respectively. The diagnostic coincidence rate for both assays was 97.32% (145/149) and the kappa value was 0.946 (p < 0.001). Overall, the RT-RAA-LFD assay is a user-friendly diagnostic tool that can rapidly and visually detect PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing,P.R. China
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Chen YM, Burrough E. The Effects of Swine Coronaviruses on ER Stress, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Alterations in Cell Morphology. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080940. [PMID: 36015060 PMCID: PMC9416022 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses include the following six members, namely porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Clinically, PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV cause enteritis, whereas PHEV induces encephalomyelitis, and PRCV causes respiratory disease. Years of studies reveal that swine coronaviruses replicate in the cellular cytoplasm exerting a wide variety of effects on cells. Some of these effects are particularly pertinent to cell pathology, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, swine coronaviruses are able to induce cellular changes, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, alterations of junctional complexes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that render enterocytes unable to absorb nutrients normally, resulting in the loss of water, ions, and protein into the intestinal lumen. This review aims to describe the cellular changes in swine coronavirus-infected cells and to aid in understanding the pathogenesis of swine coronavirus infections. This review also explores how the virus exerted subcellular and molecular changes culminating in the clinical and pathological findings observed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Stromal Antigen 2 Deficiency Induces Interferon Responses and Restricts Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081783. [PMID: 36016405 PMCID: PMC9414771 DOI: 10.3390/v14081783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a recently discovered enteropathogenic coronavirus and has caused significant economic impacts on the pork industry. Although studies have partly uncovered the molecular mechanism of PDCoV–host interaction, it requires further research. In this study, we explored the roles of Stromal Antigen 2 (STAG2) in PDCoV infection. We found that STAG2-deficient cells inhibited infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and PDCoV, whereas restoration of STAG2 expression in STAG2-depleted (STAG2−/−) IPEC-J2 cells line restored PDCoV infection, suggesting that STAG2 is involved in the PDCoV replication. Furthermore, we found that STAG2 deficiency results in robust interferon (IFN) expression. Subsequently, we found that STAG2 deficiency results in the activation of JAK-STAT signaling and the expression of IFN stimulated gene (ISG), which establish an antiviral state. Taken together, the depletion of STAG2 activates the JAK-STAT signaling and induces the expression of ISG, thereby inhibiting PDCoV replication. Our study provides new insights and potential therapeutic targets for unraveling the mechanism of PDCoV replication.
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Wu Y, Shi Z, Chen J, Zhang H, Li M, Zhao Y, Shi H, Shi D, Guo L, Feng L. Porcine deltacoronavirus E protein induces interleukin-8 production via NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109553. [PMID: 36181744 PMCID: PMC9428115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Although they facilitate local antiviral immunity, their excessive release leads to life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, exemplified by the severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the present study, we found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) was upregulated by PDCoV infection. We then demonstrated that PDCoV E protein induced IL-8 production and that the TM domain and the C-terminal domain of the E protein were important for IL-8 production. Subsequently, we showed here that deleting the AP-1 and NF-κB binding motif in porcine IL-8 promoter abrogated its activation, suggesting that IL-8 expression was dependent on AP-1 and NF-κB. Furthermore, PDCoV E induced IL-8 production, which was also dependent on the NF-κB pathway through activating nuclear factor p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein phosphorylation, as well as inducing the nuclear translocation of p65, eventually resulting in the promotion of IL-8 production. PDCoV E also activated c-fos and c-jun, both of which are members of the AP-1 family. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PDCoV-induced IL-8 production and help us further understand the pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
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Glab-ampai K, Kaewchim K, Thavorasak T, Saenlom T, Thepsawat W, Mahasongkram K, Thueng-In K, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Chulanetra M. Targeting Emerging RNA Viruses by Engineered Human Superantibody to Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:926929. [PMID: 35935185 PMCID: PMC9355540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.926929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a unique and highly conserved enzyme across all members of the RNA virus superfamilies. Besides, humans do not have a homolog of this protein. Therefore, the RdRp is an attractive target for a broadly effective therapeutic agent against RNA viruses. In this study, a formerly generated cell-penetrating human single-chain antibody variable fragment (superantibody) to a conformational epitope of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RdRp, which inhibited the polymerase activity leading to the HCV replication inhibition and the host innate immunity restoration, was tested against emerging/reemerging RNA viruses. The superantibody could inhibit the replication of the other members of the Flaviviridae (DENV serotypes 1−4, ZIKV, and JEV), Picornaviridae (genus Enterovirus: EV71, CVA16), and Coronaviridae (genus Alphacoronavirus: PEDV, and genus Betacoronavirus: SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan wild-type and the variants of concern), in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the reduction of intracellular viral RNAs and numbers of the released infectious particles. Computerized simulation indicated that the superantibody formed contact interfaces with many residues at the back of the thumb domain (thumb II site, T2) of DENV, ZIKV, JEV, EV71, and CVA16 and fingers and thumb domains of the HCV and coronaviruses (PEDV and SARS-CoV-2). The superantibody binding may cause allosteric change in the spatial conformation of the enzyme and disrupt the catalytic activity, leading to replication inhibition. Although the speculated molecular mechanism of the superantibody needs experimental support, existing data indicate that the superantibody has high potential as a non-chemical broadly effective anti-positive sense-RNA virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanasap Kaewchim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanatsaran Saenlom
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watayagorn Thepsawat
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-In
- School of Pathology, Translational Medicine Program, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Monrat Chulanetra,
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Thakor JC, Dinesh M, Manikandan R, Bindu S, Sahoo M, Sahoo D, Dhawan M, Pandey MK, Tiwari R, Emran TB, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W. Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) and their emerging threats to swine population, inter-species transmission, exploring the susceptibility of pigs for SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic concerns. Vet Q 2022; 42:125-147. [PMID: 35584308 PMCID: PMC9225692 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2079756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) are one of the most devastating pathogens affecting the livelihoods of farmers and swine industry across the world. These include transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). Coronaviruses infect a wide variety of animal species and humans because these are having single stranded-RNA that accounts for high mutation rates and thus could break the species barrier. The gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems are the primary organ systems affected by SCoVs. Infection is very common in piglets compared to adult swine causing high mortality in the former. Bat is implicated to be the origin of all CoVs affecting animals and humans. Since pig is the only domestic animal in which CoVs cause a wide range of diseases; new coronaviruses with high zoonotic potential could likely emerge in the future as observed in the past. The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19 pandemic in humans, has been implicated to have animal origin, also reported from few animal species, though its zoonotic concerns are still under investigation. This review discusses SCoVs and their epidemiology, virology, evolution, pathology, wildlife reservoirs, interspecies transmission, spill-over events and highlighting their emerging threats to swine population. The role of pigs amid ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will also be discussed. A thorough investigation should be conducted to rule out zoonotic potential of SCoVs and to design appropriate strategies for their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigarji C Thakor
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Rajendran Manikandan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Suresh Bindu
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Diptimayee Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.,The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester-WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Megha Katare Pandey
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal-462043, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-10700, Thailand
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Yan Q, Liu X, Sun Y, Zeng W, Li Y, Zhao F, Wu K, Fan S, Zhao M, Chen J, Yi L. Swine Enteric Coronavirus: Diverse Pathogen–Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073953. [PMID: 35409315 PMCID: PMC8999375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) causes acute gastroenteritis and high mortality in newborn piglets. Since the last century, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have swept farms all over the world and caused substantial economic losses. In recent years, porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) have been emerging SeCoVs. Some of them even spread across species, which made the epidemic situation of SeCoV more complex and changeable. Recent studies have begun to reveal the complex SeCoV–host interaction mechanism in detail. This review summarizes the current advances in autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity induced by SeCoV infection. These complex interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or the alteration of some signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yawei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feifan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C. & L.Y.)
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (K.W.); (S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-8017 (J.C. & L.Y.)
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Identification of Amino Acids within Nonstructural Proteins 10 and 14 of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus That Result in Attenuation In Vivo and In Ovo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0205921. [PMID: 35044208 PMCID: PMC8941869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02059-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious global pathogen prevalent in all types of poultry flocks. IBV is responsible for economic losses and welfare issues in domestic poultry, resulting in a significant risk to food security. IBV vaccines are currently generated by serial passage of virulent IBV field isolates through embryonated hens' eggs. The different patterns of genomic variation accumulated during this process means that the exact mechanism of attenuation is unknown and presents a risk of reversion to virulence. Additionally, the passaging process adapts the virus to replicate in chicken embryos, increasing embryo lethality. Vaccines produced in this manner are therefore unsuitable for in ovo application. We have developed a reverse genetics system, based on the pathogenic IBV strain M41, to identify genes which can be targeted for rational attenuation. During the development of this reverse genetics system, we identified four amino acids, located in nonstructural proteins (nsps) 10, 14, 15, and 16, which resulted in attenuation both in vivo and in ovo. Further investigation highlighted a role of amino acid changes, Pro85Leu in nsp 10 and Val393Leu in nsp 14, in the attenuated in vivo phenotype observed. This study provides evidence that mutations in nsps offer a promising mechanism for the development of rationally attenuated live vaccines against IBV, which have the potential for in ovo application. IMPORTANCE The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of infectious bronchitis, an acute, highly contagious, economically important disease of poultry. Vaccination is achieved using a mixture of live attenuated vaccines for young chicks and inactivated vaccines as boosters for laying hens. Live attenuated vaccines are generated through serial passage in embryonated hens' eggs, an empirical process which achieves attenuation but retains immunogenicity. However, these vaccines have a risk of reversion to virulence, and they are lethal to the embryo. In this study, we identified amino acids in the replicase gene which attenuated IBV strain M41, both in vivo and in ovo. Stability assays indicate that the attenuating amino acids are stable and unlikely to revert. The data in this study provide evidence that specific modifications in the replicase gene offer a promising direction for IBV live attenuated vaccine development, with the potential for in ovo application.
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Coronavirus Porcine Deltacoronavirus Upregulates MHC Class I Expression through RIG-I/IRF1-Mediated NLRC5 Induction. J Virol 2022; 96:e0015822. [PMID: 35311551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules, mainly being responsible for the processing and presentation of intracellular or extracellular antigen, respectively, are critical for antiviral immunity. Here, we reported that porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) with the zoonotic potential and potential spillover from pigs to humans, upregulated the expressions of porcine MHC-I (swine leukocyte antigen class I, SLA-I) molecules and SLA-I antigen presentation associated genes instead of porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in primary porcine enteroids and swine testicular (ST) cells at the late stage of infection, and this finding was verified in vivo. Moreover, the induction of SLA-I molecules by PDCoV infection was mediated through enhancing the expression of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family caspase recruitment domain-containing 5 (NLRC5). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PDCoV infection robustly elevated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) expression, and further initiated the downstream type I interferon beta (IFN-β) production, which led to the upregulation of NLRC5 and SLA-I genes. Likewise, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) elicited by PDCoV infection directly activated the promoter activity of NLRC5, resulting in an increased expression of NLRC5 and SLA-I upregulation. Taken together, our findings advance our understanding of how PDCoV manipulates MHC molecules, and knowledge that could help inform the development of therapies and vaccines against PDCoV. IMPORTANCE MHC-I molecules play a crucial role in antiviral immunity by presenting intracellular antigens to CD8+T lymphocytes and eliminating virus-infected cells by natural killer cells' "missing-self recognition." However, the manipulation of MHC molecules by coronaviruses remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that PDCoV, a zoonotic potential coronavirus efficiently infecting cells from broad species, greatly increased the expressions of porcine MHC-I (SLA-I) molecules and MHC-I antigen presentation associated genes but not porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the upregulation of MHC-I molecules by PDCoV infection required the master transactivator of MHC-I, NLRC5, which was mediated not only by RIG-I-initiated type I IFN signaling pathway but also by IRF1 induced by PDCoV as it could activate NLRC5 promoter activity. These results provide significant insights into the modification of the MHC class I pathway and may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for PDCoV.
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Zhao Y, Chen R, Xiao D, Zhang L, Song D, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Wen X, Cao S, Huang X. A Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals That HSP90AB1 Is Involved in the Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063280. [PMID: 35328701 PMCID: PMC8953809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PDCoV is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that mainly causes acute diarrhea in piglets, seriously affecting pig breeding industries worldwide. To date, the molecular mechanisms of PDCoV-induced immune and inflammatory responses or host responses in LLC-PK cells in vitro are not well understood. HSP90 plays important roles in various viral infections. In this study, HSP90AB1 knockout cells (HSP90AB1KO) were constructed and a comparative transcriptomic analysis between PDCoV-infected HSP90AB1WT and HSP90AB1KO cells was conducted using RNA sequencing to explore the effect of HSP90AB1 on PDCoV infection. A total of 1295 and 3746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in PDCoV-infected HSP90AB1WT and HSP90AB1KO cells, respectively. Moreover, most of the significantly enriched pathways were related to immune and inflammatory response-associated pathways upon PDCoV infection. The DEGs enriched in NF-κB pathways were specifically detected in HSP90AB1WT cells, and NF-κB inhibitors JSH-23, SC75741 and QNZ treatment reduced PDCoV infection. Further research revealed most cytokines associated with immune and inflammatory responses were upregulated during PDCoV infection. Knockout of HSP90AB1 altered the upregulated levels of some cytokines. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the host response to PDCoV infection from the transcriptome perspective, which will contribute to illustrating the molecular basis of the interaction between PDCoV and HSP90AB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Daili Song
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (R.C.); (D.X.); (L.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
- National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-180-4845-1618
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Zhang M, Lv L, Cai H, Li Y, Gao F, Yu L, Jiang Y, Tong W, Li L, Li G, Tong G, Liu C. Long-Term Expansion of Porcine Intestinal Organoids Serves as an in vitro Model for Swine Enteric Coronavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:865336. [PMID: 35369438 PMCID: PMC8967161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.865336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable and reproducible model in vitro for swine enteric coronaviruses infection would be intestinal models that support virus replication and can be long-term cultured and manipulated experimentally. Here, we designed a robust long-term culture system for porcine intestinal organoids from the intestinal crypt or single LGR5+ stem cell by combining previously defined insights into the growth requirements of the intestinal epithelium of humans. We showed that long-term cultured swine intestinal organoids were expanded in vitro for more than 6 months and maintained the potential to differentiate into different types of cells. These organoids were successfully infected with porcine enteric coronavirus, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and were capable of supporting virus replication and progeny release. RNA-seq analysis showed robust induction of transcripts associated with antiviral signaling in response to enteric coronavirus infection, including hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes and cytokines. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis indicated that PEDV infection could suppress the immune response in organoids. This 3D intestinal organoid model offers a long-term, renewable resource for investigating porcine intestinal infections with various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lilei Lv
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongming Cai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guangzhi Tong,
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Changlong Liu,
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