1
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Tan X, Zhou W, Jing S, Shen W, Lu B. Decoding codon usage in human papillomavirus type 59. Virus Genes 2025; 61:313-323. [PMID: 40038214 PMCID: PMC12052745 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-025-02148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus Type 59 (HPV-59) is a high-risk subtype linked to cervical and other cancers. However, its codon usage patterns remain underexplored despite their importance in understanding viral behavior and vaccine optimization. This study reveals a mild codon usage bias in HPV-59, with a notable preference for A/T-ending codons and 29 favored codons, primarily ending in A or T. Additionally, CpG dinucleotides were significantly underrepresented, potentially aiding immune evasion. Analyses using the Parity Rule 2, Effective Number of Codons plot, and neutrality plot indicate that both mutational pressure and natural selection shape codon usage, with natural selection playing a dominant role. The virus's codon usage moderately aligns with human translational machinery, as shown by the Isoacceptor tRNA pool, Codon Adaptation Index, and Relative Codon Deoptimization Index, reflecting an evolutionary balance between protein synthesis efficiency and host compatibility. These findings provide valuable insights into HPV-59 biology, offering guidance for developing optimized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 South Central Road, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Wenyi Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 South Central Road, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Shunyou Jing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Women's and Children's Hospital / The Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 South Central Road, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Binbin Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 South Central Road, Jiaxing, 314000, China.
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2
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Rahman SU, Hu Y, Rehman HU, Alrashed MM, Attia KA, Ullah U, Liang H. Analysis of synonymous codon usage bias of Lassa virus. Virus Res 2025; 353:199528. [PMID: 39832535 PMCID: PMC11815952 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Lassa virus genome consists of two single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments that lie in the genus Arenavirus. The disease associated with the Lassa virus is distributed all over the world, with approximately 3,000,000-5,000,000 infections diagnosed annually in West Africa. It shows high health risks to the human being. Previous research used the evolutionary time scale and adaptive evolution to describe the Lassa virus population pattern. However, it is still unclear how the Lassa virus takes advantage of synonymous codons. In this study, we analyzed the codon usage bias in 162 Lassa virus strains by calculating and comparing the nucleotide contents, effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and others. The results disclosed that LASV strains are rich in A/T. The average ENC value indicated a low codon usage bias in LASVs. The ENC-plot, neutrality plot and parity rule 2 plot demonstrated that, besides mutational pressure, other factors like natural selection also contributed to codon usage bias. This study is significant because it described the pattern of codon usage in the genomes of the Lassa viruses and provided the information needed for a fundamental evolutionary study of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddiq Ur Rahman
- Medical Big Data Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Computer Science & Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 27200, Pakistan
| | - Yikui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hassan Ur Rehman
- Department of Computer Science & Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 27200, Pakistan
| | - May M Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ubaid Ullah
- Department of Computer Science & Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 27200, Pakistan
| | - Huiying Liang
- Medical Big Data Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China.
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3
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Eldin P, David A, Hirtz C, Battini JL, Briant L. SARS-CoV-2 Displays a Suboptimal Codon Usage Bias for Efficient Translation in Human Cells Diverted by Hijacking the tRNA Epitranscriptome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11614. [PMID: 39519170 PMCID: PMC11546939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Codon bias analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals suboptimal adaptation for translation in human cells it infects. The detailed examination of the codons preferentially used by SARS-CoV-2 shows a strong preference for LysAAA, GlnCAA, GluGAA, and ArgAGA, which are infrequently used in human genes. In the absence of an adapted tRNA pool, efficient decoding of these codons requires a 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2) modification at the U34 wobble position of the corresponding tRNAs (tLysUUU; tGlnUUG; tGluUUC; tArgUCU). The optimal translation of SARS-CoV-2 open reading frames (ORFs) may therefore require several adjustments to the host's translation machinery, enabling the highly biased viral genome to achieve a more favorable "Ready-to-Translate" state in human cells. Experimental approaches based on LC-MS/MS quantification of tRNA modifications and on alteration of enzymatic tRNA modification pathways provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 induces U34 tRNA modifications and relies on these modifications for its lifecycle. The conclusions emphasize the need for future studies on the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 codon bias and its ability to alter the host tRNA pool through the manipulation of RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Eldin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre David
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), INSERM U1191, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB)-Plateforme de Protéomique Clinique (PPC), Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 298 Rue du Truel, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB)-Plateforme de Protéomique Clinique (PPC), Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 298 Rue du Truel, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Briant
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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4
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Exploring Codon Usage Patterns and Influencing Factors in Ranavirus DNA Polymerase Genes. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400289. [PMID: 39099168 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Ranaviruses, members of the genus Ranavirus within the family Iridoviridae, have become a significant concern for amphibian populations globally, along with other cold-blooded vertebrates, due to their emergence as a significant threat. We employed bioinformatics tools to examine the codon usage patterns in 61 DNA pol genes from Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus, and two unclassified ranaviruses, as no prior studies had been conducted on this topic. The results showed a slight or low level of codon usage bias (CUB) in the DNA pol genes of Ranavirus. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated that the predominant codons favored in Ranavirus DNA pol genes terminate with C or G. Correlation analysis examining nucleotide content, third codon position, effective number of codons (ENC), correspondence analysis (COA), Aroma values, and GRAVY values indicated that the CUB across DNA pol genes could be influenced by both mutation pressure and natural selection. The neutrality plot indicated that natural selection is the primary factor driving codon usage. Furthermore, the analysis of the codon adaptation index (CAI) illustrated the robust adaptability of Ranavirus DNA pol genes to their hosts. Analysis of the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) suggested that Ranavirus DNA pol genes underwent greater selection pressure from their hosts. These findings will aid in comprehending the factors influencing the evolution and adaptation of Ranavirus to its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
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5
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Analysis of codon usage bias of exonuclease genes in invertebrate iridescent viruses. Virology 2024; 593:110030. [PMID: 38402641 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent viruses (IIVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the Iridoviridae family. IIVs result diseases that vary in severity from subclinical to lethal in invertebrate hosts. Codon usage bias (CUB) analysis is a versatile method for comprehending the genetic and evolutionary aspects of species. In this study, we analyzed the CUB in 10 invertebrate iridescent viruses exonuclease genes by calculating and comparing the nucleotide contents, effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and others. The results revealed that IIVs exonuclease genes are rich in A/T. The ENC analysis displayed a low codon usage bias in IIVs exonuclease genes. ENC-plot, neutrality plot, and parity rule 2 plot demonstrated that besides mutational pressure, other factors like natural selection, dinucleotide content, and aromaticity also contributed to CUB. The findings could enhance our understanding of the evolution of IIVs exonuclease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Türkiye.
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6
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Subong BJJ, Ozawa T. Bio-Chemoinformatics-Driven Analysis of nsp7 and nsp8 Mutations and Their Effects on Viral Replication Protein Complex Stability. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2598-2619. [PMID: 38534781 PMCID: PMC10968879 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural proteins 7 and 8 (nsp7 and nsp8) of SARS-CoV-2 are highly important proteins involved in the RNA-dependent polymerase (RdRp) protein replication complex. In this study, we analyzed the global mutation of nsp7 and nsp8 in 2022 and 2023 and analyzed the effects of mutation on the viral replication protein complex using bio-chemoinformatics. Frequently occurring variants are found to be single amino acid mutations for both nsp7 and nsp8. The most frequently occurring mutations for nsp7 which include L56F, L71F, S25L, M3I, D77N, V33I and T83I are predicted to cause destabilizing effects, whereas those in nsp8 are predicted to cause stabilizing effects, with the threonine to isoleucine mutation (T89I, T145I, T123I, T148I, T187I) being a frequent mutation. A conserved domain database analysis generated critical interaction residues for nsp7 (Lys-7, His-36 and Asn-37) and nsp8 (Lys-58, Pro-183 and Arg-190), which, according to thermodynamic calculations, are prone to destabilization. Trp-29, Phe-49 of nsp7 and Trp-154, Tyr-135 and Phe-15 of nsp8 cause greater destabilizing effects to the protein complex based on a computational alanine scan suggesting them as possible new target sites. This study provides an intensive analysis of the mutations of nsp7 and nsp8 and their possible implications for viral complex stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan;
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7
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Wang H, Liu S, Lv Y, Wei W. Codon usage bias of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and its host adaption. Virus Res 2023; 328:199081. [PMID: 36854361 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an emerging zoonotic virus in the alphavirus genus. It can be transmitted to humans due to spillover from equid-mosquito cycles. The symptoms caused by VEEV include fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting. It can also cause encephalitis in severe cases. The evolutionary features of VEEV are largely unknown. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the codon usage pattern of VEEV by computing a variety of indicators, such as effective number of codons (ENc), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), on 130 VEEV coding sequences retrieved from GenBank. The results showed that the codon usage bias of VEEV is relatively low. ENc-GC3s plot, neutrality plot, and CAI-ENc correlation analyses supported that translational selection plays an important role in shaping the codon usage pattern of VEEV whereas the mutation pressure has a minor influence. Analysis of RSCU values showed that most of the preferred codons in VEEV are C/G-ended. Analysis of dinucleotide composition found that all CG- and UA-containing codons are not preferentially used. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VEEV isolates can be clustered into three genera and evolutionary force affects the codon usage pattern. Furthermore, a correspondence analysis (COA) showed that aromaticity and hydrophobicity as well as geographical distribution also have certain effects on the codon usage variation of VEEV, suggesting the possible involvement of translational selection. Overall, the codon usage of VEEV is comparatively slight and translational selection might be the main factor that shapes the codon usage pattern of VEEV. This study will promote our understanding about the evolution of VEEV and its host adaption, and might provide some clues for preventing the cross-species transmission of VEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Wang
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yao Lv
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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8
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Rahman SU, Rehman HU, Rahman IU, Khan MA, Rahim F, Ali H, Chen D, Ma W. Evolution of codon usage in Taenia saginata genomes and its impact on the host. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1021440. [PMID: 36713873 PMCID: PMC9875090 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1021440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The beef tapeworm, also known as Taenia saginata, is a zoonotic tapeworm from the genus Taenia in the order Cyclophyllidea. Taenia saginata is a food-borne zoonotic parasite with a worldwide distribution. It poses serious health risks to the host and has a considerable negative socioeconomic impact. Previous studies have explained the population structure of T. saginata within the evolutionary time scale and adaptive evolution. However, it is still unknown how synonymous codons are used by T. saginata. In this study, we used 90 T. saginata strains, applying the codon usage bias (CUB). Both base content and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that AT-ended codons were more frequently used in the genome of T. saginata. Further low CUB was observed from the effective number of codons (ENC) value. The neutrality plot analysis suggested that the dominant factor of natural selection was involved in the structuring of CUB in T. saginata. Further analysis showed that T. saginata has adapted host-specific codon usage patterns to sustain successful replication and transmission chains within hosts (Bos taurus and Homo sapiens). Generally, both natural selection and mutational pressure have an impact on the codon usage patterns of the protein-coding genes in T. saginata. This study is important because it characterized the codon usage pattern in the T. saginata genomes and provided the necessary data for a basic evolutionary study on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ur Rehman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ur Rahman
- Department of Botany, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Muazzam Ali Khan
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Rahim
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Wentao Ma ✉
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9
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Bai H, Ata G, Sun Q, Rahman SU, Tao S. Natural selection pressure exerted on "Silent" mutations during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence from codon usage and RNA structure. Virus Res 2023; 323:198966. [PMID: 36244617 PMCID: PMC9561399 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
From the first emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) till now, multiple mutations that caused synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions have accumulated. Among them, synonymous substitutions were regarded as "silent" mutations that received less attention than nonsynonymous substitutions that cause amino acid variations. However, the importance of synonymous substitutions can not be neglected. This research focuses on synonymous substitutions on SARS-CoV-2 and proves that synonymous substitutions were under purifying selection in its evolution. The evidence of purifying selection is provided by comparing the mutation number per site in coding and non-coding regions. We then study the two forces of purifying selection: synonymous codon usage and RNA secondary structure. Results show that the codon usage optimization leads to an adapted codon usage towards humans. Furthermore, our results show that the maintenance of RNA secondary structure causes the purifying of synonymous substitutions in the structural region. These results explain the selection pressure on synonymous substitutions during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Bioinformatics Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Galal Ata
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Bioinformatics Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qing Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Bioinformatics Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Siddiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shiheng Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Bioinformatics Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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10
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Rahman SU, Rehman HU, Rahman IU, Rauf A, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Haq NU, Suleria HAR, Raza SHA. Analysis of codon usage bias of lumpy skin disease virus causing livestock infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1071097. [PMID: 36544551 PMCID: PMC9762553 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1071097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes lumpy skin disease (LSD) in livestock, which is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. LSDV is an important poxvirus that has spread out far and wide to become distributed worldwide. It poses serious health risks to the host and causes considerable negative socioeconomic impact on farmers financially and on cattle by causing ruminant-related diseases. Previous studies explained the population structure of the LSDV within the evolutionary time scale and adaptive evolution. However, it is still unknown and remains enigmatic as to how synonymous codons are used by the LSDV. Here, we used 53 LSDV strains and applied the codon usage bias (CUB) analysis to them. Both the base content and the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that the AT-ended codons were more frequently used in the genome of LSDV. Further low codon usage bias was calculated from the effective number of codons (ENC) value. The neutrality plot analysis suggested that the dominant factor of natural selection played a role in the structuring of CUB in LSDV. Additionally, the results from a comparative analysis suggested that the LSDV has adapted host-specific codon usage patterns to sustain successful replication and transmission chains within hosts (Bos taurus and Homo sapiens). Both natural selection and mutational pressure have an impact on the codon usage patterns of the protein-coding genes in LSDV. This study is important because it has characterized the codon usage pattern in the LSDV genomes and has provided the necessary data for a basic evolutionary study on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ur Rehman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ur Rahman
- Department of Botany, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor ul Haq
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Simón D, Cristina J, Musto H. An overview of dinucleotide and codon usage in all viruses. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1443-1448. [PMID: 35467158 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are, by far, the most abundant biological entities on earth. They are found in all known ecological niches and are the causative agents of many important diseases in plants and animals. From an evolutionary point of view, since viruses do not share any orthologous genes, there is a general consensus that they are polyphyletic; that is, they do not have a common ancestor. This means that they appeared several times during the course of evolution. For their life cycle, they are always obligate parasites of a free cellular life form, which can be bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes. More complexity is added to these entities by the fact that their genetic material can be DNA or RNA (double- or single-stranded) or retrotranscribed. Given these features, we wondered if some general rules can be inferred when studying two basic genomic signatures-dinucleotides and codon usage-analyzing all available complete and non-redundant viral sequences. In spite of the obviously biased sample of sequences available, some general features appear to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Simón
- Laboratorio de Genómica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Evolución Experimental de Virus, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Héctor Musto
- Laboratorio de Genómica Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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12
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Beelagi MS, Kumar SRS, Indrabalan UB, Patil SS, Prasad A, Suresh KP, Kollur SP, Jayappa VS, Kakkalameli SB, Srinivasa C, Venkataravana PA, Shivamallu C. Synonymous codon usage pattern among the S, M, and L segments in Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Bioinformation 2021; 17:479-491. [PMID: 34602775 PMCID: PMC8450151 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus is one among the major zoonosis viral diseases that use the Hyalomma ticks as their transmission vector to cause viral infection to the human and mammalian community. The fatality of infectious is high across the world especially in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Europe. This study regarding codon usage bias of S, M, and L segments of the CCHF virus pertaining to the host Homo sapiens, reveals in-depth information about the evolutionary characteristics of CCHFV. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU), Effective number of codons (ENC) were calculated, to determine the codon usage pattern in each segment. Correlation analysis between Codon adaptation index (CAI), GRAVY (Hydrophobicity), AROMO (Aromaticity), and nucleotide composition revealed bias in the codon usage pattern. There was no strong codon bias found among any segments of the CCHF virus, indicating both the factors i.e., natural selection and mutational pressure shapes the codon usage bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun S Beelagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-570015, India
| | - SR Santosh Kumar
- Department of Studies in Food Technology, Shivagangotri, Davangere University, Davangere Karnataka-577 007, India
| | - Uma Bharathi Indrabalan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, India
| | - Ashwini Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-570015, India
| | - KP Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, India
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Mysuru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Karnataka - 570 026, India
| | - Veeresh Santhebennur Jayappa
- Department of Studies in Environmental Science, Shivagangotri, Davangere University, Davangere Karnataka-577 007, India
| | - Siddappa B Kakkalameli
- Department of Studies in Botany, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere Karnataka - 577 007, India
| | - Chandrashekar Srinivasa
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere Karnataka-577 007, India
| | | | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-570015, India
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13
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Nguyen TH, Wang D, Rahman SU, Bai H, Yao X, Chen D, Tao S. Analysis of codon usage patterns and influencing factors in rice tungro bacilliform virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 90:104750. [PMID: 33548490 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) belongs to genus Tungrovirus within the family Caulimoviridae harbors circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Rice tungro disease (RTD) caused by RTBV, responsible for severe rice yield losses in South and Southeast Asia. Here, we performed a systematic evolutionary and codon usage bias (CUB) analysis of RTBV genome sequences. We analysed different bioinformatics techniques to calculate the nucleotide compositions, the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and other indices. The results indicated slightly or low codon usage bias in RTBV isolates. Mutation and natural selection pressures have equally contributed to this low codon usage bias. Additionally, multiple factors such as host, geographical distribution also affect codon usage patterns in RTBV genomes. RSCU analysis revealed that RTBV shows mutation bias and prefers A and U ended codons to code amino acids. Codon usage patterns of RTBV were also found to be influenced by its host. This indicates that RTBV have evolved codon usage patterns that are specific to its host. The findings from this study are expected to increase our understanding of factors leading to viral evolution and fitness with respect to hosts and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hung Nguyen
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Department of Genetic Engineering, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Tuliem, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Dong Wang
- China animal health and epidemiology center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Siddiq Ur Rahman
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak university, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 27200, Pakistan
| | - Haoxiang Bai
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Shiheng Tao
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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14
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Xu Q, Chen H, Sun W, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Chen JL, Chen Y. Genome-wide analysis of the synonymous codon usage pattern of Streptococcus suis. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104732. [PMID: 33429052 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a gram-positive coccus that causes disease in humans and animals. The codon usage pattern of bacteria reveals a range of evolutionary changes that assist them to enhance tolerance to environments. To better understand the genetic features during the evolution of S. suis, we performed codon usage analysis. Nine pathogenic strains of different serotypes and different geographical distribution were analyzed to better understand the differences in their evolutionary process. Nucleotide compositions and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that A/T-ending codons are dominant in S. suis. Neutrality analysis, correspondence analysis and ENC-plot results revealed that natural selection is the predominant element prompting codon usage. Cluster analysis based on RSCU was roughly consistent with the dendrogram rooted genomic BLAST analysis. Comparison of synonymous codon usage pattern between S. suis and susceptible hosts (H. sapiens and S. scrofa) revealed that the codon usage of S. suis is separated from the synonymous codon usage of susceptible hosts. The CAI values implied that S. suis includes a series of predicted highly expressed coding sequences contained in metabolism and transcriptional regulation, revealing the necessity of this pathogen to deal with various environmental conditions. The study of codon usage in S. suis may provide evidence involving the molecular evolution of bacteria and a better understanding of evolutionary relationships between S. suis and its corresponding hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanming Xu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dewen Zhu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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15
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Codon usage bias in the H gene of canine distemper virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104511. [PMID: 32961282 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a non-segmented single negative-stranded RNA (ssRNA), is the etiological agent of canine distemper. Canine distemper is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. Study of the evolution of CDV presents an essential key to improve the vaccine efficacy. In this study, a total of 328 full-length CDV hemagglutinin (H) gene sequences were subjected to phylogenetic, amino acid mutations, and codon usage analysis. In accordance with previous study, CDV genotypes consisted of fifteen lineages. The unique amino acid substitution sites in each CDV lineages have been identified for the first time, including America-1 (Q330H), America-2 (I585S), Asia-1 (A359V), Asia-2 (H61R), Asia-3 (P108Q), Asia-4 (K213T), India-1/Asia-5(S497P), Arctic (S20L), Africa-1(N489S), Colombian (V41I), EWL (I44V), Europe (D560E), Europe-1/South America-1(K161Q), South America-2 (R580Q), and East African (S214A). Codon usage analysis indicated that H gene exhibited low codon usage bias and further neutrality plot analysis demonstrated that natural selection played a dominated role in driving CPV evolution. The effective number of codons (ENC) plots show that all the different sequences are below the standard curve, indicating that mutational pressure is not the only factor affecting CUB but other forces, including natural selection. The neutrality analysis showed that the slope of the regression line was 0.1501, indicating natural selection dominates directional mutation pressure in driving the codon usage pattern. In addition, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage value, dinucleotide content, and geographical distribution have been proven to influence the codon usage bias of the CDV H gene. The novel findings enhanced the understanding of CDV evolution.
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16
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Silverj A, Rota-Stabelli O. On the correct interpretation of similarity index in codon usage studies: Comparison with four other metrics and implications for Zika and West Nile virus. Virus Res 2020; 286:198097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Shi SL, Xia RX. Codon Usage in the Iflaviridae Family Is Not Diverse Though the Family Members Are Isolated from Diverse Host Taxa. Viruses 2019; 11:E1087. [PMID: 31766648 PMCID: PMC6950266 DOI: 10.3390/v11121087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All iflavirus members belong to the unique genus, Iflavirus, of the family, Iflaviridae. The host taxa and sequence identities of these viruses are diverse. A codon usage bias, maintained by a balance between selection, mutation, and genetic drift, exists in a wide variety of organisms. We characterized the codon usage patterns of 44 iflavirus genomes that were isolated from the classes, Insecta, Arachnida, Mammalia, and Malacostraca. Iflaviruses lack a strong codon usage bias when they are evaluated using an effective number of codons. The odds ratios of the majority of dinucleotides are within the normal range. However, the dinucleotides at the 1st-2nd codon positions are more biased than those at the 2nd-3rd codon positions. Plots of effective numbers of codons, relative neutrality analysis, and PR2 bias analysis all indicate that selection pressure dominates mutations in shaping codon usage patterns in the family, Iflaviridae. When these viruses were grouped into their host taxa, we found that the indices, including the nucleotide composition, effective number of codons, relative synonymous codon usage, and the influencing factors behind the codon usage patterns, all show that there are non-significant differences between the six host-taxa-groups. Our results disagree with our assumption that diverse viruses should possess diverse codon usage patterns, suggesting that the nucleotide composition and codon usage in the family, Iflaviridae, are not host taxa-specific signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Run-Xi Xia
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
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18
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Tao J, Yao H. Comprehensive analysis of the codon usage patterns of polyprotein of Zika virus. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:43-49. [PMID: 31054849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the family Flaviviridae, and the massive outbreak of ZIKV has endangered public health. Codon usage patterns of viruses reflect a series of evolutionary changes that enable viruses to shape their survival rates and fitness toward the external environment and, most importantly, their hosts. In this study, 90 ZIKV isolates were used for a comprehensive analysis on the codon usage patterns. The overall codon usage among ZIKV strains is similar and slightly biased. The value of effective number of codons (ENC) showed that the overall extent of codon usage bias in ZIKV is relatively low. Nucleotide analysis showed that the overall codon usage is biased toward A- and G-ending codons. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that their independent evolutionary origins from a common ancestor. The RSCU analysis showed that the codon usage pattern of ZIKV is more similar to that of Homo sapiens. Correlation analysis, Correspondence analysis, ENC-GC3S plot, and PR2 plot indicated that the codon usage patterns of the viruses are not only influenced by mutational pressure but also by natural selection, but neutrality plot analysis showed that the latter plays a major role. These results built the base for further research on the molecular evolution of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Huipeng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
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19
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Je M, Kim H, Son HS. Analysis of the codon usage pattern of the RdRP gene of mycovirus infecting Aspergillus spp. Virol J 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 30651145 PMCID: PMC6335760 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoviruses that infect fungi generally do not have a significant effect on the host and, instead, reduce the toxicity of the fungi. However, recent studies have shown that polymycovirus-1, a mycovirus that infects Aspergillus species known to cause disease in humans, is related to increased virulence of the fungus. Methods Comparative analysis was performed of RdRP gene codon usage patterns of Aspergillus fumigatus polymycovirus-1 (AfuPmV-1) and other mycoviruses known to infect Aspergillus spp. to examine the genetic characteristics of AfuPmV-1. In addition, codon usage analysis was performed to determine whether the nucleotide composition and codon usage characteristics of AfuPmV-1 were also present in other polymycoviruses and hypervirulence-related mycoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed to investigate their evolutionary relationship. Results Analysis of nucleotide composition indicated that AfuPmV-1 had the highest GC content among analyzed mycoviruses and relative synonymous codon usage analysis indicated that all of the codons preferred by AfuPmV-1 ended with C or G, while codons ending with A or U were not observed. Moreover, the effective number of codons, the codon adaptation index, and correspondence analysis showed that AfuPmV-1 had greater codon preference compared with other mycoviruses and that AfuPmV-1 had relatively high adaptability to humans and fungi. These results were generally similar among polymycoviruses. Conclusions The codon usage pattern of AfuPmV-1 differs from other mycoviruses that infect Aspergillus spp. This difference may be related to the hypervirulence effect of AfuPmV-1. Analysis of AfuPmV-1 codon usage patterns could contribute to the identification and prediction of virulence effects of mycoviruses with similar genetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Je
- SNU Bioinformatics Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hayeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, 815 Gyeonhwon-ro, Munmak, Wonju, Gangwondo, 24695, Korea
| | - Hyeon S Son
- SNU Bioinformatics Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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20
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Tian L, Shen X, Murphy RW, Shen Y. The adaptation of codon usage of +ssRNA viruses to their hosts. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 63:175-179. [PMID: 29864509 PMCID: PMC7106036 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses depend on their host's cellular structure to survive. Most of them do not have tRNAs, their translation relies on hosts' tRNA pools. Over the course of evolution, viruses needed to optimally exploit cellular processes of their host. Thus, codon usage of a virus should coevolve with its host to efficiently and rapidly replicate. Some viruses can invade a broad spectrum of hosts (BSTVs), while others can invade a narrow spectrum only (NSTVs). Consequently, we test the hypothesis that similarity of codon usage preference and the degree of matching between BSTVs and their hosts will be lower than that of NSTVs, which only need to coevolve with few hosts. We compare the patterns of codon usage in 255 virus genomes to test this hypothesis. Our results show that NSTVs have a higher degree of matching to their hosts' tRNA pools than BSTVs. Further, analysis of the effective number of codons (ENC) infers that codon usage bias of NSTVs is relatively stronger than that of BSTVs. Thus, codon usage of NSTVs tends to better match their host than that of BSTVs. This supports the hypothesis that viruses adapt to the expression system of their host(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Robert W Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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21
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Freire CCDM, Palmisano G, Braconi CT, Cugola FR, Russo FB, Beltrão-Braga PC, Iamarino A, Lima Neto DFD, Sall AA, Rosa-Fernandes L, Larsen MR, Zanotto PMDA. NS1 codon usage adaptation to humans in pandemic Zika virus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170385. [PMID: 29768530 PMCID: PMC5942634 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) was recognised as a zoonotic pathogen in Africa and southeastern Asia. Human infections were infrequently reported until 2007, when the first known epidemic occurred in Micronesia. After 2013, the Asian lineage of ZIKV spread along the Pacific Islands and Americas, causing severe outbreaks with millions of human infections. The recent human infections of ZIKV were also associated with severe complications, such as an increase in cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome and the emergence of congenital Zika syndrome. OBJECTIVES To better understand the recent and rapid expansion of ZIKV, as well as the presentation of novel complications, we compared the genetic differences between the African sylvatic lineage and the Asian epidemic lineage that caused the recent massive outbreaks. FINDINGS The epidemic lineages have significant codon adaptation in NS1 gene to translate these proteins in human and Aedes aegypti mosquito cells compared to the African zoonotic lineage. Accordingly, a Brazilian epidemic isolate (ZBR) produced more NS1 protein than the MR766 African lineage (ZAF) did, as indicated by proteomic data from infections of neuron progenitor cells-derived neurospheres. Although ZBR replicated more efficiently in these cells, the differences observed in the stoichiometry of ZIKV proteins were not exclusively explained by the differences in viral replication between the lineages. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that natural, silent translational selection in the second half of 20th century could have improved the fitness of Asian ZIKV lineage in human and mosquito cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carla T Braconi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda R Cugola
- Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Células-Tronco, Departamento de Cirurgia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabiele B Russo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Células-Tronco, Departamento de Cirurgia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Patricia Cb Beltrão-Braga
- Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Células-Tronco, Departamento de Cirurgia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Departamento de Obstetrícia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Atila Iamarino
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Daniel Ferreira de Lima Neto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paolo Marinho de Andrade Zanotto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Evolução Molecular e Bioinformática, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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22
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Paul P, Malakar AK, Chakraborty S. Codon usage vis-a-vis start and stop codon context analysis of three dicot species. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Lin D, Li L, Xie T, Yin Q, Saksena N, Wu R, Li W, Dai G, Ma J, Zhou X, Chen X. Codon usage variation of Zika virus: The potential roles of NS2B and NS4A in its global pandemic. Virus Res 2018; 247:71-83. [PMID: 29428601 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive demonstration of Zika virus (ZIKV) molecular evolution is essential for understanding its adaptation and expansion in its recent pandemics. Despite several studies on mutations and codon usage in ZIKVs, the variations in codon usage patterns across individual genes and their biological implication remains unclear. Here, we performed a gene-by-gene comparison of the codon usage variation in ZIKVs of the African and Asian lineages. We found that besides the evidence of positive selection (Ka/Ks >1) in the Asian lineage of the ZIKV genome, codon usage patterns were gene-specific and codon usage variation of ZIKV genes, was possibly constrained by their individual functional features, such as transmembrane domains, or antigenicity. In particular, the NS2B and NS4A genes showed distinct codon usage patterns, clearly separating them from the clusters of other genes in the correspondence analysis (CA). In the Asian lineage, the NS2B and NS4A genes showed the highest codon usage bias (ENC values: 51.01 ± 0.72 and 48.89 ± 0.99 respectively), and were subjected to the highest translation selection (ENCobs/ENCexp ratio: 0.847 ± 0.0297 and 0.828 ± 0.0233 respectively) in comparison to the African lineages of ZIKV. The CpG frequency of the NS2B showed a gradual ascending trend in the Asian ZIKV lineages, while in NS4A it was constrained along with the expansion of the Asian lineage. Furthermore, between the African and Asian lineages, differentiated and specific over-represented codons were more prominent in the NS2B and NS4A. Together, our study implies that ZIKVs are in the process of evolutionary fine tuning their codon as seen in the recent pandemics, and NS2B and NS4A could have played a potential role in the molecular evolution of the Asian lineage and their establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Lin
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liqiang Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nitin Saksena
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China.
| | - Rangke Wu
- The School of Foreign Studies, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wanyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Geyang Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Takaaki K, Tatsuo S. Analysis of factors affecting codon usage bias in human papillomavirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/jbsa2017.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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25
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Analysis of codon usage bias of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and its adaptation to hosts. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:1-16. [PMID: 29198972 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a negative-sense, single stranded RNA virus with a three-segmented genome that belongs to the genus Nairovirus within the family Bunyaviridae. CCHFV uses Hyalomma ticks as a vector to infect humans with a wide range of clinical signs, from asymptomatic to Zika-like syndrome. Despite significant progress in genomic analyses, the influences of viral relationships with different hosts on overall viral fitness, survival, and evading the host's immune systems remain unknown. To better understand the evolutionary characteristics of CCHFV, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the codon usage pattern in 179 CCHFV strains by calculating the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), and other indicators. The results indicate that the codon usage bias of CCHFV is relatively low. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that a translation selection factor is shaping codon usage pattern in this virus. A correspondence analysis (CA) showed that other factors, such as base composition, aromaticity, and hydrophobicity may also be involved in shaping the codon usage pattern of CCHFV. Additionally, the results from a comparative analysis of RSCU between CCHFV and its hosts suggest that CCHFV tends to evolve codon usage patterns that are comparable to those of its hosts. Furthermore, the selection pressures from Homo sapiens, Bos taurus, and Ovis aries on the CCHFV RSCU patterns were dominant when compared with selection pressure from Hyalomma spp. vectors. Taken together, both natural selection and mutation pressure are important for shaping the codon usage pattern of CCHFV. We believe that such findings will assist researchers in understanding the evolution of CCHFV and its adaptation to its hosts.
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Chen Y, Xu Q, Tan C, Li X, Chi X, Cai B, Yu Z, Ma Y, Chen JL. Genomic analysis of codon usage shows influence of mutation pressure, natural selection, and host features on Senecavirus A evolution. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:313-319. [PMID: 28943149 PMCID: PMC7172466 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) infection was recently confirmed in pigs in Brazil, United States of America and Canada. To better understand the molecular characteristics of isolated SVA genomes, we first reported genome-wide comprehensive analyses of codon usage and various factors that have contribute to the molecular evolution in SVA. The effective number of codons (ENC) ranged from 54.51 to 55.54 with an average of 54.87 ± 0.285, which reveals a relatively stable nucleotide composition. We found that codon usage bias of the SVA was low. Mutational pressure acted as an increasingly dominant factor for the evolution of the virus compared with the natural selection. Notably, codon usage bias was also affected by the geographic distribution and isolated time. The first systemic analysis on the codon usage bias of the SVA provides important information for the understanding of the evolution of the SVA and has fundamental and theoretical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Quanming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Binxiang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ziding Yu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Göertz GP, Abbo SR, Fros JJ, Pijlman GP. Functional RNA during Zika virus infection. Virus Res 2017; 254:41-53. [PMID: 28864425 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV; family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus) is a pathogenic mosquito-borne RNA virus that currently threatens human health in the Americas, large parts of Asia and occasionally elsewhere in the world. ZIKV infection is often asymptomatic but can cause severe symptoms including congenital microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The positive single-stranded RNA genome of the mosquito-borne ZIKV requires effective replication in two evolutionary distinct hosts - mosquitoes and primates. In addition to some of the viral proteins, the ZIKV genomic RNA and functional RNAs produced thereof aid in the establishment of productive infection and the evasion of host cell antiviral responses. ZIKV has evolved to contain a nucleotide composition and RNA modifications, such as methylation and the formation of G-quadruplexes that allow effective replication in both hosts. Furthermore, a number of host factors interact with the viral genome to modulate RNA replication. Importantly, the ZIKV genome produces non-coding subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) due to stalling of host 5'- 3' ribonucleases on viral RNA structures in the 3' untranslated region (UTR). This sfRNA (sfRNA) exerts important proviral functions such as antagonizing the innate interferon response and RNA interference. Here, we discuss the ZIKV genomic RNA and functional RNAs thereof to assess their significance during ZIKV infection. Understanding the details of the ZIKV infection cycle will aid in the development of effective antiviral strategies and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel P Göertz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sandra R Abbo
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jelke J Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Hussain S, Rasool ST. Analysis of synonymous codon usage in Zika virus. Acta Trop 2017; 173:136-146. [PMID: 28606821 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus is a zoonotic pathogen, which have made frequent incursion into the human population in Africa and South East Asia over the course of several decades but never reached to the pandemic proportions until the most recent outbreak. Viruses are solely dependent on host synthetic machinery for their replication cycle; therefore, replication and persistence in a host species of different genetic background requires certain degree of adaptation. These adaptations are necessary to avoid detection from host immune surveillance and maximize the utilization of available resources for efficient viral replication. Study of genomic composition and codon usage pattern not only offer an insight into the adaptation of viruses to their new host, but may also provide some information about pathogenesis and spread of the virus. To elucidate the genetic features and synonymous codon usage bias in ZIKV genome, a comprehensive analysis was performed on 80 full-length ZIKV sequences. Our analyses shows that the overall extent of codon usage bias in ZIKV genome is low and affected by nucleotide composition, protein properties, natural selection, and gene expression level.
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Piontkivska H, Frederick M, Miyamoto MM, Wayne ML. RNA editing by the host ADAR system affects the molecular evolution of the Zika virus. Ecol Evol 2017. [PMID: 28649357 PMCID: PMC5478085 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito‐transmitted flavivirus, linked to microcephaly and fetal death in humans. Here, we investigate whether host‐mediated RNA editing of adenosines (ADAR) plays a role in the molecular evolution of ZIKV. Using complete coding sequences for the ZIKV polyprotein, we show that potential ADAR substitutions are underrepresented at the ADAR‐resistant GA dinucleotides of both the positive and negative strands, that these changes are spatially and temporally clustered (as expected of ADAR editing) for three branches of the viral phylogeny, and that ADAR mutagenesis can be linked to its codon usage. Furthermore, resistant GA dinucleotides are enriched on the positive (but not negative) strand, indicating that the former is under stronger purifying selection than the latter. ADAR editing also affects the evolution of the rhabdovirus sigma. Our study now documents that host ADAR editing is a mutation and evolutionary force of positive‐ as well as negative‐strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences Kent State University Kent OH USA
| | - Madeline Frederick
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences Kent State University Kent OH USA
| | | | - Marta L Wayne
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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Singh NK, Tyagi A. A detailed analysis of codon usage patterns and influencing factors in Zika virus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1963-1973. [PMID: 28324177 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Africa, Latin America, Europe, and Southeast Asia have resulted in serious health concerns. To understand more about evolution and transmission of ZIKV, detailed codon usage analysis was performed for all available strains. A high effective number of codons (ENC) value indicated the presence of low codon usage bias in ZIKV. The effect of mutational pressure on codon usage bias was confirmed by significant correlations between nucleotide compositions at third codon positions and ENCs. Correlation analysis between Gravy values, Aroma values and nucleotide compositions at third codon positions also indicated some influence of natural selection. However, the low codon adaptation index (CAI) value of ZIKV with reference to human and mosquito indicated poor adaptation of ZIKV codon usage towards its hosts, signifying that natural selection has a weaker influence than mutational pressure. Additionally, relative dinucleotide frequencies, geographical distribution, and evolutionary processes also influenced the codon usage pattern to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj K Singh
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Anuj Tyagi
- College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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Khrustalev VV, Khrustaleva TA, Sharma N, Giri R. Mutational Pressure in Zika Virus: Local ADAR-Editing Areas Associated with Pauses in Translation and Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:44. [PMID: 28275585 PMCID: PMC5319961 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) spread led to the recent medical health emergency of international concern. Understanding the variations in virus system is of utmost need. Using available complete sequences of ZIKV we estimated directions of mutational pressure along the length of consensus sequences of three lineages of the virus. Results showed that guanine usage is growing in ZIKV RNA plus strand due to adenine to guanine transitions, while adenine usage is growing due to cytosine to adenine transversions. Especially high levels of guanine have been found in two-fold degenerated sites of certain areas of RNA plus strand with high amount of secondary structure. The usage of cytosine in two-fold degenerated sites shows direct dependence on the amount of secondary structure in 52% (consensus sequence of East African ZIKV lineage)—32% (consensus sequence of epidemic strains) of the length of RNA minus strand. These facts are the evidences of ADAR-editing of both strands of ZIKV genome during pauses in replication. RNA plus strand can also be edited by ADAR during pauses in translation caused by the appearance of groups of rare codons. According to our results, RNA minus strand of epidemic ZIKV strain has lower number of points in which polymerase can be stalled (allowing ADAR-editing) compared to other strains. The data on preferable directions of mutational pressure in epidemic ZIKV strain is useful for future vaccine development and understanding the evolution of new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana A Khrustaleva
- Laboratory of Cellular Technologies, Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nitin Sharma
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi, India
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Wang H, Liu S, Zhang B, Wei W. Analysis of Synonymous Codon Usage Bias of Zika Virus and Its Adaption to the Hosts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166260. [PMID: 27893824 PMCID: PMC5125587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus) in the family Flaviviridae, and the symptoms caused by ZIKV infection in humans include rash, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, asthenia and conjunctivitis. Codon usage bias analysis can reveal much about the molecular evolution and host adaption of ZIKV. To gain insight into the evolutionary characteristics of ZIKV, we performed a comprehensive analysis on the codon usage pattern in 46 ZIKV strains by calculating the effective number of codons (ENc), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and other indicators. The results indicate that the codon usage bias of ZIKV is relatively low. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that translational selection plays a role in shaping the codon usage pattern of ZIKV. The results from a correspondence analysis (CA) indicate that other factors, such as base composition, aromaticity, and hydrophobicity may also be involved in shaping the codon usage pattern of ZIKV. Additionally, the results from a comparative analysis of RSCU between ZIKV and its hosts suggest that ZIKV tends to evolve codon usage patterns that are comparable to those of its hosts. Moreover, selection pressure from Homo sapiens on the ZIKV RSCU patterns was found to be dominant compared with that from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Taken together, both natural translational selection and mutation pressure are important for shaping the codon usage pattern of ZIKV. Our findings contribute to understanding the evolution of ZIKV and its adaption to its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Wang
- Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Siqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Fajardo Á, Cristina J, Moreno P. Emergence and Spreading Potential of Zika Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1667. [PMID: 27812357 PMCID: PMC5071320 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) closely related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses. ZIKV remained neglected, confined to enzootic transmission cycles in Africa and Asia, until the first significant outbreak was reported in Micronesia in 2007. Subsequent epidemics of growing incidence occurred in French Polynesia and other South Pacific Islands, and recently, in the Americas. The latter and currently ongoing outbreak of unprecedented incidence revealed the association of ZIKV infection with the occurrence of severe congenital malformations and neurological diseases, leading to a widespread concern about its potential to pose a global public health threat. Serological and molecular data suggest that the genetic and geographic diversification of ZIKV may be greatly underestimated. Here we discuss several ecological and epidemiological aspects, together with the evolutionary processes that may have driven the emergence and abrupt spread of ZIKV in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
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