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Ma R, Li J, Zeng P, Duan L, Dong J, Ma Y, Yang L. The Application of Membrane Separation Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:24. [PMID: 38248714 PMCID: PMC10818260 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
With the advancement in membrane technology, membrane separation technology has been found increasingly widespread applications in the pharmaceutical industry. It is utilized in drug separation and purification, wastewater treatment, and the recycling of wastewater resources. This study summarizes the application history of membrane technology in the pharmaceutical industry, presents practical engineering examples of its applications, analyzes the various types of membrane technologies employed in the pharmaceutical sector, and finally, highlights the application cases of renowned international and Chinese membrane technology companies in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
- Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jimin Dong
- Qilu Antibiotic Pharm, Jinan 250105, China; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yunxia Ma
- Qilu Antibiotic Pharm, Jinan 250105, China; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lingkong Yang
- Qilu Antibiotic Pharm, Jinan 250105, China; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (L.Y.)
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2
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Shen Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Cheng H, Wang B, Wang H. Membrane processes enhanced by various forms of physical energy: A systematic review on mechanisms, implementation, application and energy efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167268. [PMID: 37748609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technologies in water and wastewater treatment have been eagerly pursued over the past decades, yet membrane fouling remains the major bottleneck to overcome. Membrane fouling control methods which couple membrane processes with online in situ application of external physical energy input (EPEI) are getting closer and closer to reality, thanks to recent advances in novel materials and energy deliverance methods. In this review, we summarized recent studies on membrane fouling control techniques that depend on (i) electric field, (ii) acoustic field, (iii) magnetic field, and (iv) photo-irradiation (mostly ultraviolet or visible light). Mechanisms of each energy input were first reported, which defines the applicability of these methods to certain wastewater matrices. Then, means of implementation were discussed to evaluate the compatibility of these fouling control methods with established membrane techniques. After that, preferred applications of each energy input to different foulant types and membrane processes in the experiment reports were summarized, along with a discussion on the trends and knowledge gaps of such fouling control research. Next, specific energy consumption in membrane fouling control and flux enhancement was estimated and compared, based on the experimental results reported in the literature. Lastly, strength and weakness of these methods and future perspectives were presented as open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Shen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yichong Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yulian Jiang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Banglong Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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3
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Agrawal P, Wilkstein K, Guinn E, Mason M, Serrano Martinez CI, Saylae J. A Review of Tangential Flow Filtration: Process Development and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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4
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Chakachaka V, Tshangana C, Mahlangu O, Mamba B, Muleja A. Interdependence of Kinetics and Fluid Dynamics in the Design of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080745. [PMID: 36005662 PMCID: PMC9412706 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) are a promising technology for wastewater reclamation. The principles of PMRs are based on photocatalytic degradation and membrane rejection, the different processes occurring simultaneously. Coupled photocatalysis and membrane filtration has made PMRs suitable for application in the removal of emerging contaminants (ECs), such as diclofenac, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, lincomycin, diphenhydramine, rhodamine, and tamoxifen, from wastewater, while reducing the likelihood of byproducts being present in the permeate stream. The viability of PMRs depends on the hypotheses used during design and the kinetic properties of the systems. The choice of design models and the assumptions made in their application can have an impact on reactor design outcomes. A design’s resilience is due to the development of a mathematical model that links material and mass balances to various sub-models, including the fluid dynamic model, the radiation emission model, the radiation absorption model, and the kinetic model. Hence, this review addresses the discrepancies with traditional kinetic models, fluid flow dynamics, and radiation emission and absorption, all of which have an impact on upscaling and reactor design. Computational and analytical descriptions of how to develop a PMR system with high throughput, performance, and energy efficiency are provided. The potential solutions are classified according to the catalyst, fluid dynamics, thickness, geometry, and light source used. Two main PMR types are comprehensively described, and a discussion of various influential factors relating to PMRs was used as a premise for developing an ideal reactor. The aim of this work was to resolve potential divergences that occur during PMRs design as most real reactors do not conform to the idealized fluid dynamics. Lastly, the application of PMRs is evaluated, not only in relation to the removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from wastewater, but also in dye, oil, heavy metals, and pesticide removal.
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Bröcker JHL, Stone W, Carstens A, Wolfaardt GM. Micropollutant transformation and toxicity: Electrochemical ozonation versus biological metabolism. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473221122880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental water sources are constantly polluted by anthropogenic compounds, not always minimized by conventional water treatment methods to remove these compounds at the micro- and nano-range. The absolute concentrations of a suite of seven representative environmental micropollutants were compared pre- and post-treatment with both ozone and microbial biofilms, in terms of removal efficiencies and toxicity assays. Both synthetic micropollutant mixes and environmental water samples were evaluated. The study started with two representative micropollutants (carbamazepine, CBZ, and sulfamethoxazole, SMX), and broadened into a suite of pollutants, evaluating whole-sample eco-toxicological footprints. An ozone concentration of 4.24 ± 0.27 mg/L in tap water, resulted in an 87.9% and 96.5% removal of CBZ and SMX, respectively, within 1 min. Despite almost immediate removal of parent micropollutants by oxidation, endocrine disruption potential (anti-estrogenicity) of CBZ and SMX required up to 240 min of ozone treatment to show no assay effect. A broader suite of micropollutants in more complex environmental matrices showed scavenging of ozone (2.95 ± 0.17–0.25 ± 0.03 mg/L) and varying micropollutant recalcitrance to oxidation. Lower matrix pollution led to lower reduction in eco-toxicity. Microbial degradation of CBZ and SMX (56% and 70% versus 19% and 79%, respectively, in duplicate biofilms) by nutrient-limited biofilms showed less removal than ozonation, with marked variation due to the stochastic nature of biofilm sloughing. Microbial degradation of CBZ and SMX resulted in an increase of >90% in both estrogenicity and Aliivibrio inhibition. The results obtained from this study address a gap in understanding the removal efficiency of micropollutants, where the removal process often receives more attention than the comparative reduction of toxicological effects. This shift from a controlled laboratory environment to real-world scenarios also provided comparative insights into the removal of micropollutants and the eco-toxicity of the transformation by-products of each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- JHL Bröcker
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - W Stone
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - A Carstens
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - GM Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zou R, Tang K, Angelidaki I, Andersen HR, Zhang Y. An innovative microbial electrochemical ultraviolet photolysis cell (MEUC) for efficient degradation of carbamazepine. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116451. [PMID: 33007673 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Discharge of recalcitrant pharmaceuticals into aquatic environments can lead to serious negative environmental effects. While traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are efficient for a wide range of non-toxic pollutants (i.e. ammonia), some wastewater streams contain recalcitrant toxic trace micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals that cannot be removed by the treatment processes that are typically employed in common WWTPs. Herein, an innovative 20 L microbial electrochemical ultraviolet photolysis cell (MEUC) was developed for the first time by the integration of a UV irradiation and a bioelectrochemical system, which exhibited efficient treatment of carbamazepine-a model pharmaceutical compound. Notably, neither the UV irradiation nor the bioelectrochemical system alone could effectively eliminate carbamazepine. The effect of operational parameters including applied voltage, cathodic aeration rate, UV intensity, and hydraulic retention time were evaluated. The obtained results elucidated that the degradation of carbamazepine was consistent with pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, and required a lower energy input than traditional advanced oxidation processes. Five main transformation products were identified, and probable transformation pathways were established. Furthermore, the eco-toxicity as tested by Vibrio fischeri showed no significant bioluminescence inhibition by the treated carbamazepine effluent. Finally, the MEUC system was further tested with a real wastewater matrix, which again exhibited effective removal of carbamazepine. This paper provides a proof-of-concept verification of the novel MEUC system, which contributes insight for the subsequent vigorous development of the application of such efficient and cost-effective technologies for the treatment of trace pharmaceuticals wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusen Zou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Towards a Better Understanding of the Removal of Carbamazepine by Ankistrodesmus braunii: Investigation of Some Key Parameters. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10228034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, water pollution by pharmaceuticals is a major issue that needs an urgent solution, as these compounds, even when found at trace or ultra-trace levels, could have harmful effects on organisms. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a pharmaceutical product that is detected as a micropollutant in many water resources. Different treatment methods were lately employed for the removal of CBZ, which are often cheap but inefficient or efficient but expensive. Yet, there are limited available studies on the elimination of this molecule by algae despite their well-known highly adaptive abilities. In this study, the biological treatment of CBZ was carried out using the green microalgae, Ankistrodesmus braunii (A. braunii), which has been reported to be particularly resistant to CBZ toxicity in the literature. The respective effects of the culture medium, the initial inoculum, and CBZ concentrations were studied on CBZ removal. Lastly, the mechanism of CBZ elimination by A. braunii was investigated. The presented data clearly demonstrates that the presence of this molecule did not completely repress A. braunii growth or the ability of these algae to remove CBZ; after 60 days of incubation, the highest percentage of CBZ elimination achieved was 87.6%. Elimination was more successful in Bold’s basal medium than in proteose peptone medium. Finally, the removal mechanism was also investigated to provide a better understanding of the transformation mechanism of this molecule. It was shown that the main removal mechanism was the bioaccumulation of CBZ by A. braunii cells, but the biotransformation of the initial CBZ into metabolites was also observed.
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9
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Kumari P, Bahadur N, Dumée LF. Photo-catalytic membrane reactors for the remediation of persistent organic pollutants – A review. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Katzenberg A, Raman A, Schnabel NL, Quispe AL, Silverman AI, Modestino MA. Photocatalytic hydrogels for removal of organic contaminants from aqueous solution in continuous flow reactors. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present soft-lithography patterned photocatalyst-embedded hydrogel reactors with tunable material properties for removal of organic contaminants from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akash Raman
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
- SASTRA Deemed University
| | | | | | - Andrea I. Silverman
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
- College of Global Public Health
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11
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Shi W, Ji S, Xu Q, Duan X, Song Z, Xu G. Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing clofibric acid by electron beam irradiation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Arslan-Alaton I, Kolba O, Olmez-Hanci T. Removal of an X-Ray contrast chemical from tertiary treated wastewater: Investigation of persulfate-mediated photochemical treatment systems. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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The application of pressure-driven ceramic membrane technology for the treatment of industrial wastewaters – A review. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chávez-Lizárraga GA. Nanotecnología una alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas residuales: Avances, Ventajas y Desventajas. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsars.2018.090100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Janssens R, Mandal MK, Dubey KK, Luis P. Slurry photocatalytic membrane reactor technology for removal of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater: Towards cytostatic drug elimination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:612-626. [PMID: 28494286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMR) to degrade cytostatic drugs is presented in this work as an emerging technology for wastewater treatment. Cytostatic drugs are pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) commonly used in cancer treatment. Such compounds and their metabolites, as well as their degraded by-products have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. A major challenge of cytostatic removal stands in the fact that most drugs are delivered to ambulant patients leading to diluted concentration in the municipal waste. Therefore safe strategies should be developed in order to collect and degrade the micro-pollutants using appropriate treatment technologies. Degradation of cytostatic compounds can be achieved with different conventional processes such as chemical oxidation, photolysis or photocatalysis but the treatment performances obtained are lower than the ones observed with slurry PMRs. Therefore the reasons why slurry PMRs may be considered as the next generation technology will be discussed in this work together with the limitations related to the mechanical abrasion of polymeric and ceramic membranes, catalyst suspension and interferences with the water matrix. Furthermore key recommendations are presented in order to develop a renewable energy powered water treatment based on long lifetime materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Janssens
- Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Sainte Barbe 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Mrinal Kanti Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Patricia Luis
- Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Sainte Barbe 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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16
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Chkili F, Person MD, Colbeau-Justin C, Abderrabba M. The Olive Mill Wastewater Decontamination with Photocatalysis Based on Tio2: Effect of Operational Parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This work aims to obtain treated olive mill wastewater (OMW) that can be used in other processes such as irrigation in agricultural production. The oxidative degradation and adsorption kinetics of the OMW were investigated by means of photo-catalysis in the presence of TiO2. The UV irradiation was chosen for this reaction rather than visible light since it eliminated 97% of the color versus 40 % with visible. It was also capable of reducing total organic carbon (TOC) and total phenolic compounds (TPhC) sufficiently after 4h of treatment. The extent of photocatalytic degradation increased with increasing TiO2 concentration up to 1 g/L, above which degradation rate declined. Furthermore, the OMW treatment didn’t require a pH value adjustment; whereas it was enhanced with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst activity on repeated use was evaluated and after four successive cycles, its efficiency was maintained. Various commercial photocatalysts were tested and compared for OMW degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Chkili
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Campus University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marine De Person
- LETIAM, Paris South Analytical Chemistry Group EA 4041, IUT d'Orsay, Paris South University 11, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Colbeau-Justin
- University of Paris-Sud / University Paris-Saclay, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, CNRS UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies (IPEST), Materials, Molecules and Applications Laboratory (LMMA), BP 51 La Marsa 2070, Carthage, Tunisia
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17
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The Performance and Fouling Control of Submerged Hollow Fiber (HF) Systems: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Wang P. Ag-AgBr/TiO 2/RGO nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity and aggregation evaluation. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 56:202-213. [PMID: 28571856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ag-AgBr/TiO2 supported on reduced graphene oxide (Ag-AgBr/TiO2/RGO) with different mass ratios of grapheme oxide (GO) to TiO2 were synthesized via a facile solvothermal-photo reduction method. Compared to the single-, two- and three-component nanocomposites, the four-component nanocomposite, Ag-AgBr/TiO2/RGO-1 with mass ratio of GO to TiO2 at 1%, exhibited a much higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of penicillin G (PG) under white light-emitting diode (LED-W) irradiation. The PG degradation efficiency increased with the increase of mass ratio of GO to TiO2 from 0.2% to 1%, then it decreased with the increase of mass ratio of GO to TiO2 from 1% to 5%. The zeta potentials of RGO-nanocomposites became more negative with the presence of humic acid (HA) due to the negatively charged HA adsorption, resulting in the shift of points of zero charge to lower values of pH. The aggregations of nanocomposites were more significant due to the bridging effect of HA. Furthermore, the aggregated particle sizes were larger for RGO-nanocomposites compared to other nanoparticles, due to the bindings of the carboxylic and phenolic functional groups in HA with the oxygen-containing functional groups in the RGO-nanocomposites. The microfiltration (MF) membrane was effective for the nanocomposites separation. In the continuous flow through submerged membrane photoreactor (sMPR) system, backwashing operation could efficiently reduce membrane fouling and recover TiO2, and thus indirectly facilitate the PG removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Wang
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
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19
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Paganini MC, Dalmasso D, Gionco C, Polliotto V, Mantilleri L, Calza P. Beyond TiO2: Cerium-Doped Zinc Oxide as a New Photocatalyst for the Photodegradation of Persistent Pollutants. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Dalmasso
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Chiara Gionco
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Valeria Polliotto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mantilleri
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry; University of Turin; Via P. Giuria 5-10125 Torino- Italy
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20
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Lin L, Wang H, Luo H, Xu P. Photocatalytic Treatment of Desalination Concentrate Using Optical Fibers Coated With Nanostructured Thin Films: Impact of Water Chemistry and Seasonal Climate Variations. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:379-87. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM
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21
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Tang L, Wang J, Zeng G, Liu Y, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Tang J, Wang J, Guo Z. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin in aqueous Bi2WO6 dispersions containing nonionic surfactant under visible light irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 306:295-304. [PMID: 26774984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation is an alternative method to remove pharmaceutical compounds in water, however it is hard to achieve efficient rate because of the poor solubility of pharmaceutical compounds in water. This study investigated the photodegradation of norfloxacin in a nonionic surfactant Triton-X100 (TX100)/Bi2WO6 dispersion under visible light irradiation (400-750nm). It was found that the degradation of poorly soluble NOF can be strongly enhanced with the addition of TX100. TX100 was adsorbed strongly on Bi2WO6 surface and accelerated NOF photodegradation at the critical micelle concentration (CMC=0.25mM). Higher TX100 concentration (>0.25mM) lowered the degradation rate. In the presence of TX100, the degradation rate reached the maximum value when the pH value was 8.06. FTIR analyses demonstrated that the adsorbed NOF on the catalyst was completely degraded after 2h irradiation. According to the intermediates identified by HPLC/MS/MS, three possible degradation pathways were proposed to include addition of hydroxyl radical to quinolone ring, elimination of piperazynilic ring in fluoroquinolone molecules, and replacement of F atoms on the aromatic ring by hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Yani Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhi Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Gulyas H, Ogun MK, Meyer W, Reich M, Otterpohl R. Inadequacy of carbamazepine-spiked model wastewaters for testing photocatalysis efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:612-619. [PMID: 26544890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study was performed in order to clarify whether carbamazepine-spiked solutions used as model wastewaters are suitable for the assessment of carbamazepine removal from real secondary municipal effluents by photocatalytic oxidation in the presence and absence of activated carbon. Therefore, carbamazepine (10 mg L(-1)) was dissolved in deionized water or in secondary municipal effluent. Photocatalytic oxidation of these model wastewaters was carried out with TiO2 "P25" (100 mg L(-1)) and UV-A lamps in the absence and in the presence of 20 mg L(-1) powdered activated carbon (PAC). Carbamazepine was analyzed photometrically. In deionized water at pH 5.5, carbamazepine was nearly completely removed with a UV dose of 6.48 kJ L(-1). A similar efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation of carbamazepine added to secondary effluent was observed when the suspension pH was 2.7, while at pH 8 and 10.6, carbamazepine removal from spiked secondary effluent with the same UV dose was only 40 and 60%, respectively. Although PAC addition resulted in an initial adsorptive carbamazepine reduction of 20 to 35% from the model wastewaters, it did not lead to markedly enhanced carbamazepine removal in the subsequent photocatalysis phase. During photocatalytic oxidation of unspiked secondary effluent (initial carbamazepine concentration: 133 ng L(-1)) at pH 7.3 with and without PAC, carbamazepine concentrations were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. While PAC addition resulted in the adsorption of about 90% of the initial carbamazepine, photocatalysis did not lead to any carbamazepine removal at all. This indicates that the experiments with spiked model wastewaters – even in a secondary effluent matrix – are absolutely inadequate for predicting photocatalytic carbamazepine removal under real conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Gulyas
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Moses Kolade Ogun
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wibke Meyer
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margrit Reich
- Central Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 38, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Otterpohl
- Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Mozia S, Darowna D, Wróbel R, Morawski AW. A study on the stability of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes in a photocatalytic membrane reactor. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Ganiyu SO, van Hullebusch ED, Cretin M, Esposito G, Oturan MA. Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: A critical review. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Wang P. Membrane photoreactors (MPRs) for photocatalysts separation and pollutants removal: Recent overview and new perspectives. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1093502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Zhao C, Arroyo-Mora LE, DeCaprio AP, Sharma VK, Dionysiou DD, O'Shea KE. Reductive and oxidative degradation of iopamidol, iodinated X-ray contrast media, by Fe(III)-oxalate under UV and visible light treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 67:144-153. [PMID: 25269106 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Iopamidol, widely employed as iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), is readily degraded in a Fe(III)-oxalate photochemical system under UV (350 nm) and visible light (450 nm) irradiation. The degradation is nicely modeled by pseudo first order kinetics. The rates of hydroxyl radical (OH) production for Fe(III)-oxalate/H2O2/UV (350 nm) and Fe(III)-oxalate/H2O2/visible (450 nm) systems were 1.19 ± 0.12 and 0.30 ± 0.01 μM/min, respectively. The steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radical (OH) for the Fe(III)-oxalate/H2O2/UV (350 nm) conditions was 10.88 ± 1.13 × 10(-14) M and 2.7 ± 0.1 × 10(-14) M for the Fe(III)-oxalate/H2O2/visible (450 nm). The rate of superoxide anion radical (O2(-)) production under Fe(III)-oxalate/H2O2/UV (350 nm) was 0.19 ± 0.02 μM/min with a steady-state concentration of 5.43 ± 0.473 × 10(-10) M. Detailed product studies using liquid chromatography coupled to Q-TOF/MS demonstrate both reduction (multiple dehalogenations) and oxidation (aromatic ring and side chains) contribute to the degradation pathways. The reduction processes appear to be initiated by the carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2(-)) while oxidation processes are consistent with OH initiated reaction pathways. Unlike most advanced oxidation processes the Fe(III)-oxalate/H2O2/photochemical system can initiate to both reductive and oxidative degradation processes. The observed reductive dehalogenation is an attractive remediation strategy for halogenated organic compounds as the process can dramatically reduce the formation of the problematic disinfection by-products often associated with oxidative treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 3319, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI), Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI), Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 3319, USA.
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Fernández RL, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Le-Clech P. Removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals by a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor (MPR). Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Sarkar S, Das R, Choi H, Bhattacharjee C. Involvement of process parameters and various modes of application of TiO2 nanoparticles in heterogeneous photocatalysis of pharmaceutical wastes – a short review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence of persistent organic compounds in industrial as well as municipal effluents is becoming a serious threat to the environment. The detrimental effects can be minimized with the help of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata, India
| | - Ranjana Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata, India
| | - Heechul Choi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju, Korea
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30
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Khan SJ, Reed RH, Rasul MG. Thin-film fixed-bed reactor for solar photocatalytic inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila: influence of water quality. BMC Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23194331 PMCID: PMC3556150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling fish disease is one of the major concerns in contemporary aquaculture. The use of antibiotics or chemical disinfection cannot provide a healthy aquaculture system without residual effects. Water quality is also important in determining the success or failure of fish production. Several solar photocatalytic reactors have been used to treat drinking water or waste water without leaving chemical residues. This study has investigated the impact of several key aspects of water quality on the inactivation of the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila using a pilot-scale thin-film fixed-bed reactor (TFFBR) system. RESULTS The level of inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 35654 was determined using a TFFBR with a photocatalytic area of 0.47 m(2) under the influence of various water quality variables (pH, conductivity, turbidity and colour) under high solar irradiance conditions (980-1100 W m(-2)), at a flow rate of 4.8 L h(-1) through the reactor. Bacterial enumeration were obtained through conventional plate count using trypticase soy agar media, cultured in conventional aerobic conditions to detect healthy cells and under ROS-neutralised conditions to detect both healthy and sub-lethally injured (oxygen-sensitive) cells. The results showed that turbidity has a major influence on solar photocatalytic inactivation of A. hydrophila. Humic acids appear to decrease TiO(2) effectiveness under full sunlight and reduce microbial inactivation. pH in the range 7-9 and salinity both have no major effect on the extent of photoinactivation or sub-lethal injury. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the TFFBR in the inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila under the influence of several water quality variables at high solar irradiance, providing an opportunity for the application of solar photocatalysis in aquaculture systems, as long as turbidity remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia J Khan
- Centre for Plant and Water Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
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31
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Mineralization and toxicity reduction of textile dye neutral red in aqueous phase using BiOCl photocatalysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 116:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Mozia S, Morawski AW. The performance of a hybrid photocatalysis–MD system for the treatment of tap water contaminated with ibuprofen. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Wang P, Lim TT. Membrane vis-LED photoreactor for simultaneous penicillin G degradation and TiO2 separation. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:1825-1837. [PMID: 22244971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid membrane photoreactor (MPR) combining a photoreactor irradiated with visible-light-emitting diode (vis-LED) and a cross-flow microfiltration (MF) membrane module was investigated in both closed-loop and continuous flow-through modes for the simultaneous degradation of penicillin G (PG) and separation of visible-light responsive TiO(2) particles, namely C-sensitized-N-doped TiO(2) (T300) and C-N-S tridoped TiO(2) (T0.05-450). The turbidity of permeate water was <0.2 NTU for both T300 and T0.05-450 suspensions in the MPR system operated at different transmembrane pressures (TMPs) and cross-flow velocities (CFVs), indicating effective separation of TiO(2) particles by the MF membrane. The operations at a higher TMP or lower CFV were more prone to induce TiO(2) deposition on the membrane surface without backwashing, which resulted in the membrane fouling, the loss of TiO(2) from the photoreactor and the decrease of PG photocatalytic degradation efficiency. 75% and 84% of PG were degraded in the closed-loop MPR without backwashing operated at 10 kPa and 0.15 m s(-1) after 4 h of vis-LED irradiation using 1.0 g L(-1) of T300 and T0.05-450, respectively. With backwashing of the membrane, the PG photocatalytic degradation efficiencies in the closed-loop MPR could be significantly enhanced to achieve 93% and 95% using 1.0 g L(-1) of T300 and T0.05-450, respectively, which were almost comparable to those achieved in the batch photoreactor. Due to its shorter hydraulic residence time in the photoreactor, the PG degradation efficiency in the continuous flow-through MPR with backwashing was lower than that achieved in the closed-loop MPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Chen YC, Lo SL, Kuo J. Effects of titanate nanotubes synthesized by a microwave hydrothermal method on photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:4131-4140. [PMID: 21703658 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) were used to remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from aqueous solutions in this study. Direct photolysis of PFOA by a 254-nm UV light (400 W) was found effective to decompose PFOA without presence of photocatalysts. Shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and fluoride ions were formed during photodecomposition. Addition of TNTs as photocatalysts did not greatly enhance photocatalytic decomposition of PFOA. TNTs mainly act as adsorbents to adsorb PFOA and form TNT-PFOA complexes. It suggested that sodium ions and oxygen atoms on the surfaces of TNTs play important roles in PFOA adsorption. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses indicated that ion-exchange, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction all participated in the photocatalytic reaction of PFOA by TNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Espinoza LAT, ter Haseborg E, Weber M, Karle E, Peschke R, Frimmel FH. Effect of selected metal ions on the photocatalytic degradation of bog lake water natural organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1039-1048. [PMID: 21093013 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the photocatalytic degradation of natural organic matter from a bog lake (Lake Hohloh, Black Forest, Germany) in the presence of 0, 5, and 10 μmol L(-1) of added Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+) and Fe(3+). The reactions were followed by size exclusion chromatography with organic carbon detection (SEC-DOC) and by measurements of low molecular weight organic acids. Addition of Cu(2+) had the largest effect of all four studied metals, leading to a retardation in the molecular size changes in NOM: degradation of the larger molecular weight fraction was inhibited leading to reduced production of smaller molecular weight metabolites. Similarly, addition of Cu(2+) reduced the production of formic and oxalic acids, and reduced the bioavailability of the partially degraded NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Tercero Espinoza
- Water Chemistry, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Razavi B, Ben Abdelmelek S, Song W, O'Shea KE, Cooper WJ. Photochemical fate of atorvastatin (lipitor) in simulated natural waters. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:625-631. [PMID: 20801479 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-lowering statin drugs are among the most frequently prescribed for reducing human blood cholesterol and they have been detected as contaminants in natural waters. In this study the photochemical behavior of atorvastatin (lipitor) was investigated at two different concentrations of 35.8 μM (20 mg L(-1)) and 35.8 nM (20 μg L(-1)) using a solar simulator and a UV reactor. Photochemical fate in natural waters can be described in most cases by the sum of the loss due to hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and, reaction with hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) (or O(2) ((1)D)), and excited state dissolved organic matter (DOM). The absolute bimolecular reaction rate constant with OH was measured, using pulsed radiolysis, (1.19 ± 0.04) × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1). The reaction rate constant of (1)O(2) was determined to be (3.1 ± 0.2) × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1). Under the experimental conditions used, at high atorvastatin concentration (35.8 μM) the contribution of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) to the photodegradation of atorvastatin in natural waters was higher than that of hydroxyl radical, and accounted for up to 23% of the loss in aqueous solutions. Whereas, at a concentration of 35.8 nM, (1)O(2) (and •OH) both played a minor role in the removal of this compound. Lastly, it also appears that atorvastatin reacts with (3)DOM* contributing to its loss in simulated natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Razavi
- Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA.
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37
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Suryaman D, Hasegawa K. Biological and photocatalytic treatment integrated with separation and reuse of titanium dioxide on the removal of chlorophenols in tap water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 183:490-496. [PMID: 20692763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated biological, photocatalytic, and combination of biological and photocatalytic treatments in order to remove a mixture of 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in tap water (total: 100 mg L(-1), each: 25 mg L(-1)). The removal of chlorinated phenols was conducted with a flow biological treatment and a circulative flow photocatalytic treatment under black light and sunlight irradiations integrated with titanium dioxide separation and reuse. The combined biological-photocatalytic treatment significantly shortened the degradation and mineralization time of both the biological treatment and the photocatalytic treatment. The removed chlorophenols per hour by the combined biological-photocatalytic treatment was 25.8 mg h(-1), whereas by the combined photocatalytic-biological treatment was 10.5 mg h(-1). After a large portion of biodegradable 2-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, and around half amount of slightly biodegradable 2,4,5-trichlorophenol were removed by the biological treatment, the remained three chlorophenols, biorecalcitrant pentachlorophenol, and biodegradation products were completely removed by the subsequent photocatalytic treatment. Since titanium dioxide particles in tap water spontaneously sedimented on standing after the photocatalytic treatment, the combined treatment can be operated by integrating with the titanium dioxide separation and reuse. The TiO(2) particles were recovered and reused at least three times without significantly decreasing the removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanus Suryaman
- Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia.
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Kormos JL, Schulz M, Kohler HPE, Ternes TA. Biotransformation of selected iodinated X-ray contrast media and characterization of microbial transformation pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4998-5007. [PMID: 20509647 DOI: 10.1021/es1007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are commonly detected in the aquatic environment at concentrations up to the low microgram per liter range. In this study, the biotransformation of selected ICM (diatrizoate, iohexol, iomeprol, and iopamidol) in aerobic soil-water and river sediment-water batch systems was investigated. In addition, microbial transformation pathways were proposed. Diatrizoate, an ionic ICM, was not biotransformed, while three nonionic ICM were transformed into several biotransformation products (TPs) at neutral pH. Iohexol and iomeprol were biotransformed to eleven TPs and fifteen TPs, respectively, while eight TPs were detected for iopamidol. Since seven of the TPs detected during biotransformation had not been previously identified, mass fragmentation experiments were completed to elucidate the chemical structures. Oxidation of primary alcoholic moieties, cleavage of the N-C bonds (i.e., deacetylation and removal of hydroxylated propanoic acids), and decarboxylation are potential reactions that can explain the formation of the identified TPs. Iohexol and iomeprol had similar biotransformation rates, while iopamidol was biotransformed slower and to a lesser extent. A LC tandem MS method confirmed the presence of ICM TPs in aqueous environmental samples. Fifteen of the ICM TPs were even detected in drinking water with concentrations up to 120 ng/L.
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Chong MN, Jin B, Chow CWK, Saint C. Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:2997-3027. [PMID: 20378145 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1981] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconductor photocatalytic process has shown a great potential as a low-cost, environmental friendly and sustainable treatment technology to align with the "zero" waste scheme in the water/wastewater industry. The ability of this advanced oxidation technology has been widely demonstrated to remove persistent organic compounds and microorganisms in water. At present, the main technical barriers that impede its commercialisation remained on the post-recovery of the catalyst particles after water treatment. This paper reviews the recent R&D progresses of engineered-photocatalysts, photoreactor systems, and the process optimizations and modellings of the photooxidation processes for water treatment. A number of potential and commercial photocatalytic reactor configurations are discussed, in particular the photocatalytic membrane reactors. The effects of key photoreactor operation parameters and water quality on the photo-process performances in terms of the mineralization and disinfection are assessed. For the first time, we describe how to utilize a multi-variables optimization approach to determine the optimum operation parameters so as to enhance process performance and photooxidation efficiency. Both photomineralization and photo-disinfection kinetics and their modellings associated with the photocatalytic water treatment process are detailed. A brief discussion on the life cycle assessment for retrofitting the photocatalytic technology as an alternative waste treatment process is presented. This paper will deliver a scientific and technical overview and useful information to scientists and engineers who work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Nan Chong
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
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Influence of dissolved organic carbon source, photocatalyst identity and copper(II) ions on the formation of bromoform in irradiated titanium dioxide suspensions. Catal Today 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suryaman D, Hasegawa K, Kagaya S, Yoshimura T. Continuous flow photocatalytic treatment integrated with separation of titanium dioxide on the removal of phenol in tap water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 171:318-322. [PMID: 19570607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied the continuous flow photocatalytic treatment integrated with separation/reuse of titanium dioxide on the removal of phenol (20 mg l(-1)) in electrolytes containing tap water. A circulative flow tubular photoreactor and a separation tank were used, where inflow of phenol continuously flowed into a mixing tank (for titanium dioxide suspension) and treated water overflowed from the separation tank. Black light and sunlight were used by turns as the light source on the photocatalytic treatment. Photocatalytic removal of phenol was maximum at the circulative flow rate of 600 ml min(-1) and the transmittance of 0.3%. Integration of circulative photocatalytic treatment and titanium dioxide separation and continuous use of titanium dioxide could be performed effectively at low inflow of 10 ml min(-1). The titanium dioxide slurry sedimented spontaneously by standing was continuously used for at least 72 h without decreasing the efficiency of the photocatalytic treatment. The used titanium dioxide can be replaced with a fresh one by draw and fill method without interrupting the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanus Suryaman
- Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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43
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Kochkodan VM, Rolya EA, Goncharuk VV. Photocatalytic membrane reactors for water treatment from organic pollutants. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x09040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Razavi B, Song W, Cooper WJ, Greaves J, Jeong J. Free-radical-induced oxidative and reductive degradation of fibrate pharmaceuticals: kinetic studies and degradation mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1287-94. [PMID: 19154149 DOI: 10.1021/jp808057c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic systems is an emerging environmental issue and poses a potential threat to ecosystems and human health. Unfortunately, current water treatment techniques do not efficiently remove all of the PhACs, which results in the occurrence of such compounds in surface and ground waters. Advanced oxidation/reduction processes (AO/RPs) which utilize free radical reactions to directly degrade chemical contaminants are alternatives to traditional water treatment methods. This study reports the absolute bimolecular reaction rate constants for three pharmaceutical compounds (fibrates), clofibric acid, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil, with the hydroxyl radical (*OH) and hydrated electron (e(-)(aq)). The bimolecular reaction rate constants for *OH were (6.98 +/- 0.12) x 10(9), (8.00 +/- 0.22) x 10(9), and (10.0 +/- 0.6) x 10(9), and for e(-)(aq) were (6.59 +/- 0.43) x 10(8), (112 +/- 3) x 10(8), and (6.26 +/- 0.58) x 10(8), for clofibric acid, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil, respectively. Transient spectra were obtained for the intermediate radicals produced by the hydroxyl radical reactions. In addition, preliminary degradation mechanisms and major products were elucidated using (137)Cs gamma-irradiation and LC-MS. These data are required for evaluating the potential use of AO/RPs for the destruction of these compounds in treating water for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Razavi
- Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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45
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Benotti MJ, Stanford BD, Wert EC, Snyder SA. Evaluation of a photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system for the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds from water. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:1513-22. [PMID: 19269667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system, employing UV/TiO(2) photocatalysis, was evaluated for its ability to remove thirty-two pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds, and estrogenic activity from water. Concentrations of all compounds decreased following treatment, and removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetics as a function of the amount of treatment. Twenty-nine of the targeted compounds in addition to total estrogenic activity were greater than 70% removed while only three compounds were less than 50% removed following the highest level of treatment (4.24 kW h/m(3)). No estrogenically active transformation products were formed during treatment. Additionally, the unit was operated in photolytic mode (UV only) and photolytic plus H(2)O(2) mode (UV/H(2)O(2)) to determine the relative amount of energy required. Based on the electrical energy per order (EEO), the unit achieved the greatest efficiency when operated in photolytic plus H(2)O(2) mode for the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Benotti
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
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46
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Suryaman D, Hasegawa K, Kagaya S, Yoshimura T. Continuous mineralization of concentrated phenol dissolved in an electrolyte-containing tap water by integrating biological-photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 separation: utilization of sunlight and reuse of TiO2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2009; 30:215-224. [PMID: 19438053 DOI: 10.1080/09593330801983573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The continuous mineralization of concentrated phenol (200 mg l(-1)) in an electrolyte-containing tap water was investigated using a biological-photocatalytic treatment integrated with TiO2 separation. Black light and sunlight were used as the light source, and the reuse of TiO2 was also studied. The mineralization of phenol in tap water and the reuse of TiO2 were conducted in a flow system in which a bioreactor is combined with a narrow tube photoreactor operated under single pass and circulative flows, and the sedimented TiO2 is recycled. A high circulative flow rate prevented the TiO2 particles from coagulating due to the electrolytes in the tap water. A flow-circulation-flow operation mode using the integrated biological-photocatalytic-TiO2 separation system was the optimum for treating the concentrated phenol in the electrolyte-containing tap water without interrupting the inflow of the wastewater and the discharge of the treated water. The optimum mineralization (phenol: 0.6 mg l(-1) and total organic carbon: 6.5 mg l(-1)) was attained by recycling the biologically treated phenol solution (20.1 mg l(-1)) at the flow rate of 600 ml min(-1) under sunlight irradiation, while maintaining the inflow and the discharge rates at 15 ml min(-1). The TiO2 particles were spontaneously sedimented by coagulation in a separation tank during the operation and the TiO2 can be reused without reducing the efficiency of five repeated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Suryaman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Klavarioti M, Mantzavinos D, Kassinos D. Removal of residual pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by advanced oxidation processes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:402-17. [PMID: 18760478 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 736] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, pharmaceuticals are considered as an emerging environmental problem due to their continuous input and persistence to the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are technologies based on the intermediacy of hydroxyl and other radicals to oxidize recalcitrant, toxic and non-biodegradable compounds to various by-products and eventually to inert end-products. The environmental applications of AOPs are numerous, including water and wastewater treatment (i.e. removal of organic and inorganic pollutants and pathogens), air pollution abatement and soil remediation. AOPs are applied for the abatement of pollution caused by the presence of residual pharmaceuticals in waters for the last decade. In this light, this paper reviews and assesses the effectiveness of various AOPs for pharmaceutical removal from aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klavarioti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Silva CG, Faria JL. Anatase vs. rutile efficiency on the photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid under near UV to visible irradiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:705-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b817364h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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50
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The combination of heterogeneous photocatalysis with chemical and physical operations: A tool for improving the photoprocess performance. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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