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Karimi H, Mohammadi F, Rajabi S, Mahvi AH, Ghanizadeh G. Biological 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene removal by extended aeration activated sludge: optimization using artificial neural network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9053. [PMID: 37270572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serious health issues can result from exposure to the nitrogenous pollutant like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), which is emitted into the environment by the munitions and military industries, as well as from TNT-contaminated wastewater. The TNT removal by extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) was optimized in the current study using artificial neural network modeling. In order to achieve the best removal efficiency, 500 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 4 and 6 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT), and 1-30 mg/L of TNT were used in this study. The kinetics of TNT removal by the EAAS system were described by the calculation of the kinetic coefficients K, Ks, Kd, max, MLSS, MLVSS, F/M, and SVI. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithms (GA) were used to optimize the data obtained through TNT elimination. ANFIS approach was used to analyze and interpret the given data, and its accuracy was around 97.93%. The most effective removal efficiency was determined using the GA method. Under ideal circumstances (10 mg/L TNT concentration and 6 h), the TNT removal effectiveness of the EAAS system was 84.25%. Our findings demonstrated that the artificial neural network system (ANFIS)-based EAAS optimization could enhance the effectiveness of TNT removal. Additionally, it can be claimed that the enhanced EAAS system has the ability to extract wastewaters with larger concentrations of TNT as compared to earlier experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Karimi
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeed Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghader Ghanizadeh
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bylaska EJ, Tratnyek PG, Torralba-Sanchez TL, Edwards KC, Dixon DA, Pignatello JJ, Xu W. Computational Predictions of the Hydrolysis of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN). J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9059-9075. [PMID: 36417759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis is a common transformation reaction that can affect the environmental fate of many organic compounds. In this study, three proposed mechanisms of alkaline hydrolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitroaniline (DNAN) were investigated with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) combined with ab initio and classical molecular dynamics (AIMD/MM) free energy simulations, Gaussian basis set DFT calculations, and correlated molecular orbital theory calculations. Most of the computations in this study were carried out using the Arrows web-based tools. For each mechanism, Meisenheimer complex formation, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and proton abstraction reaction energies and activation barriers were calculated for the reaction at each relevant site. For TNT, it was found that the most kinetically favorable first hydrolysis steps involve Meisenheimer complex formation by attachment of OH- at the C1 and C3 arene carbons and proton abstraction from the methyl group. The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions at the C2 and C4 arene carbons were found to be thermodynamically favorable. However, the calculated activation barriers were slightly lower than in previous studies, but still found to be ΔG‡ ≈ 18 kcal/mol using PBE0 AIMD/MM free energy simulations, suggesting that the reactions are not kinetically significant. For DNAN, the barriers of nucleophilic aromatic substitution were even greater (ΔG‡ > 29 kcal/mol PBE0 AIMD/MM). The most favorable hydrolysis reaction for DNAN was found to be a two-step process in which the hydroxyl first attacks the C1 carbon to form a Meisenheimer complex at the C1 arene carbon C1-(OCH3)OH-, and subsequently, the methoxy anion (-OCH3) at the C1 arene carbon dissociates and the proton shuttles from the C1-OH to the dissociated methoxy group, resulting in methanol and an aryloxy anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Bylaska
- Fundamental Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon97239, United States
| | - Tifany L Torralba-Sanchez
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon97239, United States
| | - Kyle C Edwards
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama35487-0336, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama35487-0336, United States
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut06511, United States
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania19085, United States
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Huang M, Wang X, Zhu C, Zhu F, Liu P, Wang D, Fang G, Chen N, Gao S, Zhou D. Efficient chlorinated alkanes degradation in soil by combining alkali hydrolysis with thermally activated persulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129571. [PMID: 35999732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkali activation is the most commonly used activation method for persulfate (PS) in in-situ remediation. However, the role of alkali in pollutant degradation is still elusive, limiting the optimization of relevant remediation strategies. In this study, we found that chlorinated alkanes (e.g., tetrachloroethane (TeCA)) could be efficiently degraded by thermal-alkali activation of PS. The main role of alkali was not activating PS but hydrolyzing the chlorinated alkanes, which was evidenced by the immediate conversion of TeCA into trichloroethylene (TCE) with NaOH and PS or with sole NaOH solution. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis also showed that with a high NaOH/PS molar ratio (4:1) the intensity of oxidative radicals decreased, implying that high levels of alkali did not favor the formation of free radicals. Interestingly, better degradation of TeCA and its product TCE was observed by the combination of alkaline hydrolysis and thermal activation of PS (where alkali was added 6 h before PS rather than simultaneously) in comparison to thermal-alkali activation of PS. This study provides new insights into the remediation of chlorinated alkane-contaminated soils by in-situ chemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Dixiang Wang
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Ding K, Byrnes C, Bridge J, Grannas A, Xu W. Surface-promoted hydrolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitroanisole on pyrogenic carbonaceous matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:603-610. [PMID: 29407823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the fate of sorbed nitroaromatics on the surface of pyrogenic carbonaceous matter (PCM) to assess the feasibility of a PCM-promoted hydrolysis. The degradation of two nitroaromatic compounds, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitroanisole, was observed at pH 7 in the presence of graphite powder, a model PCM. By contrast, no decay occurred without graphite. Using TNT as a model compound, our results suggest that TNT decay demonstrated a strong pH dependence, with no reaction at pH 3-5 but rapid degradation at pH 6-10. Moreover, by fitting TNT decay at different pH conditions along with its sorption kinetics to the Langmuir Kinetic Model, our results suggest that the base-catalyzed hydrolysis was important. The activation energy for TNT decay was obtained by measuring reaction rates at different temperatures with or without graphite and no significant difference was observed. However, the addition of tetramethylammonium cation was able to promote TNT decay possibly due to its ability to attract more OH- from the aqueous solution, leading to an increase in the sorbed OH- concentrations. Nitrite and a Meisenheimer complex were identified as degradation products for TNT. Other PCM, such as biochar, also demonstrated a comparable ability in promoting TNT decay at pH 7. Furthermore, a rapid degradation of TNT at pH 7 was observed when biochar was used as a soil amendment (4% by weight). Our results suggest that PCM can facilitate TNT and 2,4-dinitroanisole decay via a surface-promoted hydrolysis at neutral pH conditions, suggesting a promising alternative for in situ soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Cory Byrnes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Jarrod Bridge
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Amanda Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
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Jo J, Kim H, Kim K. Treatment of TNT Red Water Using Ice Crystallization. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong‐Hyeon Jo
- Crystallization Process and Engineering LaboratoryHanbat National University San 16–1 Dukmyung-Dong Yuseong, DaeJeon 305-719 South Korea
| | | | - Kwang‐Joo Kim
- Crystallization Process and Engineering LaboratoryHanbat National University San 16–1 Dukmyung-Dong Yuseong, DaeJeon 305-719 South Korea
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Chatterjee S, Deb U, Datta S, Walther C, Gupta DK. Common explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) and their fate in the environment: Emphasizing bioremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:438-451. [PMID: 28618276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Explosive materials are energetic substances, when released into the environment, contaminate by posing toxic hazards to environment and biota. Throughout the world, soils are contaminated by such contaminants either due to manufacturing operations, military activities, conflicts of different levels, open burning/open detonation (OB/OD), dumping of munitions etc. Among different forms of chemical explosives, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) are most common. These explosives are highly toxic as USEPA has recommended restrictions for lifetime contact through drinking water. Although, there are several utilitarian aspects in anthropogenic activities, however, effective remediation of explosives is very important. This review article emphasizes the details of appropriate practices to ameliorate the contamination. Critical evaluation has also been made to encompass the recent knowledge and advancement about bioremediation and phytoremediation of explosives (especially TNT, RDX and HMX) along with the molecular mechanisms of biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sibnarayan Datta
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Clemens Walther
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Gebäude 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Gebäude 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Sviatenko L, Kinney C, Gorb L, Hill FC, Bednar AJ, Okovytyy S, Leszczynski J. Comprehensive investigations of kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), DNT (2,4-dinitrotoluene), and DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10465-10474. [PMID: 25083594 DOI: 10.1021/es5026678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Combined experimental and computational techniques were used to analyze multistep chemical reactions in the alkaline hydrolysis of three nitroaromatic compounds: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). The study reveals common features and differences in the kinetic behavior of these compounds. The analysis of the predicted pathways includes modeling of the reactions, along with simulation of UV-vis spectra, experimental monitoring of reactions using LC/MS techniques, development of the kinetic model by designing and solving the system of differential equations, and obtaining computationally predicted kinetics for decay and accumulation of reactants and products. Obtained results suggest that DNT and DNAN are more resistant to alkaline hydrolysis than TNT. The direct substitution of a nitro group by a hydroxide represents the most favorable pathway for all considered compounds. The formation of Meisenheimer complexes leads to the kinetic first-step intermediates in the hydrolysis of TNT. Janovsky complexes can also be formed during hydrolysis of TNT and DNT but in small quantities. Methyl group abstraction is one of the suggested pathways of DNAN transformation during alkaline hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla Sviatenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University , 1325 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217-0510, United States
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Nielsen MB, Kjeldsen KU, Lever MA, Ingvorsen K. Survival of prokaryotes in a polluted waste dump during remediation by alkaline hydrolysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:404-418. [PMID: 24532314 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques was used to characterize bacterial and archaeal communities in a highly polluted waste dump and to assess the effect of remediation by alkaline hydrolysis on these communities. This waste dump (Breakwater 42), located in Denmark, contains approximately 100 different toxic compounds including large amounts of organophosphorous pesticides such as parathions. The alkaline hydrolysis (12 months at pH >12) decimated bacterial and archaeal abundances, as estimated by 16S rRNA gene-based qPCR, from 2.1 × 10(4) and 2.9 × 10(3) gene copies per gram wet soil respectively to below the detection limit of the qPCR assay. Clone libraries constructed from PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments showed a significant reduction in bacterial diversity as a result of the alkaline hydrolysis, with preferential survival of Betaproteobacteria, which increased in relative abundance from 0 to 48 %. Many of the bacterial clone sequences and the 27 isolates were related to known xenobiotic degraders. An archaeal clone library from a non-hydrolyzed sample showed the presence of three main clusters, two representing methanogens and one representing marine aerobic ammonia oxidizers. Isolation of alkalitolerant bacterial pure cultures from the hydrolyzed soil confirmed that although alkaline hydrolysis severely reduces microbial community diversity and size certain bacteria survive a prolonged alkaline hydrolysis process. Some of the isolates from the hydrolyzed soil were capable of growing at high pH (pH 10.0) in synthetic media indicating that they could become active in in situ biodegradation upon hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bank Nielsen
- Department of Bioscience, Microbiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark,
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Torrentó C, Audí-Miró C, Bordeleau G, Marchesi M, Rosell M, Otero N, Soler A. The use of alkaline hydrolysis as a novel strategy for chloroform remediation: the feasibility of using construction wastes and evaluation of carbon isotopic fractionation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1869-1877. [PMID: 24410407 DOI: 10.1021/es403838t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and field-scale pilot experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility of chloroform degradation by alkaline hydrolysis and the potential of δ(13)C values to assess this induced reaction process at contaminated sites. In batch experiments, alkaline conditions were induced by adding crushed concrete (pH 12.33 ± 0.07), a filtered concrete solution (pH 12.27 ± 0.04), a filtered cement solution (pH 12.66 ± 0.02) and a pH 12 buffer solution (pH 11.92 ± 0.11). The resulting chloroform degradation after 28 days was 94, 96, 99, and 72%, respectively. The experimental data were described using a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, resulting in pseudo-first-order rate constant values of 0.10, 0.12, 0.20, and 0.05 d(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the significant chloroform carbon isotopic fractionation associated with alkaline hydrolysis of chloroform (-53 ± 3‰) and its independence from pH in the admittedly limited tested pH range imply a great potential for the use of δ(13)C values for in situ monitoring of the efficacy of remediation approaches based on alkaline hydrolysis. The carbon isotopic fractionation obtained at the lab scale allowed the calculation of the percentage of chloroform degradation in field-scale pilot experiments where alkaline conditions were induced in two recharge water interception trenches filled with concrete-based construction wastes. A maximum of approximately 30-40% of chloroform degradation was achieved during the two studied recharge periods. Although further research is required, the treatment of chloroform in groundwater through the use of concrete-based construction wastes is proposed. This strategy would also imply the recycling of construction and demolition wastes for use in value-added applications to increase economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrentó
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Martí Franquès s/n, 08028. Barcelona, Spain
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Solyman SM, Shaban S, Morsy S, El-Naggar AY, Badawi AM, Ahmed SM. Alkaline Hydrolysis of TNT in Micellar System. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.480867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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