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Tian H, Yang P, Li G, Ma F, Li J, Li Y, Cui W, Zhang Z. Preparation of ultra-light, highly compressible, and biodegradable chitosan porous materials for heavy metal adsorption, dye adsorption and oil-water separation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122662. [PMID: 39245516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan materials are much important in adsorption, separation and water treatment due to their hydrophilicity, biodegradability and easy functionalization. However, they were difficult to form structural materials, which limited its application in engineering. In this paper, a new type of chitosan porous materials was prepared with two-step strategy involving the freezing crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde to form cryogels, and their subsequent reduction with NaBH4 to transform CN bonds into CN bonds, resulting in remarkable improvement of mechanical property. That is, the strength remained almost unchanged after 80 % deformation. The abundant -NH2 and -OH on the surface of materials, as well as the unique pore structure from cryogels, gave relatively high adsorption capacity for metals and dyes (88.73 ± 4.25 mg·g-1 for Cu(II) and 3261.05 ± 36.10 mg·g-1 for Congo red). The surface hydrophilicity of materials made it possible for selective water permeation with over 95 % separation efficiency for oil-water mixtures. In addition, simple hydrophobic modification using bromotetradecane achieved selective oil permeation with over 96 % separation efficiency for oil-water mixtures. This study not only provides a new strategy to endow chitosan materials with excellent mechanical property, large adsorption capacity and good oil-water separation performance, but also offers environmentally friendly materials for sewage treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
| | - Guangbi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Feng Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Junying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yingzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Wenyue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
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Zheng W, Wang X, Che R, Li D, Zeng X, Kong F, Shao L, Li X, Xu F. 3D cellulose scaffold with gradient pore structure controlled by hydrogen bond competition: Super-strength and multifunctional oil/water separation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122544. [PMID: 39218560 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose-based aerogels offer exceptional promise for oily wastewater treatment, but the challenge of low mechanical strength and limited application functions persists. Inspired by the graded porous structures in the animal skeleton and bamboo stem, we firstly report here a stepwise solvent diffusion-induced phase separation approach for constructing the gradient pore-density three-dimensional (3D) cellulose scaffold (GPDS). Benefiting from the regulation of competitive hydrogen bonding between the anti-solvents and the ionic liquid (IL) in cellulose solution, GPDS exhibits the decreased major channels size and increased minor pores amount gradually along the solvent diffusion direction. These endow GPDS with the characteristics of low density (0.019 g/cm) and super strength (high up to 870 KPa). The application of GPDS in the field of oil-water separation has achieved remarkable results, including oil/organic solvent absorption (13-25 g/gGPDS), immiscible oil-water mixture separation (high efficiency up to 99.8 %, flux > 2000 L/m2·h), and surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsion (efficiency up to 97.7 %). Moreover, a simple hydrophobic treatment further realizes the efficient separation of water-in-oil emulsion (98.5 % efficiency). The as-fabricated GPDS accordingly achieves the multifunctional application in oil-water separation field. Thus, a new avenue is opened to construct 3D cellulose porous scaffold as adsorbent materials in oily wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruimin Che
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Deqiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry and Biomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumchi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lupeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Liu J, Huang Y, Zhang G, Wang Q, Shen S, Liu D, Hong Y, Wyman I. Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for simultaneously removing emulsified oils and anionic dyes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134341. [PMID: 38642496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Developing high-efficiency membrane for oil and dye removal is very urgent, because wastewater containing them can cause great damage to human and environment. In this study, a coated membrane was fabricated by applying DAC and PEI onto the commercial PVDF microfiltration membrane for supplying the demand. The coated membrane presents superhydrophlic and superoleophobic properties with a water contact angle of 0o and underwater oil contact angle exceed 150°, as well as excellent low underwater oil adhesion performance. The coated membrane shows high separation efficiency exceeded 99.0% and flux 350.0 L·m-2·h-1 when used for separating for six kinds of oil including pump oil, sunflower oil, n-hexadecane, soybean oil, diesel and kerosene in water emulsions. Additionally, the coated membrane can effectively remove anionic dyes, achieving rejection rates of 94.7%, 93.4%, 92.3%, 90.7% for the CR, MB, RB5, AR66, respectively. More importantly, the membrane was able to simultaneously remove emulsified oil and soluble anionic dyes in wastewater containing both of them. Therefore, this novel coated membrane can be a promising candidate for treating complex wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Liu
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Ganwei Zhang
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Qianhui Wang
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Shusu Shen
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Yaoliang Hong
- Center for Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Separation and Purification Materials & Technologies, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Ian Wyman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
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Imsong R, Dhar Purkayastha D. Superhydrophilic Photothermal-Responsive CuO@MXene Nanofibrous Membrane with Inherent Biofouling Resistance for Treating Complex Oily Wastewater. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19537-19550. [PMID: 38564420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
MXene, a recently emerged 2D material, has garnered substantial attention for a myriad of applications. Despite the growing interest, there remains a noticeable gap in exploring MXene-based membranes for the simultaneous achievement of photomodulated oil/water separation, bacterial resistance, and the removal of pollutants in the treatment of oily wastewater. In this work, we have successfully synthesized a novel multifunctional CuO@MXene-PAN nanofibrous membrane (NFM) featuring unique nanograin-like structures. Benefitting from these unique structures, the resultant membrane shows excellent superwetting properties, significantly enhancing its performance in oil/water separation. In addition, the membrane's photothermal property boosts its permeance by 40% under visible light illumination within 30 min. Furthermore, the resultant membrane shows decent dye removal efficiency in an aqueous solution, e.g., Rhodamine B (RhB), promoting efficient degradation with high reusability under visible light. Most remarkably, the resultant membrane exhibits superior anti-biofouling capability and consistently resists the adhesion of microorganisms such as cyanobacteria over a 14 day period. Thus, the combined effect of superior superwetting properties, photothermal responsivity, photocatalytic activity, and the antibacterial effect in CuO@MXene-PAN NFM contributes to the efficient treatment of intricate oily wastewater. This synergistic combination of superior properties in the membrane could be an appealing strategy for the broad development of multifunctional materials to prevent fouling during actual separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Imsong
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumukedima 797103, Dimapur, India
| | - Debarun Dhar Purkayastha
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumukedima 797103, Dimapur, India
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Liao Z, Wang Q, Zhou Q, Cui Z, Wang Z, Drioli E. Preparation, Modification, and Application of Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer Membranes. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:42. [PMID: 38392669 PMCID: PMC10890635 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) was first commercialized by DuPont in 1974. Its unique chemical structure gives it high heat resistance, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. But also due to these properties, it is difficult to prepare a membrane from it by the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. However, it can be prepared as a microfiltration membrane using the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method at certain temperatures and with the selection of suitable solvents, and the use of green solvents is receiving increasing attention from researchers. The surface wettability of ECTFE membranes usually needs to be modified before use to strengthen its performance to meet the application requirements, usually by graft modification and surface oxidation techniques. This paper provides an overview of the structure of ECTFE and its preparation and modification methods, as well as recent advances in its application areas and prospects for the future methods of preparing high-performance ECTFE membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiuyueming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhaoliang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Enrico Drioli
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
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Chen X, Zhang D, Guan Y, Chen D, Ge H, Wang Z, Bao M, Li Y. Joule Heating-Assisted Crude Oil Purification by a Poly(pyrrole)-Modified Microfibril Cellulose Membrane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2624-2636. [PMID: 38166459 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Using membrane materials to purify viscous watery oil from industrial production processes and accidental oil spills is of great importance but still challenging. Based on the excellent electrical conductivity and electric-thermal conversion of poly(pyrrole) (PPy), a hydrophobic PPy-modified micro-fibrillated cellulose membrane (P-CP) was successfully prepared. The size of the P-CP membrane can be customized to meet specific requirements. In this research, the membrane diameter is capable of reaching 24 cm. By applying a voltage ranging from 0 to 12 V, the surface temperature of the P-CP membrane can be elevated to roughly 120 °C. After 10 cycles of heating and cooling under 12 V voltage, the electric-thermal curves, surface hydrophobicity, and pore structure of P-CP membrane can remain stable, which suggests remarkable electric-thermal stability and reliability despite prolonged operation. The P-CP membrane shows good linearity between voltage and current (R2 = 0.997) and easy temperature control from room temperature to ∼120 °C at low supply voltage (0-12 V). Under the condition of 12 V power supply and self-gravity, the separation flux of the P-CP membrane for water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions (kerosene, diesel) is 2-3 times higher than that at room temperature, and the separation efficiency is also improved. Importantly, the P-CP membrane shows excellent separation performance for high viscosity water-in-crude oil emulsions, with a separation flux of 40 L m-2 h-1 by gravity. Compared to the situation without electricity, the separation flux of water-in-crude oil emulsion has increased four-fold. The joule heating of the P-CP membrane expands its service time and application scenarios, demonstrating its great application prospects in actual viscous oil-water emulsion separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Guan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Dafan Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ge
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Zhining Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100 Qingdao, P. R. China
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Li X, Lin W, Petrescu FIT, Li J, Wang L, Zhu H, Wang H, Shi G. A Solar-Driven Oil-Water Separator with Fluorescence Sensing Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2696. [PMID: 37836337 PMCID: PMC10574624 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Presently, the separation of oil and water through functional membranes inevitably entails either inefficient gravity-driven processes or energy-intensive vacuum pressure mechanisms. This study introduces an innovative photothermal evaporator that uses solar energy to drive oil-water separation while concurrently facilitating the detection of Fe3+ in wastewater. First, by alkali delignification, small holes were formed on the side wall of the large size tubular channel in the direction of wood growth. Subsequently, superhydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles were in situ assembled onto the sidewalls of the tubular channels. Finally, carbon quantum dots were deposited by spin-coating on the surface of the evaporator, paralleling the growth direction of the wood. During the photothermal evaporation process, the tubular channels with small holes in the side wall parallel the bulk water, which not only ensures the effective water supply to the photothermal surface but also reduces the heat loss caused by water reflux on the photothermal surface. The superhydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles confer both hydrophilic and oleophobic properties to the evaporator, preventing the accumulation of minute oil droplets within the device and achieving sustained and stable oil-water separation over extended periods. These carbon quantum dots exhibit capabilities for both photothermal conversion and fluorescence transmission. This photothermal evaporator achieves an evaporation rate as high as 2.3 kg m-2 h-1 in the oil-water separation process, and it has the ability to detect Fe3+ concentrations in wastewater as low as 10-9 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
- Department of Mechanisms and Robots Theory, National University of Science and Technology Polytechnic Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Likui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Gang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biotechnology Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (H.Z.)
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