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Spettigue W, Drouin S, Isserlin L, Palmert S, Roscoe C, Harrison M, Kanbur N, Bishop J, Norris ML. The Psychological, Cognitive, and Behavioural Effects of Starvation in Humans: A Scoping Review. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2025; 33:666-690. [PMID: 39887591 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has highlighted the physical complications of starvation, but there is less research examining the psychological effects of starvation in humans. AIMS This scoping review synthesises literature on the non-physical effects of starvation in humans. METHOD Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Global Health for studies published between 1946 and 2023 examining the non-physical effects of starvation in individuals aged 2-79 years, including those who were starved, malnourished, stunted, wasted, underweight, had a restrictive eating disorder, or were raised in famine conditions. RESULTS From 16,555 abstracts, 851 articles on the effects of malnutrition were reviewed, and 318 were included. Among these, 35% focused on children and adolescents, 25.5% on adults with comorbid illnesses, 17% on older adults, 13% on those with eating disorders, 6% on adults without comorbidities, and 3.5% on famine survivors. Cognitive impairments were the most frequently reported effects in children. In adults and older adults, depression and anxiety were common, along with reduced cognitive functioning, reduced quality of life, social withdrawal, impaired sleep and impaired sexual functioning. Individuals with eating disorders experienced depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, emotion regulation difficulties, and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS There is extensive evidence showing the detrimental non-physical consequences of starvation in children and adults. These findings should inform research, clinical interventions, and educational materials addressing the effects of insufficient nutrition, including in those with restrictive eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Spettigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Drouin
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Leanna Isserlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sasha Palmert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Clare Roscoe
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Megan Harrison
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nuray Kanbur
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jacquie Bishop
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark L Norris
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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Rad MS, Ansarinia M, Shafir E. Temporary Self-Deprivation Can Impair Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Ramadan Fast. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:415-428. [PMID: 35094597 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211070385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During Ramadan, people of Muslim faith fast by not eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset. This is likely to have physiological and psychological consequences for fasters, and societal and economic impacts on the wider population. We investigate whether, during this voluntary and temporally limited fast, reminders of food can impair the fasters' reaction time and accuracy on a non-food-related test of cognitive control. Using a repeated measures design in a sample of Ramadan fasters (N = 190), we find that when food is made salient, fasters are slower and less accurate during Ramadan compared with after Ramadan. Control participants perform similarly across time. Furthermore, during Ramadan performances vary by how recently people had their last meal. Potential mechanisms are suggested, grounded in research on resource scarcity, commitment, and thought suppression, as well as the psychology of rituals and self-regulation, and implications for people who fast for religious or health reasons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salari Rad
- Kahneman -Treistamn Center for Behavioral Science and Public Policy, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, NJ, USA.,Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, USA
| | - Morteza Ansarinia
- University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eldar Shafir
- Kahneman -Treistamn Center for Behavioral Science and Public Policy, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, NJ, USA
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Beckner ME, Lieberman HR, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, Niro PJ, Thompson LA, Karl JP, Gwin JA, Margolis LM, Hennigar SR, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Effects of energy balance on cognitive performance, risk-taking, ambulatory vigilance and mood during simulated military sustained operations (SUSOPS). Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114010. [PMID: 36349660 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sustained operations (SUSOPS) require military personnel to conduct combat and training operations while experiencing physical and cognitive stress and limited sleep. These operations are often conducted in a state of negative energy balance and are associated with degraded cognitive performance and mood. Whether maintaining energy balance can mitigate these declines is unclear. This randomized crossover study assessed the effects of energy balance on cognitive performance, risk-taking propensity, ambulatory vigilance, and mood during a simulated 72-h SUSOPS. METHODS Ten male Soldiers (mean ± SE; 22.4 ± 1.7 y; body weight 87.3 ± 1.1 kg) completed two, 72-h simulated SUSOPS in random order, separated by 7 days of recovery. Each SUSOPS elicited ∼4500 kcal/d total energy expenditure and restricted sleep to 4 h/night. During SUSOPS, participants consumed either an energy-balanced or restricted diet that induced a 43 ± 3% energy deficit. A cognitive test battery was administered each morning and evening to assess: vigilance, working memory, grammatical reasoning, risk-taking propensity, and mood. Real-time ambulatory vigilance was assessed each morning, evening, and night via a wrist-worn monitoring device. RESULTS Participants exhibited heightened risk-taking propensity (p = 0.047) with lower self-reported self-control (p = 0.021) and fatigue (p = 0.013) during energy deficit compared to during energy balance. Vigilance accuracy (p < 0.001) and working memory (p = 0.040) performance decreased, and vigilance lapses increased (p < 0.001) during SUSOPS, but did not differ by diet. Percentage of correct responses to ambulatory vigilance stimuli varied during SUSOPS (p = 0.019) independent of diet, with generally poorer performance during the morning and night. Total mood disturbance (p = 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.001), tension (p = 0.003), and confusion (p = 0.036) increased whereas vigor decreased (p < 0.001) during SUSOPS, independent of diet. CONCLUSION Prolonged physical activity combined with sleep restriction is associated with impaired vigilance, memory, and mood state. Under such conditions, maintaining energy balance prevents increased risk-taking and improves self-control, but does not improve other aspects of cognitive function or mood. Given the small sample in the present study, replication in a larger cohort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E Beckner
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States.
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Jillian T Allen
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Philip J Niro
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Lauren A Thompson
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - J Philip Karl
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Jess A Gwin
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Lee M Margolis
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | | | - James P McClung
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Building 42, Natick, MA 01760, United States
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O'Leary TJ, Wardle SL, Greeves JP. Energy Deficiency in Soldiers: The Risk of the Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndromes in the Military. Front Nutr 2020; 7:142. [PMID: 32984399 PMCID: PMC7477333 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Military personnel experience energy deficit (total energy expenditure higher than energy intake), particularly during combat training and field exercises where exercising energy expenditures are high and energy intake is reduced. Low energy availability (energy intake minus exercising energy expenditure expressed relative to fat free mass) impairs endocrine function and bone health, as recognized in female athletes as the Female Athlete Triad syndrome. More recently, the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome encompasses broader health outcomes, physical and cognitive performance, non-athletes, and men. This review summarizes the evidence for the effect of low energy availability and energy deficiency in military training and operations on health and performance outcomes. Energy availability is difficult to measure in free-living individuals but doubly labeled water studies demonstrate high total energy expenditures during military training; studies that have concurrently measured energy intake, or measured body composition changes with DXA, suggest severe and/or prolonged energy deficits. Military training in energy deficit disturbs endocrine and metabolic function, menstrual function, bone health, immune function, gastrointestinal health, iron status, mood, and physical and cognitive performance. There are more data for men than women, and little evidence on the chronic effects of repeated exposures to energy deficit. Military training impairs indices of health and performance, indicative of the Triad and RED-S, but the multi-stressor environment makes it difficult to isolate the independent effects of energy deficiency. Studies supplementing with energy to attenuate the energy deficit suggest an independent effect of energy deficiency in the disturbances to metabolic, endocrine and immune function, and physical performance, but randomized controlled trials are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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5
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Caruso C, Bukhari AS, Smith TJ, Pasiakos SM, McClung JP, Lieberman HR. Two days of calorie deprivation impairs high level cognitive processes, mood, and self-reported exertion during aerobic exercise: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:33-40. [PMID: 30831453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel and emergency responders perform cognitively-demanding tasks during periods of sustained physical exertion and limited caloric intake. Cognitive function is preserved during short-term caloric restriction, but it is unclear if preservation extends to combined caloric restriction and physical exertion. According to the "reticular-activating hypofrontality" model, vigorous exertion impairs prefrontal cortex activity and associated functions. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examined cognitive function during sustained exertion while volunteers were calorically-deprived. Twenty-three volunteers were calorie-depleted for two days on one occasion and fully-fed on another. They completed intermittent bouts of exercise at 40-65% VO2peak while prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks of cognitive control, mood, and perceived exertion were assessed. Calorie deprivation impaired accuracy on the task-switching task of set-shifting (p < .01) and decreased sensitivity on the go/no-go task of response inhibition (p < .05). Calorie deprivation did not affect risk taking on the Rogers risk task. During exercise, calorie deprivation, particularly on day 2, increased perceived exertion (p < .05) and impaired mood states of tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion (all p < .01). Physical exertion during severe calorie deprivation impairs cognitive control, mood, and self-rated exertion. Reallocation of cerebral metabolic resources from the prefrontal cortex to structures supporting movement may explain these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Caroline R Mahoney
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Christina Caruso
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Asma S Bukhari
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tracey J Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Teo L, Crawford C, Yehuda R, Jaghab D, Bingham JJ, Gallon MD, O'Connell ML, Chittum HK, Arzola SM, Berry K. Whole dietary patterns to optimize cognitive function for military mission-readiness: a systematic review and recommendations for the field. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:73-88. [PMID: 28969343 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Optimizing cognitive performance, particularly during times of high stress, is a prerequisite to mission-readiness among military personnel. It has been of interest to determine whether such performance could be enhanced through diet. Objective This systematic review assesses the quality of the evidence for whole dietary patterns across various outcomes related to cognitive function in healthy adult populations to develop research recommendations for the military. Data Sources PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Study Selection Peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials published in the English language were eligible. Data Extraction Fifteen included trials were assessed for methodological quality, and descriptive data were extracted. Data Synthesis Of the 6 acceptable-quality studies, 1 demonstrated statistically nonsignificant results, whereas the other 5 showed conflicting results across the cognitive outcomes assessed. Conclusions Due to the heterogeneity across the included studies, no recommendations could be reached concerning whether certain whole dietary patterns have an effect on cognitive outcomes in healthy populations. Specific recommendations for future research are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Teo
- Samueli Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
- Thought Leadership & Innovation Foundation, McLean, Virginia, USA
| | - Cindy Crawford
- Samueli Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
- Thought Leadership & Innovation Foundation, McLean, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Danny Jaghab
- Telehealth/Virtual Health, Office of the Army Surgeon General, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Berry
- Samueli Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
- Thought Leadership & Innovation Foundation, McLean, Virginia, USA
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Neural correlates of increased risk-taking propensity in sleep-deprived people along with a changing risk level. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1910-1921. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9658-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chronical sleep interruption-induced cognitive decline assessed by a metabolomics method. Behav Brain Res 2015; 302:60-8. [PMID: 26747207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Good sleep is necessary for optimal health, especially for mental health. Insomnia, sleep deprivation will make your ability to learn and memory impaired. Nevertheless, the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of sleep disorders-induced cognitive decline is still largely unknown. In this study, the sleep deprivation of animal model was induced by chronical sleep interruption (CSI), the behavioral tests, biochemical index determinations, and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based serum metabolic profiling analysis were performed to explore the effects of CSI on cognitive function and the underlying mechanisms. After 14-days CSI, the cognitive function of the mice was evaluated by new objects preference (NOP) task and temporal order judgment (TOJ) task. Serum corticosterone (CORT), and brain Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) levels were determined by ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares project to latent structures-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and Student's t-test. We found that the cognitive function of the mice was significantly affected by CSI. Besides, levels of CORT and MDA were higher, and SOD and CAT were lower in CSI mice than those of control. Obvious body weight loss of CSI mice was also observed. Thirteen potential serum biomarkers including choline, valine, uric acid, allantoic acid, carnitines, and retinoids were identified. Affected metabolic pathways involve metabolism of purine, retinoid, lipids, and amino acid. These results showed that CSI can damage the cognitive performance notably. The cognitive decline may ascribe to excessive oxidative stress and a series of disturbed metabolic pathways.
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A novel method to analyze social transmission in chronologically sequenced assemblages, implemented on cultural inheritance of the art of cooking. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122092. [PMID: 25970578 PMCID: PMC4430218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present an analytical technique for the measurement and evaluation of changes in chronologically sequenced assemblages. To illustrate the method, we studied the cultural evolution of European cooking as revealed in seven cook books dispersed over the past 800 years. We investigated if changes in the set of commonly used ingredients were mainly gradual or subject to fashion fluctuations. Applying our method to the data from the cook books revealed that overall, there is a clear continuity in cooking over the ages – cooking is knowledge that is passed down through generations, not something (re-)invented by each generation on its own. Looking at three main categories of ingredients separately (spices, animal products and vegetables), however, disclosed that all ingredients do not change according to the same pattern. While choice of animal products was very conservative, changing completely sequentially, changes in the choices of spices, but also of vegetables, were more unbounded. We hypothesize that this may be due a combination of fashion fluctuations and changes in availability due to contact with the Americas during our study time period. The presented method is also usable on other assemblage type data, and can thus be of utility for analyzing sequential archaeological data from the same area or other similarly organized material.
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Neipert L, Pastorek NJ, Troyanskaya M, Scheibel RS, Petersen NJ, Levin HS. Effect of clinical characteristics on cognitive performance in service members and veterans with histories of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2014; 28:1667-74. [PMID: 25180439 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.947623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between clinical characteristics and cognitive performance in service members and veterans with histories of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). DESIGN This study consisted of 40 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) service members and veterans; 20 participants reported blast exposure and alteration of mental status consistent with mTBI and 20 participants denied blast exposure and had no history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), but could have experienced extra-cranial injuries. Measures of simple reaction time, processing speed, visual attention, working memory and mathematical processing were used to assess long-term effects of mTBI. Measures of post-traumatic stress symptom severity, pain intensity, sleep difficulty and subjective appraisal of cognition at time of testing were also obtained. Multivariate analyses were conducted with clinical characteristics and mTBI history as predictors of cognitive performance. RESULTS There was no evidence of an effect of mTBI history on cognitive performance in this sample. However, post-traumatic stress symptom severity was significantly related to two measures of cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the importance of considering the effects of current clinical symptoms (e.g. post-traumatic stress) as possibly having greater influence on current cognitive functioning than the effects of a remote history of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Neipert
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston, TX , USA
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Almomani F, Josman N, Al-momani MO, Malkawi SH, Nazzal M, ALMAHDAWI KHADERA, Almomani F. Factors related to cognitive function among elementary school children. Scand J Occup Ther 2013; 21:191-8. [DOI: 10.3109/11038128.2013.853098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Scalf PE, Torralbo A, Tapia E, Beck DM. Competition explains limited attention and perceptual resources: implications for perceptual load and dilution theories. Front Psychol 2013; 4:243. [PMID: 23717289 PMCID: PMC3650668 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both perceptual load theory and dilution theory purport to explain when and why task-irrelevant information, or so-called distractors are processed. Central to both explanations is the notion of limited resources, although the theories differ in the precise way in which those limitations affect distractor processing. We have recently proposed a neurally plausible explanation of limited resources in which neural competition among stimuli hinders their representation in the brain. This view of limited capacity can also explain distractor processing, whereby the competitive interactions and bias imposed to resolve the competition determine the extent to which a distractor is processed. This idea is compatible with aspects of both perceptual load and dilution models of distractor processing, but also serves to highlight their differences. Here we review the evidence in favor of a biased competition view of limited resources and relate these ideas to both classic perceptual load theory and dilution theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Scalf
- Department of Psychology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ana Torralbo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Evelina Tapia
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Diane M. Beck
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
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Ståhle L, Granström E, Ljungdahl Ståhle E, Isaksson S, Samuelsson A, Rudling M, Sepp H. Effects of food or sleep deprivation during civilian survival training on clinical chemistry variables. Wilderness Environ Med 2013; 24:146-52. [PMID: 23434165 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical chemistry and weight changes after short-term food or sleep deprivation or multiple deprivations during civilian survival training. METHODS Data from one baseline-controlled two-period crossover study designed to compare sleep deprivation for up to 50 hours with food deprivation for up to 66 hours (n = 12) and data from regular multiple-deprivations survival training comparing participants (n = 33) with nondeprived instructors (n = 10). RESULTS Food deprivation was associated with decreased body weight, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, sodium, chloride, and urine pH, and there were increases in blood and urine ketones and serum free fatty acids. Sleep deprivation was associated with a minor decrease in hemoglobin and erythrocyte particle count and volume fraction and an increase in leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS The clinical chemistry and body weight changes associated with food deprivation were qualitatively similar to those observed in fasting obese patients but developed quicker in the survival training setting. Sleep deprivation had few effects on the clinical chemistry profile except for hematological variables. Physicians evaluating clinical chemistry data from patients subjected to short-term food or sleep deprivation should take the physiological state into account in their assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ståhle
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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14
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Troutt JS, Rudling M, Persson L, Ståhle L, Angelin B, Butterfield AM, Schade AE, Cao G, Konrad RJ. Circulating human hepcidin-25 concentrations display a diurnal rhythm, increase with prolonged fasting, and are reduced by growth hormone administration. Clin Chem 2012; 58:1225-32. [PMID: 22679180 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.186866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin-25 reduces iron absorption by binding to the intestinal iron transporter ferroportin and causing its degradation. Currently, little is known about the basal regulation of circulating hepcidin-25. In addition, although erythropoietin administration has been reported to decrease the circulating hepcidin concentration, information is limited regarding how other stimulators of erythropoiesis, such as growth hormone (GH), might alter hepcidin-25 concentrations. METHODS We used a sensitive and specific hepcidin-25 dual-monoclonal antibody sandwich immunoassay to measure hepcidin-25 in healthy human volunteers at various time points throughout the day and during 3 days of fasting and subsequent refeeding. We also measured hepcidin-25 concentrations in healthy volunteers after GH administration. RESULTS In healthy individuals, hepcidin-25 concentrations displayed a diurnal variation, with concentrations being lowest in the early morning and steadily increasing throughout the day before declining during the evening hours, a pattern that was not influenced by food intake. Prolonged fasting produced statistically significant increases in hepcidin-25 concentrations. Refeeding reversed this process, and GH administration markedly decreased hepcidin-25 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in humans, hepcidin-25 exhibits diurnal changes that can be altered by prolonged fasting, which increases hepcidin-25 concentrations approximately 3-fold after 3 days of fasting, possibly owing to a suppression of erythropoiesis that may occur during the fasting state to preserve tissue iron concentrations. In contrast, GH administration decreased hepcidin-25 concentrations by approximately 65%, presumably by stimulating erythropoiesis. These results indicate that circulating hepcidin-25 concentrations display much more dynamic and rapid variation than might have been anticipated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Troutt
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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