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Davenport EM, Urban JE, Mokhtari F, Lowther EL, Van Horn JD, Vaughan CG, Gioia GA, Whitlow CT, Stitzel JD, Maldjian JA. Subconcussive impacts and imaging findings over a season of contact sports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:CNC19. [PMID: 30202561 PMCID: PMC6093756 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of repeated subconcussive head impacts in youth and high school sports on the developing brain is poorly understood. Emerging neuroimaging data correlated with biomechanical exposure metrics are beginning to demonstrate relationships across a variety of modalities. The long-term consequences of these changes are unknown. A review of the currently available literature on the effect of subconcussive head impacts on youth and high school-age male football players provides compelling evidence for more focused studies of these effects in these vulnerable populations. Concussions are known to cause clinical symptoms, which are especially concerning for youth and high school athletes. However, the effects of repeated head impacts that do not cause a diagnosed concussion, known as subconcussive head impacts, are currently unknown. Recent research has identified similar changes in the brain following repeated nonconcussive impacts to the head, once thought to be caused only by the occurrence of concussion with the presence of clinical symptoms. Similarly, many reports suggest that a higher exposure to head impacts is associated with a greater amount of structural and/or functional changes in the brain. Given the similar effects on the brain, with or without symptoms, more work is needed to determine the long-term effects of subconcussive head impacts on individual athletes, particularly in the youth and high school age population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Davenport
- Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research (ANSIR) Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research (ANSIR) Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jillian E Urban
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA
| | - Fatemeh Mokhtari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA
| | - Ervin L Lowther
- Department of Radiology-Neuroradiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Department of Radiology-Neuroradiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA
| | - John D Van Horn
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.,USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Christopher G Vaughan
- Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gerard A Gioia
- Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA
| | - Joel D Stitzel
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA.,Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088, USA
| | - Joseph A Maldjian
- Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research (ANSIR) Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research (ANSIR) Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Davenport EM, Whitlow CT, Urban JE, Espeland MA, Jung Y, Rosenbaum DA, Gioia GA, Powers AK, Stitzel JD, Maldjian JA. Abnormal white matter integrity related to head impact exposure in a season of high school varsity football. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1617-24. [PMID: 24786802 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the cumulative effects of head impacts from a season of high school football produce magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measureable changes in the brain in the absence of clinically diagnosed concussion. Players from a local high school football team were instrumented with the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS™) during all practices and games. All players received pre- and postseason MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) was also conducted. Total impacts and risk-weighted cumulative exposure (RWE), including linear (RWELinear), rotational (RWERotational), and combined components (RWECP), were computed from the sensor data. Fractional, linear, planar, and spherical anisotropies (FA, CL, CP, and CS, respectively), as well as mean diffusivity (MD), were used to determine total number of abnormal white matter voxels defined as 2 standard deviations above or below the group mean. Delta (post-preseason) ImPACT scores for each individual were computed and compared to the DTI measures using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. None of the players analyzed experienced clinical concussion (N=24). Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant linear relationship between RWECP and FA. Secondary analyses demonstrated additional statistically significant linear associations between RWE (RWECP and RWELinear) and all DTI measures. There was also a strong correlation between DTI measures and change in Verbal Memory subscore of the ImPACT. We demonstrate that a single season of football can produce brain MRI changes in the absence of clinical concussion. Similar brain MRI changes have been previously associated with mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Davenport
- 1 Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research (ANSIR) Laboratory , Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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