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Fleseriu M, Varlamov EV, Hinojosa-Amaya JM, Langlois F, Melmed S. An individualized approach to the management of Cushing disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:581-599. [PMID: 37537306 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Cushing disease caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary corticotroph adenoma leads to hypercortisolaemia with high mortality due to metabolic, cardiovascular, immunological, neurocognitive, haematological and infectious conditions. The disorder is challenging to diagnose because of its common and heterogenous presenting features and the biochemical pitfalls of testing levels of hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Several late-night salivary cortisol and 24-h urinary free cortisol tests are usually required as well as serum levels of cortisol after a dexamethasone suppression test. MRI might only identify an adenoma in 60-75% of patients and many adenomas are small. Therefore, inferior petrosal sinus sampling remains the gold standard for confirmation of ACTH secretion from a pituitary source. Initial treatment is usually transsphenoidal adenoma resection, but preoperative medical therapy is increasingly being used in some countries and regions. Other management approaches are required if Cushing disease persists or recurs following surgery, including medications to modulate ACTH or block cortisol secretion or actions, pituitary radiation, and/or bilateral adrenalectomy. All patients require lifelong surveillance for persistent comorbidities, clinical and biochemical recurrence, and treatment-related adverse effects (including development of treatment-associated hypopituitarism). In this Review, we discuss challenges in the management of Cushing disease in adults and provide information to guide clinicians when planning an integrated and individualized approach for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Elena V Varlamov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jose M Hinojosa-Amaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Fabienne Langlois
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine and Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary and cavernous sinus metastases. J Neurooncol 2023; 161:175-184. [PMID: 36617600 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastases extending to the pituitary gland and cavernous sinus are extremely rare; however, advances in neuroimaging have increased the reported incidence. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) affords the precise delivery of focused radiation to minimize adverse radiation effects. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of SRS in the treatment of pituitary and cavernous sinus metastases. METHODS Analysis was performed on 23 patients with pituitary and cavernous sinus metastases who underwent treatment using SRS between 1996 and 2021. The cohort was categorized into 2 groups in terms of metastasis location: pituitary involvement (Group 1, n = 11) and cavernous sinus involvement (Group 2, n = 12). Overall survival, local tumor control, and distal tumor control rates were compared between the two groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS The median age of the cohort was 52.2 years and the median tumor volume was 4.5 mL. Overall survival rates were as follows: 1 year (72.9%), 2 years (51.8%), and 3 years (45.3%). Local tumor control rates were as follows: 1 year (82.3%), 2 years (82.3%), and 3 years (65.9%). Visual deficit and hypopituitarism were the most common presentations in Group 1, whereas cranial nerve deficit was the most common presentation in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS SRS appears to be a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of pituitary and cavernous sinus metastases. GKRS is a relatively simple procedure, which places minimal stress on the patient, thereby facilitating further anti-cancer treatment. Considering the limited survival duration in cases of metastasis, it is very likely that post-GKRS complications (e.g., new onset cranial nerve deficit and hypopituitarism) would not become an issue before patient passes away.
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Abstract
In Cushing disease (CD), radiation therapy (RT) is mostly used in the adjuvant setting in patients who have failed transsphenoidal surgery or have recurrent CD. Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is administered as either single or several sessions, and the most commonly used modalities include photon source (Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, and LINAC) or heavy particles (protons). In multicenter studies, Gamma Knife SRT can lead to biochemical control in 80%, with medial time to remission approximately 15 mos, and 70% recurrence free at 10 years. Conventional RT (CRT) consists of administration of small daily fractions over six weeks, with cumulative dose of 45-50 Gy. Biochemical control is achieved in up to 64% of patients with CRT. Choice of radiation modality includes convenience for patients (SRT is more convenient) and proximity to critical structures. Both forms of RT can result in hypopituitarism. RT remains an important modality for the treatment of patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Katznelson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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Losa M, Albano L, Bailo M, Barzaghi LR, Mortini P. Role of radiosurgery in the treatment of Cushing's disease. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13134. [PMID: 35980263 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a useful adjuvant treatment for patients with Cushing's disease that is not cured by surgery. In particular, Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has been increasingly used worldwide as the preferred radiation technique in patients with persistent or recurrent Cushing's disease. The most widely accepted criterion for hormonal remission after GKRS is normalization of urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels. When a clear biological target is not identified, irradiation of the whole pituitary gland can be considered. The 5-year probability of remission is 65%-75%. Normalization of hypercortisolism usually occurs within 3 years from GKRS treatment and control of tumor growth is optimal, approaching more than 90%. No clear predictor of a favorable outcome has emerged up to now, except for the experience of the treating team. In the largest series, development of partial or complete hypopituitarism occurred between 15% and 36%. Severe side effects of GKRS, such as optic neuropathy and oculomotor palsy, are uncommon but have been documented in patients previously exposed to radiation. Recurrence of disease has been reported in as high as 16%-18% of the patients who achieved normalization of UFC levels in the two largest series, whereas smaller series did not describe late failure of GKRS. The reason for this discrepancy is unclear, as is the relationship between hormonal and tumoral recurrence. Another unresolved issue is whether treatment with adrenal blocking drugs can jeopardize the results of GKRS. GKRS is an effective second-line treatment in patients with Cushing's disease not cured by surgery. Hypopituitarism is the most frequent side effect of GKRS, whereas severe neurologic complications are uncommon in radiation-naïve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Albano
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Bailo
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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5
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Ganz JC. Pituitary adenomas. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 268:191-215. [PMID: 35074080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas produce a complex collection of disorders. Some are incidental findings. Some distort local anatomical structures which can lead to disorders of vision or hormone production. Some produce excesses of hormones which can be either life threatening or clinically distressing. The management requires the expertise of a variety of experts who plan together. No single treatment is universally successful in controlling these conditions. Medical, biochemical, surgical and radiosurgical management can all have parts to play. Coordinate co-operation between specialists will provide patients with the best available treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Ganz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, Ben-Shlomo A, Bertherat J, Biermasz NR, Boguszewski CL, Bronstein MD, Buchfelder M, Carmichael JD, Casanueva FF, Castinetti F, Chanson P, Findling J, Gadelha M, Geer EB, Giustina A, Grossman A, Gurnell M, Ho K, Ioachimescu AG, Kaiser UB, Karavitaki N, Katznelson L, Kelly DF, Lacroix A, McCormack A, Melmed S, Molitch M, Mortini P, Newell-Price J, Nieman L, Pereira AM, Petersenn S, Pivonello R, Raff H, Reincke M, Salvatori R, Scaroni C, Shimon I, Stratakis CA, Swearingen B, Tabarin A, Takahashi Y, Theodoropoulou M, Tsagarakis S, Valassi E, Varlamov EV, Vila G, Wass J, Webb SM, Zatelli MC, Biller BMK. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:847-875. [PMID: 34687601 PMCID: PMC8743006 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's disease requires accurate diagnosis, careful treatment selection, and long-term management to optimise patient outcomes. The Pituitary Society convened a consensus workshop comprising more than 50 academic researchers and clinical experts to discuss the application of recent evidence to clinical practice. In advance of the virtual meeting, data from 2015 to present about screening and diagnosis; surgery, medical, and radiation therapy; and disease-related and treatment-related complications of Cushing's disease summarised in recorded lectures were reviewed by all participants. During the meeting, concise summaries of the recorded lectures were presented, followed by small group breakout discussions. Consensus opinions from each group were collated into a draft document, which was reviewed and approved by all participants. Recommendations regarding use of laboratory tests, imaging, and treatment options are presented, along with algorithms for diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and management of Cushing's disease. Topics considered most important to address in future research are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jerome Bertherat
- Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares de la Surrénale, Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Leiden University Medical Center and European Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - John D Carmichael
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Santiago de Compostela University and Ciber OBN, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille Medical Genetics, INSERM, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Department of Endocrinology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Mônica Gadelha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ashley Grossman
- University of London, London, UK; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Gurnell
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge, UK; Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken Ho
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - André Lacroix
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ann McCormack
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark Molitch
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alberto M Pereira
- Leiden University Medical Center and European Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephan Petersenn
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany and University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Hershel Raff
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital of LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ilan Shimon
- Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | - Antoine Tabarin
- CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital of LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Elena Valassi
- Endocrinology Unit, Hospital General de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Research Center for Pituitary Diseases (CIBERER Unit 747), Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Greisa Vila
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Wass
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Webb
- Research Center for Pituitary Diseases (CIBERER Unit 747), Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Balossier A, Tuleasca C, Cortet-Rudelli C, Soto-Ares G, Levivier M, Assaker R, Reyns N. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for acromegaly: Evaluating the role of the biological effective dose associated with endocrine remission in a series of 42 consecutive cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:424-433. [PMID: 32984972 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a valuable treatment option for persistent and/or recurrent acromegaly secondary to growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary adenoma (PA). Here, we assess the role of biological effective dose (BED) received by PA treated with SRS in relation with endocrine remission. METHODS Forty-two patients (minimum 6 months follow-up) were included. Mean marginal dose was 27.7 (median 28, 20-35), and mean BED received by tumour was 193.1 Gy2.47 (median 199.7, 64.1-237.1). Based on the median values, we divided the patients in high tumour BED group (H-BEDtm, 199.7-237.1 Gy2.47, n = 12) and low BED one (L- BEDtm, 64.1-199.7 Gy2.47 , n = 10). The two groups did not differ by pretherapeutic IGF-1 levels (p = .1) or by the prescribed dose (p = .6). RESULTS Mean follow-up period was 62.5 months (median 60.5, 9-127). Probability of IGF-1 normalization was 65% at 3 years and 72.4% at 4 years, remaining stable until last follow-up. Twenty-two (52.4%) patients had complete endocrine remission in absence of any Somatostatin analogues. Actuarial rates were 33% at 3 years and 57.4% at 7 years, further remaining stable during follow-up course. In univariate analysis, only statistically significant parameter was pretherapeutic serum IGF-1 and IGF-1 index (p = .01). Five patients (5/26, 19.3%) without previous hypopituitarism developed new pituitary insufficiency. H-BEDtm was associated with higher rates of endocrine remission compared with L-BEDtm, with actuarial probability of 70.2% versus 48.2% at 9 years, although this did not reach statistical significance (p > .05). CONCLUSION Our study confirms that SRS by Gamma Knife is safe and effective for GH-secreting PA. Pretherapeutic serum levels of IGF-1 were only statistically significant parameter for endocrine remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balossier
- Assistance Publique, Hopitaux de Marseille, Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Unit, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
- Clinical Neurosurgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Constantin Tuleasca
- Clinical Neurosurgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (Unil), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS 5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Cortet-Rudelli
- Endocrinology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Gustavo Soto-Ares
- Neuroradiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Marc Levivier
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (Unil), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Assaker
- Clinical Neurosurgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- Clinical Neurosurgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
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Abstract
External radiation therapy (RT) directed to the pituitary gland is generally recommended in patients with Cushing's disease (CD) as adjuvant to transsphenoidal surgery, among other second-line therapies offered to patients with residual or recurrent hypercortisolism (i.e., medical treatment, repeat surgery or bilateral adrenalectomy). RT is effective for the control of tumor growth, even in invasive tumors and in Nelson's syndrome. Progress in radiation stereotactic techniques lead to improved tumor targeting and radiation delivery, thus sparing the adjacent brain structures. Stereotactic RT is associated with a 55-65% rate of cortisol normalization after several months to a few years and potentially with a lower risk of long-term complications, compared with conventional RT. Cortisol-lowering medical therapy is recommended while awaiting the radiation effects. Hypopituitarism is the most frequent side-effect, damage to optic or cranial nerves or second brain tumors are rarely reported. This review presents the updates in the efficacy and safety of the stereotactic radiation techniques in CD patients. Practical points which should be considered by the clinician before recommending RT are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Livia Gheorghiu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Endocrinology C.I. Parhon, Bucharest, Romania.
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Mathai C, Anolik J. Cushing's Disease as a Result of Two ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Tumors. AACE Clin Case Rep 2020; 7:149-152. [PMID: 34095475 PMCID: PMC8053624 DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our objective is to present a case of Cushing’s disease (CD) with 2 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumors. Multiple monohormonal pituitary tumors are rare. This case supports a consideration of repeat transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) in patients with initial surgical failure. Methods Salivary, 24-h urine, serum cortisol testing, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to diagnose CD. Treatment included TSS and postoperative hydrocortisone. Results A 36-year-old woman followed for hypothyroidism presented with a new left supraclavicular fossa swelling and underwent Cushing’s syndrome screening. The levels of late-night salivary cortisol were 0.636 and 0.316 μg/dL, 24-h urine cortisol was 162 μg/24 h, cortisol after 1-mg dexamethasone suppression was 14.0 μg/dL, and serum morning cortisol was 26.4 μg/dL with ACTH of 66.7 pg/mL. A 7-mm hypoenhancing anterior pituitary lesion was noted on pituitary MRI. The cortisol level was 2.7 μg/dL after an 8-mg dexamethasone suppression. She underwent TSS, and her histopathology read as pituitary adenoma staining positive for ACTH. No residual tumor was seen intraoperatively. Postoperative morning serum cortisol was 17.9 μg/dL, and ACTH level was 79 pg/mL. Repeat TSS revealed a second adenoma previously unseen on MRI, which also stained positive for ACTH. Postoperative morning cortisol was 0.7 μg/dL, and ACTH was <9 pg/mL. Hydrocortisone, which was started for her central adrenal insufficiency, was tapered and stopped 1 year postoperatively. Late-night salivary cortisol levels were 0.016 and 0.012 μg/dL. Conclusion We conclude that surgical failure in CD after initial TSS should warrant the consideration of a second ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma and possible repeat TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mathai
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Anolik
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Taylor DG, Janssen A, Ding D, Xu Z, Mehta GU, Liscak R, Kano H, Kosak M, Martinez-Moreno N, Hobbs L, Chen CJ, Grills IS, Mathieu D, Lunsford LD, Vance ML, Sheehan JP. Whole Sella vs Targeted Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Acromegaly: A Multicenter Matched Cohort Study. Neurosurgery 2020; 86:656-664. [PMID: 31384920 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with sparing of the residual pituitary is the traditional radiosurgical method for pituitary adenomas. Whole-sella SRS is an alternative choice for radiologically indeterminate or large adenomas, the safety and efficacy of which has yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE To determine if whole-sella SRS in acromegaly would have comparable radiographic and biochemical control to targeted SRS. We performed a multicenter, retrospective matched cohort study to compare outcomes between groups. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of acromegalic patients who underwent SRS from 1990 to 2016 at 10 centers participating in the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation. Whole-sella and targeted SRS patients were then matched in a 1:1 ratio. RESULTS A total of 128 patients were eligible for inclusion. Whole-sella patients had a higher pre-SRS random serum growth hormone, larger treatment volume, and higher maximum point dose to the optic apparatus. The rates of initial/durable endocrine remission, new loss of pituitary function, and new cranial neuropathy were similar between groups. Mortality and new visual deficit were higher in the whole-sella cohort, though not statistically significant. CONCLUSION There was no difference in biochemical remission or recurrence between treatment groups. Although not statistically significant, the higher rates of tumor regression and lower rates of mortality and new visual deficit may suggest consideration of targeted SRS over whole-sella SRS in acromegaly treatment. Further research is needed to determine the association between visual deficits and mortality with whole-sella SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis G Taylor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrew Janssen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gautam U Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roman Liscak
- Department of Stereotactic and Radiation Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hideyuki Kano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikulas Kosak
- First Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Department of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Landon Hobbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Inga S Grills
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - David Mathieu
- Centre de recherche du CHUS, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - L Dade Lunsford
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Lee Vance
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Braun LT, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Vogel F, Schmid-Tannwald C, Escudero MP, Honegger J, Ladurner R, Reincke M. Recurrence after pituitary surgery in adult Cushing's disease: a systematic review on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrine 2020; 70:218-231. [PMID: 32743767 PMCID: PMC7396205 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrence after pituitary surgery in Cushing's disease (CD) is a common problem ranging from 5% (minimum) to 50% (maximum) after initially successful surgery, respectively. In this review, we give an overview of the current literature regarding prevalence, diagnosis, and therapeutic options of recurrent CD. METHODS We systematically screened the literature regarding recurrent and persistent Cushing's disease using the MESH term Cushing's disease and recurrence. Of 717 results in PubMed, all manuscripts in English and German published between 1980 and April 2020 were screened. Case reports, comments, publications focusing on pediatric CD or CD in veterinary disciplines or studies with very small sample size (patient number < 10) were excluded. Also, papers on CD in pregnancy were not included in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Because of the high incidence of recurrence in CD, annual clinical and biochemical follow-up is paramount. 50% of recurrences occur during the first 50 months after first surgery. In case of recurrence, treatment options include second surgery, pituitary radiation, targeted medical therapy to control hypercortisolism, and bilateral adrenalectomy. Success rates of all these treatment options vary between 25 (some of the medical therapy) and 100% (bilateral adrenalectomy). All treatment options have specific advantages, limitations, and side effects. Therefore, treatment decisions have to be individualized according to the specific needs of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Braun
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - German Rubinstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Stephanie Zopp
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Frederick Vogel
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Montserrat Pazos Escudero
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Honegger
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Ladurner
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany.
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12
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Kedia S, Sawarkar DP, Kumar R. Letter: Radiosurgical Management of Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Cushing Disease After Prior Transsphenoidal Surgery: A Management Algorithm Based on a 25-Year Experience. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:E528. [PMID: 32629464 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kedia
- Neurosurgery All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajinder Kumar
- Neurosurgery All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
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13
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Capatina C, Hinojosa-Amaya JM, Poiana C, Fleseriu M. Management of patients with persistent or recurrent Cushing's disease after initial pituitary surgery. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:321-339. [PMID: 32813595 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1802243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment options for persistent and recurrent Cushing's disease (CD) include an individualized approach for repeat surgery, medical treatment, radiation therapy (RT), and bilateral adrenalectomy (BLA). AREAS COVERED In this expert opinion perspective, the authors review the latest treatment(s) for persistent/recurrent CD. A PubMed search was undertaken (English articles through May 2020) and relevant articles discussed. Repeat pituitary surgery should be considered in most patients with proven hypercortisolism; there is potential for cure with low risk of major complications. Medical therapy is valuable either alone, while awaiting the effects of RT, or in preparation for BLA. Medical therapy includes steroidogenesis inhibitors, agents that act at the pituitary or glucocorticoid receptor level, and novel agents in development. Radiation therapy has been used successfully to treat CD, but hypopituitarism risk and delayed efficacy (improved with radiosurgery) are major drawbacks. Laparoscopic BLA is safe and effective in patients with severe, difficult-to-manage hypercortisolism, but long-term follow-up is required as corticotroph tumor progression can develop. EXPERT OPINION Treatment of persistent/recurrent CD is challenging. Most patients require >1 therapy to achieve long-lasting remission. There is currently no ideal single treatment option that provides high and rapid efficacy, low adverse effects, and preserves normal pituitary-adrenal axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capatina
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology , Bucharest, Romania
| | - José Miguel Hinojosa-Amaya
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon, USA
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. González, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León , Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Catalina Poiana
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon, USA
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14
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Albani A, Theodoropoulou M. Persistent Cushing's Disease after Transsphenoidal Surgery: Challenges and Solutions. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:208-215. [PMID: 32838436 DOI: 10.1055/a-1220-6056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transsphenoidal surgery remains the primary treatment for Cushing's disease (CD). However, despite the vast improvements in pituitary surgery, successful treatment of CD remains a great challenge. Although selective transsphenoidal removal of the pituitary tumor is a safe and effective procedure, the disease persists in around 22% of CD patients due to incomplete tumor resection. The persistence of hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery may also be the consequence of a misdiagnosis, as can occur in case of ectopic ACTH secretion or pseudo-Cushing. Considering the elevated mortality and morbidity characterizing the disease, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to minimize potential pitfalls occurring during the diagnosis, avoid surgical failure and provide the best care in those patients who have undergone unsuccessful surgery. In this review, we analyze the factors that could predict remission or persistence of CD after pituitary surgery and revise the therapeutic options in case of surgical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albani
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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15
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Apaydin T, Ozkaya HM, Durmaz SM, Meral R, Kadioglu P. Efficacy and Safety of Stereotactic Radiotherapy in Cushing's Disease: A Single Center Experience. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:482-491. [PMID: 32767284 DOI: 10.1055/a-1217-7365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and safety of stereotactic radiotherapy (RT) in patients with Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS The study included 38 patients [31 patients who received gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) and 7 patients who received cyberknife hypofractionated RT (HFRT)] with CD. Hormonal remission was considered if the patient had suppressed cortisol levels after low dose dexamethasone, normal 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC), and lack or regression of clinical features. RESULTS Biochemical control after RT was observed in 52.6% of the patients with CD and median time to hormonal remission was 15 months. Tumor size control was obtained in all of the patients. There was no significant relationship between remission rate and laboratory, radiological and pathological variables except for preoperative UFC. Remission rate was higher in patients with lower preoperative UFC. Time to remission increased in parallel to postoperative cortisol and 1mg DST level. Although medical therapy before RT did not affect the rate of- and time to remission, medical therapy after RT prolonged the time to hormonal remission. CONCLUSION In this current single center experience, postoperative cortisol and 1mg DST levels were found as the determinants of time to remission. Although medical therapy before RT did not affect the rate of- and time to remission, medical therapy after RT prolonged the time to biochemical control . This latter finding might suggest a radioprotective effect of cortisol lowering medication use on peri-RT period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Apaydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Mefkure Ozkaya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Memis Durmaz
- Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rasim Meral
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Istanbul Medical School, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kadioglu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.,Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Thakkar K, Lila A, Sarathi V, Ramteke-Jadhav S, Goroshi M, Memon SS, Krishnatry R, Gupta T, Jalali R, Goel A, Shah A, Sankhe S, Patil V, Bandgar T, Shah NS. Cabergoline may act as a radioprotective agent in Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:55-62. [PMID: 31698511 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CRT) achieves control of pathological hypercortisolism in 75%-80% of patients with persistent or recurrent Cushing's disease (CD), over a mean period of 18-24 months. Medical therapy is recommended as bridge therapy while awaiting RT effect. OBJECTIVE To determine long-term outcome of CRT and its predictors in CD patients. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS This is a retrospective case record analysis of 42 patients with CD who received CRT as a treatment modality and had at least 12 months post-RT follow-up. The dose delivered was 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. Demographic details, hormonal evaluation and radiological data were extracted from case records. Dexamethasone suppressed cortisol at cut-off of 1.8 µg/dL was used to define remission or recurrence. Possible predictors for remission and recurrence were analysed. RESULTS The mean age at the time of CRT administration was 23.7 ± 10.7 (range: 12-48) years. A total of 29 (69%) patients achieved remission 26.5 ± 28.5 (median: 18, range: 3-120) months after RT, while 13 (31%) patients had persistent disease at last follow-up. There were no significant predictors of disease remission after CRT. Six (20.7%) patients had recurrence after a documented initial remission. Recurrence occurred 66.6 ± 25.9 (median: 74; range: 18 to 90) months after documented remission. Recurrence of the disease was exclusively seen in patients who received peri-RT cabergoline. Peri-CRT use of cabergoline was significantly associated with increased recurrence rates (P = .016). CONCLUSION Use of cabergoline in the peri-CRT period did not affect initial remission after CRT but was associated with increased recurrence after initial remission in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Thakkar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Anurag Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, India
| | - Swati Ramteke-Jadhav
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Manjunath Goroshi
- Department of Endocrinology, JN Medical College and KLES Hospital, Belgaum, India
| | - Saba Samad Memon
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Krishnatry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Tejpal Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rakesh Jalali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Apollo Proton Cancer Centre, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Atul Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhidha Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Sankhe
- Department of Radiology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Virendra Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushar Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Nalini S Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Castinetti F, Brue T, Ragnarsson O. Radiotherapy as a tool for the treatment of Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2019; 180:D9-D18. [PMID: 30970325 DOI: 10.1530/eje-19-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Cushing's disease (CD) is one of the most challenging tasks in endocrinology. The first-line treatment, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, is associated with a high failure rate and a high prevalence of recurrence. Re-operation is associated with an even higher rate of a failure and recurrence. There are three main second-line treatments for CD - pituitary radiation therapy (RT), bilateral adrenalectomy and chronic cortisol-lowering medical treatment. All these treatments have their limitations. While bilateral adrenalectomy provides permanent cure of the hypercortisolism in all patients, the unavoidable chronic adrenal insufficiency and the risk of development of Nelson syndrome are of concern. Chronic cortisol-lowering medical treatment is not efficient in all patients and side effects are often a limiting factor. RT is efficient for approximately two-thirds of all patients with CD. However, the high prevalence of pituitary insufficiency is of concern as well as potential optic nerve damage, development of cerebrovascular disease and secondary brain tumours. Thus, when it comes to decide appropriate treatment for patients with CD, who have either failed to achieve remission with pituitary surgery, or patients with recurrence, the pros and cons of all second-line treatment options must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Castinetti
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'hypophyse, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'hypophyse, Marseille, France
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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18
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Rubinstein G, Osswald A, Zopp S, Ritzel K, Theodoropoulou M, Beuschlein F, Reincke M. Therapeutic options after surgical failure in Cushing's disease: A critical review. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 33:101270. [PMID: 31036383 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is the most common etiology of Cushing's syndrome (CD) due to corticotroph pituitary adenoma, which are in most cases small (80-90% microadenomas) and in about 40% cannot be visualized on imaging of the sella. First-line treatment for CD is transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) with the aim of complete adenoma removal and preservation of pituitary gland function. As complete adenoma resection is not always possible, surgical failure is a common problem. This can be the case either due to persistent hypercortisolism after first TSS or recurrence of hypercortisolism after initially achieving remission. For these scenarios exist several therapeutic options with their inherent characteristics, which will be covered by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Rubinstein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Andrea Osswald
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Stephanie Zopp
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Katrin Ritzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
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19
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Sisterson ND, Wozny TA, Kokkinos V, Constantino A, Richardson RM. Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Towards an Evidence-Based Approach to Personalized Medicine. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:119-127. [PMID: 30378004 PMCID: PMC6361057 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop brain stimulation is one of the few treatments available for patients who are ineligible for traditional surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone, due to having generalized epilepsy, multifocal epilepsy, or focal epilepsy localized to an eloquent brain region. Due to its clinical efficacy and potential to delivery personalized therapy based on an individual's own intracerebral electrophysiology, this treatment is becoming an important part of clinical practice, despite a limited understanding of how to program detection and stimulation parameters for optimal, patient-specific benefit. To bring this challenge into focus, we review the evolution of neural stimulation for epilepsy, provide a technical overview of the RNS System (the only FDA-approved closed-loop device), and discuss the major challenges of working with a closed-loop device. We then propose an evidence-based solution for individualizing therapy that is driven by a bottom-up informatics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Sisterson
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Thomas A Wozny
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vasileios Kokkinos
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Constantino
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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