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Potnuru PP, Jonna S, Williams GW. Cannabis Use Disorder and Perioperative Complications. JAMA Surg 2023; 158:935-944. [PMID: 37405729 PMCID: PMC10323761 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Cannabis use is growing in the US and is increasingly perceived as harmless. However, the perioperative impact of cannabis use remains uncertain. Objective To assess whether cannabis use disorder is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after major elective, inpatient, noncardiac surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, population-based, matched cohort study used data from the National Inpatient Sample for adult patients aged 18 to 65 years who underwent major elective inpatient surgery (including cholecystectomy, colectomy, inguinal hernia repair, femoral hernia repair, mastectomy, lumpectomy, hip arthroplasty, knee arthroplasty, hysterectomy, spinal fusion, and vertebral discectomy) from January 2016 to December 2019. Data were analyzed from February to August 2022. Exposure Cannabis use disorder, as defined by the presence of specific International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes. Main Outcome and Measures The primary composite outcome was in-hospital mortality and 7 major perioperative complications (myocardial ischemia, acute kidney injury, stroke, respiratory failure, venous thromboembolism, hospital-acquired infection, and surgical procedure-related complications) based on ICD-10 discharge diagnosis codes. Propensity score matching was performed to create a 1:1 matched cohort that was well balanced with respect to covariates, which included patient comorbidities, sociodemographic factors, and procedure type. Results Among 12 422 hospitalizations, a cohort of 6211 patients with cannabis use disorder (median age, 53 years [IQR, 44-59 years]; 3498 [56.32%] male) were matched with 6211 patients without cannabis use disorder for analysis. Cannabis use disorder was associated with an increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality compared with hospitalizations without cannabis use disorder in adjusted analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04-1.37; P = .01). The outcome occurred more frequently in the group with cannabis use disorder (480 [7.73%]) compared with the unexposed group (408 [6.57%]). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, cannabis use disorder was associated with a modest increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality after major elective, inpatient, noncardiac surgery. In the context of increasing cannabis use rates, our findings support preoperative screening for cannabis use disorder as a component of perioperative risk stratification. However, further research is needed to quantify the perioperative impact of cannabis use by route and dosage and to inform recommendations for preoperative cannabis cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. Potnuru
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Srikar Jonna
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - George W. Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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Iida H, Kai T, Kuri M, Tanabe K, Nakagawa M, Yamashita C, Yonekura H, Iida M, Fukuda I. A practical guide for perioperative smoking cessation. J Anesth 2022; 36:583-605. [PMID: 35913572 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-022-03080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The perioperative management of patients who are smokers presents anesthesiologists with various challenges related to respiratory, circulatory, and other clinical problems. Regarding 30-day postoperative outcomes, smokers have higher risks of mortality and complications than non-smokers, including death, pneumonia, unplanned tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Given the benefits of smoking cessation and the adverse effects of smoking on perioperative patient management, patients should quit smoking long before surgery. However, anesthesiologists cannot address these issues alone. The Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists established guidelines in 2015 (published in a medical journal in 2017) to enlighten surgical staff members and patients regarding perioperative tobacco cessation. The primary objective of perioperative smoking cessation is to reduce the risks of adverse cardiovascular and respiratory events, wound infection, and other perioperative complications. Perioperative preparations constitute a powerful teachable moment, a "golden opportunity" for smoking cessation to achieve improved primary disease outcomes and prevent the occurrence of tobacco-related conditions. This review updates the aforementioned guidelines as a practical guide to cover the nuts and bolts of perioperative smoking cessation. Its goal is to assist surgeons, anesthesiologists, and other medical professionals and to increase patients' awareness of smoking risks before elective surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iida
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. .,Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, 1-1 Kenkonomachi, Minokamo, Gifu, 505-8510, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Kai
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michioki Kuri
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tanabe
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakagawa
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Chizuru Yamashita
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yonekura
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Iida
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Smoking Cessation Working Group, Kobe, Japan.,Cardiovascular Center, Suita Tokushukai Hospital, Suita, Japan
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Connor M, Briggs RG, Bonney PA, Lamorie-Foote K, Shkirkova K, Min E, Ding L, Mack WJ, Attenello FJ, Liu JC. Tobacco Use Is Associated With Increased 90-Day Readmission Among Patients Undergoing Surgery for Degenerative Spine Disease. Global Spine J 2022; 12:787-794. [PMID: 33030060 PMCID: PMC9344509 DOI: 10.1177/2192568220964032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database study. OBJECTIVE Tobacco use is associated with complications after surgical procedures, including poor wound healing, surgical site infections, and cardiovascular events. We used the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) to determine if tobacco use is associated with increased 30- and 90-day readmission among patients undergoing surgery for degenerative spine disorders. METHODS Patients who underwent elective spine surgery were identified in the NRD from 2010 to 2014. The study population included patients with degenerative spine disorders treated with discectomy, fusion, or decompression. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify patient and hospital factors associated with 30- and 90-day readmission, with significance set at P value <.001. RESULTS Within 30 days, 4.8% of patients were readmitted at a median time of 9 days. The most common reasons for 30-day readmission were postoperative infection (12.5%), septicemia (3.5%), and postoperative pain (3.0%). Within 90 days, 7.3% were readmitted at a median time of 18 days. The most common reasons for 90-day readmission were postoperative infection (9.6%), septicemia (3.5%), and pneumonia (2.3%). After adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics, tobacco use was independently associated with readmission at 90 days (odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.07, P < .0001) but not 30 days (odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.05, P = .045). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use is associated with readmission within 90 days after cervical and thoracolumbar spine surgery for degenerative disease. Tobacco use is a known risk factor for adverse health events and therefore should be considered when selecting patients for spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip A. Bonney
- University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Phillip A. Bonney, MD, Department of
Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, 1200 N State St., Ste. 3300,
Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | | | | | - Elliot Min
- University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Ding
- University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - John C. Liu
- University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Liu G, Tan JH, Tan J, Ng JH, Chua J, Chan YH, Riew KD. Does Cigarette Smoking Affect Cervical Laminoplasty Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes? Clin Spine Surg 2022; 35:E473-E477. [PMID: 34907932 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate if smokers have both poorer early clinical and radiologic outcomes in cervical laminoplasty when compared with nonsmokers. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Cigarette smoking had been reported to increase rates of pseudoarthrosis following spinal instrumentation with fusion. METHODOLOGY A retrospective review of all patients who underwent open-door cervical laminoplasty was performed. Nurick, neck pain visual analog scale, and neck disability index scores were reviewed. Cervical lordosis, range of motion (ROM), and intervertebral disc height were measured. The rates and reasons for revision surgery were recorded and classified according to the etiology of laminoplasty revision surgery. RESULTS Sixty patients were recruited, of which 20 patients (18 males, 2 females) were smokers and 40 patients (27 males, 13 females) were nonsmokers. There was no statistically significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale, neck disability index, and Nurick scores. A trend was noted toward a greater postoperative reduction in cervical lordosis (13±8 vs. 11±11 degrees). Furthermore, 41% of smokers versus 30% in nonsmokers had >10% loss of postoperative ROM, and 59% smokers versus 50% nonsmokers had >5% loss of postoperative ROM.Postoperative complications and intervertebral disc deterioration were similar in both groups. A higher reoperation rate was noted in smokers with 6 smokers (30%) as compared with 4 nonsmokers (10%), although this did not reach statistical significance. Among the smokers, 4 (20%) were because of cervical disease progression while 2 were technique related. In nonsmokers, all 4 (10%) were because of cervical disease progression. CONCLUSION This study showed that while there was a nonstatistically significant trend noted toward higher rates of revision surgery in smokers, the laminoplasty outcomes were not significantly poorer in smokers. In heavy smokers with multilevel cervical myelopathy, laminoplasty may be the treatment of choice over anterior spinal decompression and fusion where a high risk of pseudoarthrosis is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Spine Centre
| | - Jun-Hao Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Spine Centre
| | - Joshua Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System
| | - Jing Han Ng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System
| | - Jasline Chua
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Medicine Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Daniel Riew
- Columbia University Medical Center, Spine Division, Adult and Pediatric Comprehensive Spine Fellowship, Columbia University, New York, NY
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5
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Nunna RS, Ostrov PB, Ansari D, Dettori JR, Godolias P, Elias E, Tran A, Oskouian RJ, Hart R, Abdul-Jabbar A, Jackson KL, Devine JG, Mehta AI, Adogwa O, Chapman JR. The Risk of Nonunion in Smokers Revisited: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Global Spine J 2022; 12:526-539. [PMID: 34583570 PMCID: PMC9121161 DOI: 10.1177/21925682211046899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systemic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE To review and establish the effect of tobacco smoking on risk of nonunion following spinal fusion. METHODS A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to December 31, 2020, was conducted. Cohort studies directly comparing smokers with nonsmokers that provided the number of nonunions and fused segments were included. Following data extraction, the risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies Tool, and the strength of evidence for nonunion was evaluated using the GRADE working group criteria. All data analysis was performed in Review Manager 5, and a random effects model was used. RESULTS Twenty studies assessing 3009 participants, which included 1117 (37%) smokers, met inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis found that smoking was associated with increased risk of nonunion compared to not smoking ≥1 year following spine surgery (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.35). Smoking was significantly associated with increased nonunion in those receiving either allograft (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.73) or autograft (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.72). Both multilevel and single level fusions carried increased risk of nonunion in smokers (RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.23; RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.86, respectively). CONCLUSION Smoking status carried a global risk of nonunion for spinal fusion procedures regardless of follow-up time, location, number of segments fused, or grafting material. Further comparative studies with robust methodology are necessary to establish treatment guidelines tailored to smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S. Nunna
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,Ravi S. Nunna, MD, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 1600 E. Jefferson St, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Philip B. Ostrov
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Darius Ansari
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Elias Elias
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angela Tran
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert Hart
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Keith L. Jackson
- Dwight David Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA, USA
| | | | - Ankit I. Mehta
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Mohamed B, Wang MC, Bisson EF, Dimar J, Harrop JS, Hoh DJ, Mummaneni PV, Dhall S. Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Perioperative Spine: Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation and Optimization. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:S33-S41. [PMID: 34490879 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no current recommendations for preoperative pulmonary evaluation and management of patients undergoing elective spine surgery. OBJECTIVE The aim of this guideline is to determine preoperative risk factors for perioperative and postoperative pulmonary adverse events and to determine the optimal preoperative evaluation and management of at-risk patients. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and the Cochrane Library for studies relevant to postoperative pulmonary adverse events in patients undergoing spine surgery. Clinical studies evaluating preoperative patient risk factors and preoperative diagnostic and treatment interventions were selected for review. RESULTS The literature search yielded 152 abstracts relevant to the PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes) questions included in this chapter. The task force selected 65 articles for full-text review, and 24 were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. Twenty-three articles addressed preoperative patient risk factors. One article addressed preoperative diagnostic studies of pulmonary function. There were no studies meeting the inclusion criteria for preoperative pulmonary treatment. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence for multiple preoperative patient factors that predict an increased risk of a postoperative pulmonary adverse event. Individuals with these risk factors (functional dependence, advanced age [≥65 yr], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, weight loss, and obstructive sleep apnea) who are undergoing spine surgery should be counseled regarding the potential increased risk of a perioperative and postoperative pulmonary adverse events. There is insufficient evidence to support any specific preoperative diagnostic test for predicting the risk of postoperative pulmonary adverse events or any treatment intervention that reduces risk. It is suggested, however, to consider appropriate preoperative pulmonary diagnostic testing and treatment to address active pulmonary symptoms of existing or suspected disease.The full guidelines can be accessed at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/browse-guidelines-detail/5-preoperative-pulmonary-evaluation-optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Mohamed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marjorie C Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erica F Bisson
- Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John Dimar
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Louisville, Pediatric Orthopedics, Norton Children's Hospital, Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - James S Harrop
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Division of Spine and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Delaware Valley SCI Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Hoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Praveen V Mummaneni
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Dhall
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Helton M, Gardner JR, Dunlap Q, Pait TG, Sunde J, Vural E, Moreno MA. Free Tissue Transfer for Repair of Chronic Esophageal Perforations. OTO Open 2021; 5:2473974X211031472. [PMID: 34350371 PMCID: PMC8295968 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x211031472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion have become a common intervention for cervical spine stabilization. However, complications can cause life-threatening morbidity. Among them, esophageal perforation is associated with severe morbidity, including dysphagia, malnutrition, and infection with the potential development of mediastinitis. Presentation is variable but often results in chronic morbidity. Herein we examine our experiences in the management of esophageal perforation with microvascular free tissue transfer. Study Design Retrospective review from January 2013 to September 2020. Setting Single academic tertiary care center. Methods This study comprised all patients (age, 41-73 years) undergoing free tissue transfer for the repair of chronic esophageal perforation secondary to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion at an academic tertiary care center. Four patients underwent repair via vastus lateralis myofascial onlay grafting for defects ≤2 cm in greatest dimension, while 1 patient underwent a fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flap repair of an 11 × 5-cm defect. Results Defect location ranged from hypopharynx to cervical esophagus. Mean operative time was 6.2 hours; the average length of stay for all patients was 6.6 days. Of 5 patients, 1 required additional hardware placement for spine stabilization. All patients underwent gastrostomy tube placement to bypass the surgical site during healing, and all eventually resumed an oral diet postoperatively. Recurrent fistula occurred in 1 of 5 patients. No flap failures were encountered in the study population. Conclusion Vastus lateralis myofascial onlay grafting and fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flap are robust, relatively low-morbidity interventions with a high success rate for definitive repair of chronic esophageal perforation. Repair should be undertaken in concert with a spine surgeon for management of the cervical spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Helton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neuroscience Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - James Reed Gardner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Quinn Dunlap
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - T Glenn Pait
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neuroscience Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jumin Sunde
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Emre Vural
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mauricio Alejandro Moreno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Letter to the Editor - "Do Preoperative Epidural Steroid Injections Increase the Risk of Infection After Lumbar Surgery?". Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:E701-E702. [PMID: 34027930 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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The Impact of Obesity on Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Elective Posterior Lumbar Spine Fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:457-463. [PMID: 33181774 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of obesity on risk factors for adverse outcome after lumbar spine fusion (LSF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Obesity is risk factor for complications after LSF and poses unique challenges regarding optimization of care. Nonetheless, this patient population is not well-studied. METHODS Adult patients undergoing LSF were identified the State Inpatient Database. Patients were identified as obese or nonobese using ICD-9 codes. Outcome variables were 90-day readmission, major medical complication, infection, and revision rates. Data were queried for demographics, comorbidities, surgery characteristics, and outcome variables. Logistic multivariate regression was utilized, serially testing interactions between obesity and other independent variables in separate models for each outcome. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to adjust statistical significance for multiple comparisons. RESULTS A total of 262,153 patients were included: 31,062 obese and 231, 091 nonobese. For major complications, obese patients had lower odds ratios (ORs) versus nonobese patients for cerebrovascular accident, diabetes with chronic complications, age ≥65, congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, renal disease, chronic pulmonary disease, Medicare/Medicaid payor, more than two levels fused, transforaminal/posterior lumbar interbody fusion, and female sex, and higher OR for non-White race. For readmission, obese patients had lower OR for age ≥65, history of MI, renal disease, and mental health disease, and higher OR for female sex. For revision, obese patients had higher OR for female sex and TLIF/PLIF. For infection, obese patients had lower OR for diabetes with and without chronic complications, and higher OR for female sex. CONCLUSION Many medical comorbidities have less impact in obese patients than nonobese patients in predicting adverse outcomes despite increased rates of adverse outcomes in obese patients. These findings reflect the impact of obesity as an independent risk factor and have important implications for preoperative optimization.Level of Evidence: 3.
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Machine Learning for Predictive Modeling of 90-day Readmission, Major Medical Complication, and Discharge to a Facility in Patients Undergoing Long Segment Posterior Lumbar Spine Fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:1151-1160. [PMID: 32706568 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case control study. OBJECTIVE To develop predictive models for postoperative outcomes after long segment lumbar posterior spine fusion (LSLPSF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Surgery for adult spinal deformity is effective for treating spine-related disability; however, it has high complication and readmission rates. METHODS Patients who underwent LSLPSF (three or more levels) were identified in State Inpatient Database. Data was queried for discharge-to-facility (DTF), 90-day readmission, and 90-day major medical complications, and demographic, comorbid, and surgical data. Data was partitioned into training and testing sets. Multivariate logistic regression, random forest, and elastic net regression were performed on the training set. Models were applied to the testing set to generate AUCs. AUCs between models were compared using the method by DeLong et al. RESULTS.: 37,852 patients were analyzed. The DTF, 90-day readmission, and 90-day major medical complication rates were 35.4%, 19.0%, and 13.0% respectively. For DTF, the logistic regression AUC was 0.77 versus 0.75 for random forest and 0.76 for elastic net (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). For 90-day readmission, the logistic regression AUC was 0.65, versus 0.63 for both random forest and elastic net (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). For 90-day major medical complications, the logistic regression AUC was 0.70, versus 0.69 for random forest and 0.68 for elastic net (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION This study created comprehensive models to predict discharge to facility, 90-day readmissions, and 90-day major medical complications after LSLPSF. This information can be used to guide decision making between the surgeon and patient, as well as inform value-based payment models. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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