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Wang Z, Li X, Li Y, Liu H, Ki Lin CS, Sun J, Wang Q. Unveiling the occurrence and ecological risks of triclosan in surface water through meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124901. [PMID: 39243936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is frequently detected in aquatic environments, prompting concerns about its toxic effects on aquatic species. Understanding its occurrence and ecological risks is crucial for mitigating triclosan contamination, formulating water quality criteria, and protecting aquatic organisms. This study systematically analyzed triclosan occurrence and ecological risks in surface water across China using the Risk Quotient methodology. A total of 139 and 134 data points were collected for triclosan concentrations and toxicities of aquatic organisms, respectively. Triclosan concentrations in surface water across China ranged from 0.06 to 612 ng/L. Higher triclosan levels were observed in Eastern China compared to Central and Western China, with the average concentration being 4.21- and 7.25-fold higher, respectively. Specifically, the Southeast Rivers Basin (132.98 ng/L) and Pearl River Basin (86.64 ng/L) exhibited maximum triclosan levels, 2.57-19.58 times higher than the other river basins. Further analysis revealed elevated triclosan concentrations in small rivers and surface water within residential areas, with values of 246.1 ng/L in Zhejiang, 86.64 ng/L in Guangdong, 67.58 ng/L in Jiangsu, and 127.99 ng/L in Beijing. Additionally, species sensitivity distribution curves indicated that algae was the most sensitive species to triclosan exposure, followed by invertebrates, while fish exhibited the highest tolerance. The Predicted No-Effect Concentration for the algae, invertebrates, fish, and combined aquatic species were determined to be 0.09, 2.95, 4.44, and 1.51 μg/L, respectively. The occurrence of triclosan in surface water across China did not pose widespread ecological risks. However, targeted monitoring and mitigation efforts are needed, especially in highly developed regions. This study provides crucial insights into the status of triclosan contaminations and risks in China and contributes valuable knowledge to global efforts aimed at safeguarding aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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