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Sun X, Zhao Y, Liu L, Qiao Y, Yang C, Wang X, Li Q, Li Y. Visual whole-process monitoring of pesticide residues: An environmental perspective using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with dynamic borohydride-reduced silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133338. [PMID: 38150762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring of pesticide residues in crops is essential for both food safety and environmental protection. Traditional methodologies face challenges due to the interference of endogenous compounds in peel and pulp tissues, often being invasive, labor-intensive, and inadequate for real-time observation of hazardous substance distribution. In this study, dynamic borohydride-reduced nanoparticles were employed as enhanced substrates. For the first time, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging was harnessed to enable whole-process visual detection of pesticide residues. The developed method is both stable and sensitive, boasting a detection lower limit below 1 pg/mL, coupled with robust quantitative analytical capabilities. This technique was successfully employed to detect residue signals across various crops and fruit juices. Furthermore, SERS imaging was utilized to map the distribution of pesticide residues from the exterior to the interior of fruits and vegetables. Vertex component analysis further refined the process by mitigating interference from plant autofluorescence. Collectively, this innovative strategy facilitates comprehensive pesticide residue monitoring, offering a potent tool for controlling hazardous substances in crops. Its potential applications extend beyond food safety, holding significant promise for sustainable agricultural production and enhanced environmental safeguarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China.
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu, Finland.
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2
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Zaraei SO, Dohle W, Anbar HS, El-Gamal R, Leblond B, Foster PA, Al-Tel TH, Potter BVL, El-Gamal MI. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and stability studies of raloxifene mono- and bis-sulfamates as dual-targeting agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 101:117645. [PMID: 38401456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
All three possible sulfamate derivatives of the selective estrogen receptor modulator Raloxifene (bis-sulfamate 7 and two mono-sulfamates 8-9) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the clinical drug target steroid sulfatase (STS), both in cell-free and in cell-based assays, and also as estrogen receptor (ER) modulators. Bis-sulfamate 7 was the most potent STS inhibitor with an IC50 of 12.2 nM in a whole JEG3 cell-based assay, with the two mono-sulfamates significantly weaker. The estrogen receptor-modulating activities of 7-9 showed generally lower affinities compared to Raloxifene HCl, diethylstilbestrol and other known ligands, with mono-sulfamate 8 being the best ligand (Ki of 1.5 nM) for ERα binding, although 7 had a Ki of 13 nM and both showed desirable antagonist activity. The antiproliferative activities of the sulfamate derivatives against the T-47D breast cancer cell line showed 7 as most potent (GI50 = 7.12 µM), comparable to that of Raloxifene. Compound 7 also showed good antiproliferative potency in the NCI-60 cell line panel with a GI50 of 1.34 µM against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Stability testing of 7-9 showed that bis-sulfamate 7 hydrolyzed by desulfamoylation at a surprisingly rapid rate, initially leading selectively to 8 and finally to Raloxifene 3 without formation of 9. The mechanisms of these hydrolysis reactions could be extensively rationalized. Conversion of Raloxifene (3) into its bis-sulfamate (7) thus produced a promising drug lead with nanomolar dual activity as an STS inhibitor and ERα antagonist, as a potential candidate for treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Hanan S Anbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai 19099, United Arab Emirates
| | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Bertrand Leblond
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2(nd) Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Tan Z, Chen T, Zhu J, Luo W, Yu D, Guo W. Visible Light Mediated Chemoselective Hydroxylation of Benzylic Methylenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2656-2664. [PMID: 38324782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a metal-free photocatalytic selective hydroxylation of benzylic methylenes to secondary alcohols. This approach utilizes low-cost eosin Y as photocatalyst, O2 as green oxidant, and inexpensive triethylamine as inhibitor for overoxidation. The mild reaction conditions enable the production of secondary alcohols with 56-95% yields, making it a promising and environmental-friendly method for the synthesis of secondary alcohols from benzylic methylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jinbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Daohong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Liang Z, Mahmoud Abdelshafy A, Luo Z, Belwal T, Lin X, Xu Y, Wang L, Yang M, Qi M, Dong Y, Li L. Occurrence, detection, and dissipation of pesticide residue in plant-derived foodstuff: A state-of-the-art review. Food Chem 2022; 384:132494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kovač L, Črnugelj M, Roškar R, Trdan Lušin T, Časar Z. Understanding of cabotegravir degradation through isolation and characterization of key degradation products and kinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114096. [PMID: 33957367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cabotegravir is a novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase enzyme inhibitor used for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. The combinational final dosage form, as extended release injection suspension in combination with rilpivirine and as cabotegravir tablets (for lead-in therapy), was recently approved in Canada, EU and in USA and is currently seeking approval also in other countries. The subject of this investigation was to study the degradation of cabotegravir under different stress conditions as per the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The drug substance was found to be stable in thermal, photolytic and basic stress conditions, but degraded under acidic and oxidative stress conditions. It was determined that four main degradation products of cabotegravir are formed in forced degradation studies. All four main degradation products were isolated using preparative chromatography and subjected to NMR and HRMS analysis in order to determine their structure. We proposed degradation pathways of cabotegravir under acidic stress conditions in solution based on the structure of isolated degradation products, cabotegravir degradation kinetic studies and degradation studies on two isolated key degradation products. Moreover, degradation pathway to predominant oxidation degradation product is proposed based on the adduct of cabotegravir and peroxide species, which was identified by LC-HRMS analysis. This is the first report to the best of our knowledge that describes characterized cabotegravir forced degradation impurities and provides insights into its degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Kovač
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva c. 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Analytics Department, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Črnugelj
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Analytics Department, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva c. 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Trdan Lušin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva c. 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Analytics Department, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva c. 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Analytics Department, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Robnik B, Naumoska K, Časar Z. A Novel Testing Approach for Oxidative Degradation Dependent Incompatibility of Amine Moiety Containing Drugs with PEGs in Solid-State. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010037. [PMID: 31906507 PMCID: PMC7022946 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive impurities originating from excipients can cause drug stability issues, even at trace amounts. When produced during final dosage form storage, they are especially hard to control, and often, factors inducing their formation remain unidentified. Oxidative degradation dependent formation of formaldehyde and formic acid is responsible for N-methylation and N-formylation of amine-moiety-containing drug substances. A very popular combination of polyethylene glycols and iron oxides, used in more than two-thirds of FDA-approved tablet formulation drugs in 2018, was found to be responsible for increased concentrations of N-methyl impurity in the case of paroxetine hydrochloride. We propose a novel testing approach for early identification of potentially problematic combinations of excipients and drug substances. The polyethylene glycol 6000 degradation mechanism and kinetics in the presence of iron oxides is studied. The generality of the proposed stress test setup in view of the susceptibility of amine-moiety-containing drug substances to N-methylation and N-formylation is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Robnik
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katerina Naumoska
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +386-1-5802079; Fax: +386-1-5683517
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Modhave D, Barrios B, Paudel A. PVP-H 2O 2 Complex as a New Stressor for the Accelerated Oxidation Study of Pharmaceutical Solids. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090457. [PMID: 31484442 PMCID: PMC6781290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive impurities, such as hydrogen peroxide in excipients, raise a great concern over the chemical stability of pharmaceutical products. Traditional screening methods of spiking impurities into solid drug-excipient mixtures oversimplify the micro-environment and the physical state of such impurities in real dosage form. This can lead to an inaccurate prediction of the long-term product stability. This study presents the feasibility of using a polyvinylpyrrolidone-hydrogen peroxide complex (PVP-H2O2) as an oxidative agent for the solid state forced degradation of a selected drug, vortioxetine HBr. The PVP-H2O2 complex was prepared and characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The tablet compacts were made using a mixture of solid PVP-H2O2 complex and crystalline vortioxetine HBr powder. The compacts were exposed to 40 °C/75% RH condition in open and closed states for different time intervals. The extent and the type of drug degradation were analysed using LC and LC-MS. The extent of degradation was higher in the samples stored at the open state as compared to the close state. The solution state forced oxidation was conducted to verify the peroxide induced degradation reactions. The results evidence the utility of the proposed solid-state stressor and the method for screening the sensitivity of drugs to the excipient reactive impurities involving peroxides in solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brenda Barrios
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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