Spectrometric Smartphone-Based System for Ibuprofen Quantification in Commercial Dosage Tablets

Enantioselective separation and determination of ibuprofen: Stereoselective pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and analytical methods

Ibuprofen (IBP), the 29th most prescribed drug in the United States in 2019, is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) comprising two enantiomers, (R)-IBP and (S)-IBP, collectively known as (RS)-IBP. This critical review examines analytical techniques for the enantioselective separation and determination of IBP enantiomers, crucial for pharmaceutical and clinical applications. The review focuses on state-of-the-art methods, including chromatographic techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and some other techniques. This review addresses pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and side effects of each enantiomer, ensuring safe drug usage. By consolidating diverse analytical methods and their applicability in different matrices, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, analysts, and practitioners in pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacology, and clinical studies.

Recent Advances in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Pharmaceutical Analysis

Sample clean-up and pre-concentration are critical components of pharmaceutical analysis. The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique is widely recognized as the most effective approach for enhancing overall detection sensitivity. While various DLLME modes have been advanced in pharmaceutical analysis, there need to be more discussions on pre-concentration techniques specifically developed for this field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the different DLLME modes used in pharmaceutical analysis from 2017 to May 2023. The review covers the principles of DLLME, the factors affecting microextraction, the selected applications of different DLLME modes, and their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it focuses on multi-extraction strategies employed for pharmaceutical analysis.

A Portable Reflective Absorbance Spectrophotometric Smartphone Device for the Rapid and Highly Accurate Determination of Amlodipine in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Human Urine Samples

The simple reflective absorbance spectrophotometric smartphone device for point-of-monitoring amlodipine is presented here for the first time. The immediate analysis of amlodipine in the human urine of the patients who suffered severe side effects of this drug is very important for the diagnosis, treatment, and reduction of the death rate. This measurement technique is based on the charge-transfer complex between amlodipine and picric acid, which forms a yellow product. This product can absorb light intensity from an LED strip and measure through the Blue channel from the RGB mode with a smartphone application. The linear relationship for amlodipine monitoring was found in a wide range from 100.0 μg L^-1 to 140.0 mg L^-1 (R² = 0.999), and the limit of detection was found to be 25.0 μg L^-1. Our proposed method can be applied to different smartphone brands with consistent sensitivity of amlodipine detection. Additionally, the determination of amlodipine in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine samples was demonstrated by our proposed method. The recoveries were indicated in the range of 98.60 - 100.00%, which is at the acceptable level for pharmacy. This method offers an interweaving of basic technology and chemical analysis with being environmentally friendly due to reducing the complex instrument and the amount of organic waste compared to the chromatographic technique and efficient use for the detection of amlodipine. Hence, this method can be applied for prompt medical diagnoses and laboratories with limited budget resources.