1
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Chung WCJ, Tsai PS. The initiation and maintenance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron identity in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1166132. [PMID: 37181038 PMCID: PMC10173152 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) drive vertebrate reproduction. Genetic lesions that disrupt these neurons in humans lead to congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and reproductive failure. Studies on CHH have largely focused on the disruption of prenatal GnRH neuronal migration and postnatal GnRH secretory activity. However, recent evidence suggests a need to also focus on how GnRH neurons initiate and maintain their identity during prenatal and postnatal periods. This review will provide a brief overview of what is known about these processes and several gaps in our knowledge, with an emphasis on how disruption of GnRH neuronal identity can lead to CHH phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson CJ Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
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2
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Paronett EM, Bryan CA, Maynard TM, LaMantia AS. Identity, lineage and fates of a temporally distinct progenitor population in the embryonic olfactory epithelium. Dev Biol 2023; 495:76-91. [PMID: 36627077 PMCID: PMC9926479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We defined a temporally and transcriptionally divergent precursor cohort in the medial olfactory epithelium (OE) shortly after it differentiates as a distinct tissue at mid-gestation in the mouse. This temporally distinct population of Ascl1+ cells in the dorsomedial OE is segregated from Meis1+/Pax7+ progenitors in the lateral OE, and does not appear to be generated by Pax7+ lateral OE precursors. The medial Ascl1+ precursors do not yield a substantial number of early-generated ORNs. Instead, they first generate additional proliferative precursors as well as a distinct population of frontonasal mesenchymal cells associated with the migratory mass that surrounds the nascent olfactory nerve. Parallel to these in vivo distinctions, isolated medial versus lateral OE precursors in vitro retain distinct proliferative capacities and modes of division that reflect their in vivo identities. At later fetal stages, these early dorsomedial Ascl1+ precursors cells generate spatially restricted subsets of ORNs as well as other non-neuronal cell classes. Accordingly, the initial compliment of ORNs and other OE cell types is derived from at least two distinct early precursor populations: lateral Meis1/Pax7+ precursors that generate primarily early ORNs, and a temporally, spatially, and transcriptionally distinct subset of medial Ascl1+ precursors that initially generate additional OE progenitors and apparent migratory mass cells before yielding a subset of ORNs and likely supporting cell classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Paronett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Corey A Bryan
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Genetics, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Center for Neurobiology Research, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Center for Neurobiology Research, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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3
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Yellapragada V, Eskici N, Wang Y, Madhusudan S, Vaaralahti K, Tuuri T, Raivio T. Time and dose-dependent effects of FGF8-FGFR1 signaling in GnRH neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276003. [PMID: 35833364 PMCID: PMC9403748 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), acting through the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), has an important role in the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons (GnRH neurons). We hypothesized that FGF8 regulates differentiation of human GnRH neurons in a time- and dose-dependent manner via FGFR1. To investigate this further, human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated during 10 days of dual-SMAD inhibition into neural progenitor cells, followed either by treatment with FGF8 at different concentrations (25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml) for 10 days or by treatment with 100 ng/ml FGF8 for different durations (2, 4, 6 or 10 days); cells were then matured through DAPT-induced inhibition of Notch signaling for 5 days into GnRH neurons. FGF8 induced expression of GNRH1 in a dose-dependent fashion and the duration of FGF8 exposure correlated positively with gene expression of GNRH1 (P<0.05, Rs=0.49). However, cells treated with 100 ng/ml FGF8 for 2 days induced the expression of genes, such as FOXG1, ETV5 and SPRY2, and continued FGF8 treatment induced the dynamic expression of several other genes. Moreover, during exposure to FGF8, FGFR1 localized to the cell surface and its specific inhibition with the FGFR1 inhibitor PD166866 reduced expression of GNRH1 (P<0.05). In neurons, FGFR1 also localized to the nucleus. Our results suggest that dose- and time-dependent FGF8 signaling via FGFR1 is indispensable for human GnRH neuron ontogeny. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: This article demonstrates the essential role FGF8–FGFR1 signaling has in the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-expressing neurons by using a human stem cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatram Yellapragada
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nazli Eskici
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafei Wang
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shrinidhi Madhusudan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, 00029 Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Koontz A, Urrutia HA, Bronner ME. Retroviral lineage analysis reveals dual contribution from ectodermal placodes and neural crest cells to avian olfactory sensory and GnRH neurons. NATURAL SCIENCES (WEINHEIM, GERMANY) 2022; 2:e20210037. [PMID: 36311264 PMCID: PMC9605686 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20210037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the neurons and glia in the olfactory system of vertebrates has been controversial, with different cell types attributed to being of ectodermal placode versus neural crest lineage, depending upon the species. Here, we use replication incompetent avian (RIA) retroviruses to perform prospective cell lineage analysis of either presumptive olfactory placode or neural crest cells during early development of the chick embryo. Surprisingly, the results reveal a dual contribution from both the olfactory placode and neural crest cells to sensory neurons in the nose and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) neurons migrating to the olfactory bulb. We also confirm that olfactory ensheathing glia are solely derived from the neural crest. Finally, our results show that neural crest cells and olfactory placode cells contribute to p63 positive cells, likely to be basal stem cells of the olfactory epithelium. Taken together, these finding provide evidence for previously unknown contributions of neural crest cells to some cell types in the chick olfactory system and help resolve previous discrepancies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Koontz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Hugo A Urrutia
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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5
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Making a head: Neural crest and ectodermal placodes in cranial sensory development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:15-27. [PMID: 35760729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate sensory system, many important components like the sense organs and cranial sensory ganglia arise within the head and neck. Two progenitor populations, the neural crest, and cranial ectodermal placodes, contribute to these developing vertebrate peripheral sensory structures. The interactions and contributions of these cell populations to the development of the lens, olfactory, otic, pituitary gland, and cranial ganglia are vital for appropriate peripheral nervous system development. Here, we review the origins of both neural crest and placode cells at the neural plate border of the early vertebrate embryo and investigate the molecular and environmental signals that influence specification of different sensory regions. Finally, we discuss the underlying molecular pathways contributing to the complex vertebrate sensory system from an evolutionary perspective, from basal vertebrates to amniotes.
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6
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PASSARELLI A, LETTIERI A, DEMIRCI TN, MAGNI P. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neuron development and function: an update. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:58-69. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Vertebrates develop an olfactory system that detects odorants and pheromones through their interaction with specialized cell surface receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. During development, the olfactory system forms from the olfactory placodes, specialized areas of the anterior ectoderm that share cellular and molecular properties with placodes involved in the development of other cranial senses. The early-diverging chordate lineages amphioxus, tunicates, lampreys and hagfishes give insight into how this system evolved. Here, we review olfactory system development and cell types in these lineages alongside chemosensory receptor gene evolution, integrating these data into a description of how the vertebrate olfactory system evolved. Some olfactory system cell types predate the vertebrates, as do some of the mechanisms specifying placodes, and it is likely these two were already connected in the common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates. In stem vertebrates, this evolved into an organ system integrating additional tissues and morphogenetic processes defining distinct olfactory and adenohypophyseal components, followed by splitting of the ancestral placode to produce the characteristic paired olfactory organs of most modern vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Poncelet
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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8
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Linscott ML, Chung WCJ. Epigenomic control of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurone development and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12860. [PMID: 32452569 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive success depends on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones to stimulate gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary and activate gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Genetic screening studies in patients diagnosed with Kallmann syndrome (KS), a congenital form of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH), identified several causal mutations, including those in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system. This signalling pathway regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification and cell survival. Indeed, the GnRH neurone system was absent or abrogated in transgenic mice with reduced (ie, hypomorphic) Fgf8 and/or Fgf receptor (Fgfr) 1 expression, respectively. Moreover, we found that GnRH neurones were absent in the embryonic olfactory placode of Fgf8 hypomorphic mice, the putative birthplace of GnRH neurones. These observations, together with those made in human KS/CHH patients, indicate that the FGF8/FGFR1 signalling system is a requirement for the ontogenesis of the GnRH neuronal system and function. In this review, we discuss how epigenetic factors control the expression of genes such as Fgf8 that are known to be critical for GnRH neurone ontogenesis, fate specification, and the pathogenesis of KS/CHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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9
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Transplantation of Neural Tissue: Quail-Chick Chimeras. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31552671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9732-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Tissue transplantation is an important approach in developmental neurobiology to determine cell fate, to uncover inductive interactions required for tissue specification and patterning as well as to establish tissue competence and commitment. Combined with state-of-the-art molecular approaches, transplantation assays have been instrumental for the discovery of gene regulatory networks controlling cell fate choices and how such networks change over time. Avian species are among the favorite model systems for these approaches because of their accessibility and relatively large size. Here we describe two culture techniques used to generate quail-chick chimeras at different embryonic stages and methods to distinguish graft and donor tissue.
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10
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Palaniappan TK, Slekiene L, Gunhaga L, Patthey C. Extensive apoptosis during the formation of the terminal nerve ganglion by olfactory placode-derived cells with distinct molecular markers. Differentiation 2019; 110:8-16. [PMID: 31539705 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The terminal nerve ganglion (TNG) is a well-known structure of the peripheral nervous system in cartilaginous and teleost fishes. It derives from the olfactory placode during embryonic development. While the differentiation and migration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-expressing neurons from the olfactory placode has been well documented, the TNG has been neglected in birds and mammals, and its development is less well described. Here we describe the formation of a ganglion-like structure from migratory olfactory placodal cells in chicken. The TNG is surrounded by neural crest cells, but in contrast to other cranial sensory ganglia, we observed no neural crest corridor, and olfactory unsheathing cells appear only after the onset of neuronal migration. We identified Isl1 and Lhx2 as two transcription factors that label neuronal subpopulations in the forming TNG, distinct from GnRH1+ cells, thereby revealing a diversity of cell types during the formation of the TNG. We also provide evidence for extensive apoptosis in the terminal nerve ganglion shortly after its formation, but not in other cranial sensory ganglia. Moreover, at later stages placode-derived neurons expressing GnRH1, Isl1 and/or Lhx2 become incorporated in the telencephalon. The integration of TNG neurons into the telencephalon together with the earlier widespread apoptosis in the TNG might be an explanation why the TNG in mammals and birds is much smaller compared to other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Slekiene
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cedric Patthey
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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11
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Cho HJ, Shan Y, Whittington NC, Wray S. Nasal Placode Development, GnRH Neuronal Migration and Kallmann Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31355196 PMCID: PMC6637222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons is important for a functional reproduction system in vertebrates. Disruption of GnRH results in hypogonadism and if accompanied by anosmia is termed Kallmann Syndrome (KS). From their origin in the nasal placode, GnRH neurons migrate along the olfactory-derived vomeronasal axons to the nasal forebrain junction and then turn caudally into the developing forebrain. Although research on the origin of GnRH neurons, their migration and genes associated with KS has identified multiple factors that influence development of this system, several aspects still remain unclear. This review discusses development of the olfactory system, factors that regulate GnRH neuron formation and development of the olfactory system, migration of the GnRH neurons from the nose into the brain, and mutations in humans with KS that result from disruption of normal GnRH/olfactory systems development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niteace C Whittington
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Li F, Li D, Liu H, Cao BB, Jiang F, Chen DN, Li JD. RNF216 Regulates the Migration of Immortalized GnRH Neurons by Suppressing Beclin1-Mediated Autophagy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:12. [PMID: 30733708 PMCID: PMC6354547 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF216, encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as a causative gene for Gordon Holmes syndrome, characterized by ataxia, dementia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. However, it is still elusive how deficiency in RNF216 leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In this study, by using GN11 immature GnRH neuronal cell line, we demonstrated an important role of RNF216 in the GnRH neuron migration. RNA interference of RNF216 inhibited GN11 cell migration, but had no effect on the proliferation of GN11 cells or GnRH expression. Knockdown of RNF216 increased the protein levels of its targets, Arc and Beclin1. RNAi of Beclin1, but not Arc, normalized the suppressive effect caused by RNF216 knockdown. As Beclin1 plays a critical role in the autophagy regulation, we further demonstrated that RNAi of RNF216 led to increase in autophagy, and autophagy inhibitor CQ and 3-MA rescued the GN11 cell migration deficit caused by RNF216 knockdown. We further demonstrated that pharmacological increase autophagy by rapamycin could suppress the GN11 cell migration. We thus have identified that RNF216 regulates the migration of GnRH neuron by suppressing Beclin1 mediated autophagy, and indicated a potential contribution of autophagy to the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huadie Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei-Bei Cao
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan-Na Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Dan-Na Chen
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Jia-Da Li
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13
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Miller SR, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Baker CVH. Neural crest Notch/Rbpj signaling regulates olfactory gliogenesis and neuronal migration. Genesis 2018; 56:e23215. [PMID: 30134068 PMCID: PMC6099236 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest-derived ensheathing glial cells of the olfactory nerve (OECs) are unique in spanning both the peripheral and central nervous systems: they ensheathe bundles of axons projecting from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to their targets in the olfactory bulb. OECs are clinically relevant as a promising autologous cell transplantation therapy for promoting central nervous system repair. They are also important for fertility, being required for the migration of embryonic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from the olfactory placode along terminal nerve axons to the medial forebrain, which they enter caudal to the olfactory bulbs. Like Schwann cell precursors, OEC precursors associated with the developing olfactory nerve express the glial marker myelin protein zero and the key peripheral glial transcription factor Sox10. The transition from Schwann cell precursors to immature Schwann cells is accelerated by canonical Notch signaling via the Rbpj transcription factor. Here, we aimed to test the role of Notch/Rbpj signaling in developing OECs by blocking the pathway in both chicken and mouse. Our results suggest that Notch/Rbpj signaling prevents the cranial neural crest cells that colonize the olfactory nerve from differentiating as neurons, and at later stages contributes to the guidance of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristján R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
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14
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Aguillon R, Batut J, Subramanian A, Madelaine R, Dufourcq P, Schilling TF, Blader P. Cell-type heterogeneity in the early zebrafish olfactory epithelium is generated from progenitors within preplacodal ectoderm. eLife 2018; 7. [PMID: 29292696 PMCID: PMC5749950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish olfactory epithelium comprises a variety of neuronal populations, which are thought to have distinct embryonic origins. For instance, while ciliated sensory neurons arise from preplacodal ectoderm (PPE), previous lineage tracing studies suggest that both Gonadotropin releasing hormone 3 (Gnrh3) and microvillous sensory neurons derive from cranial neural crest (CNC). We find that the expression of Islet1/2 is restricted to Gnrh3 neurons associated with the olfactory epithelium. Unexpectedly, however, we find no change in Islet1/2+ cell numbers in sox10 mutant embryos, calling into question their CNC origin. Lineage reconstruction based on backtracking in time-lapse confocal datasets, and confirmed by photoconversion experiments, reveals that Gnrh3 neurons derive from the anterior PPE. Similarly, all of the microvillous sensory neurons we have traced arise from preplacodal progenitors. Our results suggest that rather than originating from separate ectodermal populations, cell-type heterogeneity is generated from overlapping pools of progenitors within the preplacodal ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Aguillon
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI, FR3743), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Batut
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI, FR3743), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Romain Madelaine
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI, FR3743), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Dufourcq
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI, FR3743), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Patrick Blader
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI, FR3743), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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15
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Hooper JE, Feng W, Li H, Leach SM, Phang T, Siska C, Jones KL, Spritz RA, Hunter LE, Williams T. Systems biology of facial development: contributions of ectoderm and mesenchyme. Dev Biol 2017; 426:97-114. [PMID: 28363736 PMCID: PMC5530582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in gene-centric biological knowledge coupled with analytic approaches for genomewide data integration provides an opportunity to develop systems-level understanding of facial development. Experimental analyses have demonstrated the importance of signaling between the surface ectoderm and the underlying mesenchyme are coordinating facial patterning. However, current transcriptome data from the developing vertebrate face is dominated by the mesenchymal component, and the contributions of the ectoderm are not easily identified. We have generated transcriptome datasets from critical periods of mouse face formation that enable gene expression to be analyzed with respect to time, prominence, and tissue layer. Notably, by separating the ectoderm and mesenchyme we considerably improved the sensitivity compared to data obtained from whole prominences, with more genes detected over a wider dynamic range. From these data we generated a detailed description of ectoderm-specific developmental programs, including pan-ectodermal programs, prominence- specific programs and their temporal dynamics. The genes and pathways represented in these programs provide mechanistic insights into several aspects of ectodermal development. We also used these data to identify co-expression modules specific to facial development. We then used 14 co-expression modules enriched for genes involved in orofacial clefts to make specific mechanistic predictions about genes involved in tongue specification, in nasal process patterning and in jaw development. Our multidimensional gene expression dataset is a unique resource for systems analysis of the developing face; our co-expression modules are a resource for predicting functions of poorly annotated genes, or for predicting roles for genes that have yet to be studied in the context of facial development; and our analytic approaches provide a paradigm for analysis of other complex developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Hooper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Weiguo Feng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Tzulip Phang
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Charlotte Siska
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Hunter
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Poliandri A, Miller D, Howard S, Nobles M, Ruiz-Babot G, Harmer S, Tinker A, McKay T, Guasti L, Dunkel L. Generation of kisspeptin-responsive GnRH neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 447:12-22. [PMID: 28232089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GnRH neurons are fundamental for reproduction in all vertebrates, integrating all reproductive inputs. The inaccessibility of human GnRH-neurons has been a major impediment to studying the central control of reproduction and its disorders. Here, we report the efficient generation of kisspeptin responsive GnRH-secreting neurons by directed differentiation of human Embryonic Stem Cells and induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells derived from a Kallman Syndrome patient and a healthy family member. The protocol involves the generation of intermediate Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) through long-term Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibition, followed by terminal specification of these NPCs in media containing Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 and a NOTCH inhibitor. The resulting GnRH-expressing and -secreting neurons display a neuroendocrine gene expression pattern and present spontaneous calcium transients that can be stimulated by kisspeptin. These in vitro generated GnRH expressing cells provide a new resource for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and function of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Poliandri
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Duncan Miller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sasha Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Muriel Nobles
- The Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stephen Harmer
- The Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- The Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tristan McKay
- School of Healthcare Science, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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New Insights Into the Roles of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Nervous System Development and the Establishment of Neurotransmitter Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:1-84. [PMID: 28215529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secreted chiefly from the underlying mesoderm, the morphogen retinoic acid (RA) is well known to contribute to the specification, patterning, and differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Furthermore, RA influences the subtype identity and neurotransmitter phenotype of subsets of maturing neurons, although relatively little is known about how these functions are mediated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles played by RA signaling during the formation of the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and highlights its effects on the differentiation of several neurotransmitter systems. In addition, the evolutionary history of the RA signaling system is discussed, revealing both conserved properties and alternate modes of RA action. It is proposed that comparative approaches should be employed systematically to expand our knowledge of the context-dependent cellular mechanisms controlled by the multifunctional signaling molecule RA.
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18
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Miller SR, Perera SN, Benito C, Stott SRW, Baker CVH. Evidence for a Notch1-mediated transition during olfactory ensheathing cell development. J Anat 2016; 229:369-83. [PMID: 27271278 PMCID: PMC4974551 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique glial population found in both the peripheral and central nervous system: they ensheath bundles of unmyelinated olfactory axons from their peripheral origin in the olfactory epithelium to their central synaptic targets in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Like all other peripheral glia (Schwann cells, satellite glia, enteric glia), OECs are derived from the embryonic neural crest. However, in contrast to Schwann cells, whose development has been extensively characterised, relatively little is known about their normal development in vivo. In the Schwann cell lineage, the transition from multipotent Schwann cell precursor to immature Schwann cell is promoted by canonical Notch signalling. Here, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry data from chicken, mouse and human embryos are presented that suggest a canonical Notch-mediated transition also occurs during OEC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address: DanStemUniversity of Copenhagen3B BlegdamsvejDK‐2200Copenhagen NDenmark
| | - Surangi N. Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Simon R. W. Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain RepairUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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19
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Lund C, Pulli K, Yellapragada V, Giacobini P, Lundin K, Vuoristo S, Tuuri T, Noisa P, Raivio T. Development of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Secreting Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:149-57. [PMID: 27426041 PMCID: PMC4982984 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons regulate human puberty and reproduction. Modeling their development and function in vitro would be of interest for both basic research and clinical translation. Here, we report a three-step protocol to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into GnRH-secreting neurons. Firstly, hPSCs were differentiated to FOXG1, EMX2, and PAX6 expressing anterior neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by dual SMAD inhibition. Secondly, NPCs were treated for 10 days with FGF8, which is a key ligand implicated in GnRH neuron ontogeny, and finally, the cells were matured with Notch inhibitor to bipolar TUJ1-positive neurons that robustly expressed GNRH1 and secreted GnRH decapeptide into the culture medium. The protocol was reproducible both in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, and thus provides a translational tool for investigating the mechanisms of human puberty and its disorders. GnRH neurons regulate puberty and reproduction We generated GnRH-expressing and secreting neurons from hPSCs These neurons can be used to study diseases affecting the reproductive system
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lund
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kristiina Pulli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Venkatram Yellapragada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172, 59045 Lille Cedex, France; School of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Karolina Lundin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HUCH, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Sanna Vuoristo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HUCH, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Parinya Noisa
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki 00029, Finland; Faculty of Medicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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20
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Linscott ML, Chung WCJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Expression in GT1-7 GnRH-Secreting Neurons Is Androgen-Independent, but Can Be Upregulated by the Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:34. [PMID: 27200347 PMCID: PMC4853385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a potent morphogen that regulates the embryonic development of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. Indeed, using Fgf8 hypomorphic mice, we showed that reduced Fgf8 mRNA expression completely eliminated the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. These findings suggest that FGF8 signaling is required during the embryonic development of mouse GnRH neurons. Additionally, in situ hybridization studies showed that the embryonic primordial birth place of GnRH neurons, the olfactory placode, is highly enriched for Fgf8 mRNA expression. Taken together these data underscore the importance of FGF8 signaling for GnRH emergence. However, an important question remains unanswered: How is Fgf8 gene expression regulated in the developing embryonic mouse brain? One major candidate is the androgen receptor (AR), which has been shown to upregulate Fgf8 mRNA in 60-70% of newly diagnosed prostate cancers. Therefore, we hypothesized that ARs may be involved in the regulation of Fgf8 transcription in the developing mouse brain. To test this hypothesis, we used chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to elucidate whether ARs interact with the 5'UTR region upstream of the translational start site of the Fgf8 gene in immortalized mouse GnRH neurons (GT1-7) and nasal explants. Our data showed that while AR interacts with the Fgf8 promoter region, this interaction was androgen-independent, and that androgen treatment did not affect Fgf8 mRNA levels, indicating that androgen signaling does not induce Fgf8 transcription. In contrast, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) significantly upregulated Fgf8 mRNA levels indicating that Fgf8 transcriptional activity may be dependent on DNA methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
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Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is composed of the tuberal and anterodorsal hypothalamus, together with the median eminence/neurohypophysis. It centrally governs wide-ranging physiological processes, including homeostasis of energy balance, circadian rhythms and stress responses, as well as growth and reproductive behaviours. Homeostasis is maintained by integrating sensory inputs and effecting responses via autonomic, endocrine and behavioural outputs, over diverse time-scales and throughout the lifecourse of an individual. Here, we summarize studies that begin to reveal how different territories and cell types within the neuroendocrine hypothalamus are assembled in an integrated manner to enable function, thus supporting the organism's ability to survive and thrive. We discuss how signaling pathways and transcription factors dictate the appearance and regionalization of the hypothalamic primordium, the maintenance of progenitor cells, and their specification and differentiation into neurons. We comment on recent studies that harness such programmes for the directed differentiation of human ES/iPS cells. We summarize how developmental plasticity is maintained even into adulthood and how integration between the hypothalamus and peripheral body is established in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. Analysis of model organisms, including mouse, chick and zebrafish, provides a picture of how complex, yet elegantly coordinated, developmental programmes build glial and neuronal cells around the third ventricle of the brain. Such conserved processes enable the hypothalamus to mediate its function as a central integrating and response-control mediator for the homeostatic processes that are critical to life. Early indications suggest that deregulation of these events may underlie multifaceted pathological conditions and dysfunctional physiology in humans, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burbridge
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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22
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Chung WCJ, Linscott ML, Rodriguez KM, Stewart CE. The Regulation and Function of Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 and Its Function during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 27656162 PMCID: PMC5011149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, numerous studies solidified the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification, and cell survival and, therefore, is critical for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis of the body. One important example that underscores the involvement of FGF signaling during neuroendocrine cell development is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron ontogenesis. Indeed, transgenic mice with reduced olfactory placode (OP) Fgf8 expression do not have GnRH neurons. This observation indicates the requirement of FGF8 signaling for the emergence of the GnRH neuronal system in the embryonic OP, the putative birth place of GnRH neurons. Mammalian reproductive success depends on the presence of GnRH neurons to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary, which activates gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Together, these observations are critical for understanding the function of GnRH neurons and their control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to maintain fertility. Taken together, these studies illustrate that GnRH neuron emergence and hence HPG function is vulnerable to genomic and molecular signals that abnormally modify Fgf8 expression in the developing mouse OP. In this short review, we focus on research that is aimed at unraveling how androgen, all-trans retinoic acid, and how epigenetic factors modify control mouse OP Fgf8 transcription in the context of GnRH neuronal development and mammalian reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C. J. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Wilson C. J. Chung,
| | - Megan L. Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Karla M. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Courtney E. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Kanasaki H, Mijiddorj T, Sukhbaatar U, Oride A, Ishihara T, Yamagami I, Kyo S. Trichostatin A reduces GnRH mRNA expression with a concomitant increase in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase in GnRH-producing neurons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 413:113-9. [PMID: 26116234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA) is a selective inhibitor of mammalian histone deacetylase and is widely used to modify the ability of DNA transcription factors to bind DNA within chromatin by interfering with histone deacetylation. In the GnRH-producing neuronal cell line GT1-7, TSA significantly reduced expression of GnRH mRNA. Kisspeptin, a known regulator of GnRH release, failed to increase GnRH mRNA expression and did not modify TSA-induced reduction of GnRH expression. TSA, but not kisspeptin, increased histone acetylation in whole-cell lysates and significantly stimulated the expression of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH), a retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme that is known to be involved in cell differentiation. In addition, treatment of the GT1-7 cells with RA dose-dependently inhibited the expression of GnRH mRNA. Whereas, TSA-induced reduction of GnRH mRNA was not modulated by treatment with the pan-RA receptor inverse agonist BMS493 or the RA metabolism inhibitor liarozole. Our current results suggest that the RALDH and RA might not be directly involved in the reduction of GnRH expression induced by TSA, however these substances could be a novel regulator of GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Tselmeg Mijiddorj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Unurjargal Sukhbaatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Sánchez-Arrones L, Ferrán JL, Hidalgo-Sanchez M, Puelles L. Origin and early development of the chicken adenohypophysis. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:7. [PMID: 25741242 PMCID: PMC4330794 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenohypophysis (ADH) is an important endocrine organ involved in the regulation of many physiological processes. The late morphogenesis of this organ at neural tube stages is well known: the epithelial ADH primordium is recognized as an invagination of the stomodeal roof (Rathke’s pouch), whose walls later thicken and differentiate as the primordium becomes pediculated, and then fully separated from the stomodeum. The primordium attaches to the pial surface of the basal hypothalamus, next to the neurohypophyseal field (NH; future posterior pituitary), from which it was previously separated by migrating prechordal plate (pp) cells. Once the NH evaginates, the ADH surrounds it and jointly forms with it the pituitary gland. In contrast, little is known about the precise origin of the ADH precursors at neural plate stages and how the primordium reaches the stomodeum. For that reason, we produced in the chicken a specific ADH fate map at early neural plate stages, which was amplified with gene markers. By means of experiments labeling the mapped presumptive ADH, we were able to follow the initial anlage into its transformation into Rathke’s pouch. The ADH origin was corroborated to be strictly extraneural, i.e., to lie at stage HH4/5 outside of the anterior neural plate (anp) within the pre-placodal field. The ADH primordium is fully segregated from the anterior neural border cells and the neighboring olfactory placodes both in terms of precursor cells and molecular profile from head fold stages onwards. The placode becomes visible as a molecularly characteristic ectodermal thickening from stage HH10 onwards. The onset of ADH genoarchitectonic regionalization into intermediate and anterior lobes occurs at closed neural tube stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sánchez-Arrones
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instiuto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - José L Ferrán
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instiuto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Matías Hidalgo-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura Badajoz, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instiuto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
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25
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Schlosser G. Vertebrate cranial placodes as evolutionary innovations--the ancestor's tale. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:235-300. [PMID: 25662263 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations often arise by tinkering with preexisting components building new regulatory networks by the rewiring of old parts. The cranial placodes of vertebrates, ectodermal thickenings that give rise to many of the cranial sense organs (ear, nose, lateral line) and ganglia, originated as such novel structures, when vertebrate ancestors elaborated their head in support of a more active and exploratory life style. This review addresses the question of how cranial placodes evolved by tinkering with ectodermal patterning mechanisms and sensory and neurosecretory cell types that have their own evolutionary history. With phylogenetic relationships among the major branches of metazoans now relatively well established, a comparative approach is used to infer, which structures evolved in which lineages and allows us to trace the origin of placodes and their components back from ancestor to ancestor. Some of the core networks of ectodermal patterning and sensory and neurosecretory differentiation were already established in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians and were greatly elaborated in the bilaterian ancestor (with BMP- and Wnt-dependent patterning of dorsoventral and anteroposterior ectoderm and multiple neurosecretory and sensory cell types). Rostral and caudal protoplacodal domains, giving rise to some neurosecretory and sensory cells, were then established in the ectoderm of the chordate and tunicate-vertebrate ancestor, respectively. However, proper cranial placodes as clusters of proliferating progenitors producing high-density arrays of neurosecretory and sensory cells only evolved and diversified in the ancestors of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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27
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Forni PE, Wray S. GnRH, anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--where are we? Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:165-77. [PMID: 25306902 PMCID: PMC4703044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originate the nasal placode and migrate into the brain during prenatal development. Once within the brain, these cells become integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, essential for reproductive function. Disruption of this system causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). HH associated with anosmia is clinically defined as Kallman syndrome (KS). Recent work examining the developing nasal region has shed new light on cellular composition, cell interactions and molecular cues responsible for the development of this system in different species. This review discusses some developmental aspects, animal models and current advancements in our understanding of pathologies affecting GnRH. In addition we discuss how development of neural crest derivatives such as the glia of the olfactory system and craniofacial structures control GnRH development and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Vastagh C, Schwirtlich M, Kwakowsky A, Erdélyi F, Margolis FL, Yanagawa Y, Katarova Z, Szabó G. The spatiotemporal segregation of GAD forms defines distinct GABA signaling functions in the developing mouse olfactory system and provides novel insights into the origin and migration of GnRH neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:249-70. [PMID: 25125027 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development. The rate-limiting step of GABA synthesis is catalyzed by two glutamic acid decarboxylase isoforms GAD65 and GAD67 coexpressed in the GABAergic neurons of the CNS. Here we report that the two GADs show virtually nonoverlapping expression patterns consistent with distinct roles in the developing peripheral olfactory system. GAD65 is expressed exclusively in undifferentiated neuronal progenitors confined to the proliferative zones of the sensory vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia In contrast GAD67 is expressed in a subregion of the nonsensory epithelium/vomeronasal organ epithelium containing the putative Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) progenitors and GnRH neurons migrating from this region through the frontonasal mesenchyme into the basal forebrain. Only GAD67+, but not GAD65+ cells accumulate detectable GABA. We further demonstrate that GAD67 and its embryonic splice variant embryonic GAD (EGAD) concomitant with GnRH are dynamically regulated during GnRH neuronal migration in vivo and in two immortalized cell lines representing migratory (GN11) and postmigratory (GT1-7) stage GnRH neurons, respectively. Analysis of GAD65/67 single and double knock-out embryos revealed that the two GADs play complementary (inhibitory) roles in GnRH migration ultimately modulating the speed and/or direction of GnRH migration. Our results also suggest that GAD65 and GAD67/EGAD characterized by distinct subcellular localization and kinetics have disparate functions during olfactory system development mediating proliferative and migratory responses putatively through specific subcellular GABA pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Division of Medical Gene Technology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating embryonic neurogenesis in the rodent olfactory epithelium. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 37:76-86. [PMID: 25003986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation in developing embryos are maintained across multiple physiological systems, including the nervous system where neurons and glia are generated. The olfactory epithelium, which arises from the olfactory pit, is a stratified tissue in which the stepwise generation of neurons and support cells can easily be assessed and followed during embryogenesis and throughout adulthood. During olfactory epithelium morphogenesis, progenitor cells respond to factors that control their proliferation, survival, and differentiation in order to generate olfactory receptor neurons that detect odorants in the environment and glia-like sustentacular cells. The tight temporal regulation of expression of proneural genes in dividing progenitor cells, including Mash-1, Neurogenin-1, and NeuroD1, plays a central role in the production of olfactory receptor neurons. Multiple factors that either positively or negatively affect the generation of olfactory receptor neurons have been identified and shown to impinge on the transcriptional regulatory network in dividing progenitor cells. Several growth factors, such as FGF-8, act to promote neurogenesis by ensuring survival of progenitor cells that will give rise to olfactory receptor neurons. In contrast, other molecules, including members of the large TGF-β family of proteins, have negative impacts on neurogenesis by restricting progenitor cell proliferation and stalling their differentiation. Since recent reviews have focused on neurogenesis in the regenerating adult olfactory epithelium, this review describes neurogenesis at embryonic stages of olfactory epithelium development and summarizes our current understanding of how both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors control this process.
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Schlosser G. Early embryonic specification of vertebrate cranial placodes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:349-63. [PMID: 25124756 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cranial placodes contribute to many sensory organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. The olfactory, otic, and lateral line placodes form the sensory receptor cells and neurons of the nose, ear, and lateral line system; the lens placode develops into the lens of the eye; epibranchial, profundal, and trigeminal placodes contribute sensory neurons to cranial nerve ganglia; and the adenohypophyseal placode gives rise to the anterior pituitary, a major endocrine control organ. Despite these differences in fate, all placodes are now known to originate from a common precursor, the preplacodal ectoderm (PPE). The latter is a horseshoe-shaped domain of ectoderm surrounding the anterior neural plate and neural crest and is defined by expression of transcription factor Six1, its cofactor Eya1, and other members of the Six and Eya families. Studies in zebrafish, Xenopus, and chick reveal that the PPE is specified together with other ectodermal territories (epidermis, neural crest, and neural plate) during early embryogenesis. During gastrulation, domains of ventrally (e.g., Dlx3/Dlx5, GATA2/GATA3, AP2, Msx1, FoxI1, and Vent1/Vent2) and dorsally (e.g., Zic1, Sox3, and Geminin) restricted transcription factors are established in response to a gradient of BMP and help to define non-neural and neural competence territories, respectively. At neural plate stages, the PPE is then induced in the non-neural competence territory by signals from the adjacent neural plate and mesoderm including FGF, BMP inhibitors, and Wnt inhibitors. Subsequently, signals from more localized signaling centers induce restricted expression domains of various transcription factors within the PPE, which specify multiplacodal areas and ultimately individual placodes. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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31
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The indirect role of fibroblast growth factor-8 in defining neurogenic niches of the olfactory/GnRH systems. J Neurosci 2014; 33:19620-34. [PMID: 24336726 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3238-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP4) and fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8) are thought to have opposite roles in defining epithelial versus neurogenic fate in the developing olfactory/vomeronasal system. In particular, FGF8 has been implicated in specification of olfactory and gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons, as well as in controlling olfactory stem cell survival. Using different knock-in mouse lines and Cre-lox-mediated lineage tracing, Fgf8 expression and cell lineage was analyzed in the developing nose in relation to the expression of Bmp4 and its antagonist Noggin (Nog). FGF8 is expressed by cells that acquire an epidermal, respiratory cell fate and not by stem cells that acquire neuronal olfactory or vomeronasal cell fate. Ectodermal and mesenchymal sources of BMP4 control the expression of BMP/TGFβ antagonist Nog, whereas mesenchymal sources of Nog define the neurogenic borders of the olfactory pit. Fgf8 hypomorph mouse models, Fgf8(neo/neo) and Fgf8(neo/null), displayed severe craniofacial defects together with overlapping defects in the olfactory pit including (1) lack of neuronal formation ventrally, where GnRH neurons normally form, and (2) altered expression of Bmp4 and Nog, with Nog ectopically expressed in the nasal mesenchyme and no longer defining the GnRH and vomeronasal neurogenic border. Together our data show that (1) FGF8 is not sufficient to induce ectodermal progenitors of the olfactory pit to acquire neural fate and (2) altered neurogenesis and lack of GnRH neuron specification after chronically reduced Fgf8 expression reflected dysgenesis of the nasal region and loss of a specific neurogenic permissive milieu that was defined by mesenchymal signals.
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32
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Saint-Jeannet JP, Moody SA. Establishing the pre-placodal region and breaking it into placodes with distinct identities. Dev Biol 2014; 389:13-27. [PMID: 24576539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Specialized sensory organs in the vertebrate head originate from thickenings in the embryonic ectoderm called cranial sensory placodes. These placodes, as well as the neural crest, arise from a zone of ectoderm that borders the neural plate. This zone separates into a precursor field for the neural crest that lies adjacent to the neural plate, and a precursor field for the placodes, called the pre-placodal region (PPR), that lies lateral to the neural crest. The neural crest domain and the PPR are established in response to signaling events mediated by BMPs, FGFs and Wnts, which differentially activate transcription factors in these territories. In the PPR, members of the Six and Eya families, act in part to repress neural crest specific transcription factors, thus solidifying a placode developmental program. Subsequently, in response to environmental cues the PPR is further subdivided into placodal territories with distinct characteristics, each expressing a specific repertoire of transcription factors that provide the necessary information for their progression to mature sensory organs. In this review we summarize recent advances in the characterization of the signaling molecules and transcriptional effectors that regulate PPR specification and its subdivision into placodal domains with distinct identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, College of Dentistry, 345 East 24th Street, New York City, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I (eye) Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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33
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Patthey C, Schlosser G, Shimeld SM. The evolutionary history of vertebrate cranial placodes--I: cell type evolution. Dev Biol 2014; 389:82-97. [PMID: 24495912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial placodes are crucial contributors to the vertebrate cranial sensory apparatus. Their evolutionary origin has attracted much attention from evolutionary and developmental biologists, yielding speculation and hypotheses concerning their putative homologues in other lineages and the developmental and genetic innovations that might have underlain their origin and diversification. In this article we first briefly review our current understanding of placode development and the cell types and structures they form. We next summarise previous hypotheses of placode evolution, discussing their strengths and caveats, before considering the evolutionary history of the various cell types that develop from placodes. In an accompanying review, we also further consider the evolution of ectodermal patterning. Drawing on data from vertebrates, tunicates, amphioxus, other bilaterians and cnidarians, we build these strands into a scenario of placode evolutionary history and of the genes, cells and developmental processes that underlie placode evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Patthey
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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34
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Steventon B, Mayor R, Streit A. Neural crest and placode interaction during the development of the cranial sensory system. Dev Biol 2014; 389:28-38. [PMID: 24491819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the vertebrate head, the peripheral components of the sensory nervous system are derived from two embryonic cell populations, the neural crest and cranial sensory placodes. Both arise in close proximity to each other at the border of the neural plate: neural crest precursors abut the future central nervous system, while placodes originate in a common preplacodal region slightly more lateral. During head morphogenesis, complex events organise these precursors into functional sensory structures, raising the question of how their development is coordinated. Here we review the evidence that neural crest and placode cells remain in close proximity throughout their development and interact repeatedly in a reciprocal manner. We also review recent controversies about the relative contribution of the neural crest and placodes to the otic and olfactory systems. We propose that a sequence of mutual interactions between the neural crest and placodes drives the coordinated morphogenesis that generates functional sensory systems within the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Steventon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Insitut Pasteur, France
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King׳s College London, London, UK.
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35
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Abstract
Tissue transplantation is an important approach in developmental neurobiology to determine cell fate, to uncover inductive interactions required for tissue specification and patterning as well as to establish tissue competence and commitment. Avian species are among the favorite model systems for these approaches because of their accessibility and relatively large size. Here we describe two culture techniques used to generate quail-chick chimeras at different embryonic stages and methods to distinguish graft and donor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Streit
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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36
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Paschaki M, Cammas L, Muta Y, Matsuoka Y, Mak SS, Rataj-Baniowska M, Fraulob V, Dollé P, Ladher RK. Retinoic acid regulates olfactory progenitor cell fate and differentiation. Neural Dev 2013; 8:13. [PMID: 23829703 PMCID: PMC3717070 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to fulfill their chemosensory function, olfactory neurons are in direct contact with the external environment and are therefore exposed to environmental aggressive factors. Olfaction is maintained through life because, unlike for other sensory neuroepithelia, olfactory neurons have a unique capacity to regenerate after trauma. The mechanisms that control the ontogenesis and regenerative ability of these neurons are not fully understood. Here, we used various experimental approaches in two model systems (chick and mouse) to assess the contribution of retinoic acid signaling in the induction of the olfactory epithelium, the generation and maintenance of progenitor populations, and the ontogenesis and differentiation of olfactory neurons. RESULTS We show that retinoic acid signaling, although dispensable for initial induction of the olfactory placode, plays a key role in neurogenesis within this neuroepithelium. Retinoic acid depletion in the olfactory epithelium, both in chick and mouse models, results in a failure of progenitor cell maintenance and, consequently, differentiation of olfactory neurons is not sustained. Using an explant system, we further show that renewal of olfactory neurons is hindered if the olfactory epithelium is unable to synthesize retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that retinoic acid is not a simple placodal inductive signal, but rather controls olfactory neuronal production by regulating the fate of olfactory progenitor cells. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3 (RALDH3) is the key enzyme required to generate retinoic acid within the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paschaki
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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37
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Barraud P, St John JA, Stolt CC, Wegner M, Baker CVH. Olfactory ensheathing glia are required for embryonic olfactory axon targeting and the migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Biol Open 2013; 2:750-9. [PMID: 23862023 PMCID: PMC3711043 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann's syndrome is caused by the failure of olfactory axons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to enter the embryonic forebrain, resulting in anosmia and sterility. Sox10 mutations have been associated with Kallmann's syndrome phenotypes, but their effect on olfactory system development is unknown. We recently showed that Sox10 is expressed by neural crest-derived olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Here, we demonstrate that in homozygous Sox10(lacZ/lacZ) mouse embryos, OEC differentiation is disrupted; olfactory axons accumulate in the ventromedial olfactory nerve layer and fewer olfactory receptor neurons express the maturation marker OMP (most likely owing to the failure of axonal targeting). Furthermore, GnRH neurons clump together in the periphery and a smaller proportion enters the forebrain. Our data suggest that human Sox10 mutations cause Kallmann's syndrome by disrupting the differentiation of OECs, which promote embryonic olfactory axon targeting and hence olfactory receptor neuron maturation, and GnRH neuron migration to the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Barraud
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3DY , UK
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38
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Saxena A, Peng BN, Bronner ME. Sox10-dependent neural crest origin of olfactory microvillous neurons in zebrafish. eLife 2013; 2:e00336. [PMID: 23539289 PMCID: PMC3601810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell in vertebrates is detected by specialized sensory neurons derived from the peripheral nervous system. Classically, it has been presumed that the olfactory placode forms all olfactory sensory neurons. In contrast, we show that the cranial neural crest is the primary source of microvillous sensory neurons within the olfactory epithelium of zebrafish embryos. Using photoconversion-based fate mapping and live cell tracking coupled with laser ablation, we followed neural crest precursors as they migrated from the neural tube to the nasal cavity. A subset that coexpressed Sox10 protein and a neurogenin1 reporter ingressed into the olfactory epithelium and differentiated into microvillous sensory neurons. Timed loss-of-function analysis revealed a critical role for Sox10 in microvillous neurogenesis. Taken together, these findings directly demonstrate a heretofore unknown contribution of the cranial neural crest to olfactory sensory neurons in zebrafish and provide important insights into the assembly of the nascent olfactory system. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00336.001 Neurons have crucial roles in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The role of the neurons in the sensory organs (the eyes, ears, and nose) is to sense stimuli—including light, sound, and odor—and transmit this sensory information to the neurons of the central nervous system for processing. The first step in sensing an odor relies on the peripheral nerves of the olfactory epithelium. This tissue, which lines the inside of the nasal cavity, includes two main types of olfactory sensory neurons: ciliated sensory neurons that detect volatile or easily evaporated substances and microvillous sensory neurons that detect pheromones, nucleotides, and/or amino acids. During vertebrate embryogenesis, an embryo develops three distinct germ layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, each of which gives rise to the different tissues of the body. The ectoderm has three parts—the external ectoderm, the neural crest, and the neural tube—and together they give rise to the neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. The neurons within the eye and ear are known to originate from a thickened portion of the ectoderm, and it has been proposed that olfactory neurons develop in a similar manner. Now, Saxena et al. show that, unlike what happens in the eye and ear, some olfactory sensory neurons originate from the neural crest. By studying the development of the olfactory system in zebrafish, Saxena et al. discovered that microvillous neurons, but not ciliated neurons, develop from neural crest cells, and that the transcription factor Sox10 is critical for the development of microvillous neurons. By establishing that neural crest cells are involved in the development of a substantial proportion of olfactory sensory neurons, this work sets the stage for future studies of olfactory nerve growth and regeneration. It may also assist researchers working on anosmia (the inability to smell). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00336.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Saxena
- Division of Biology , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , United States
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39
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Stevenson EL, Corella KM, Chung WCJ. Ontogenesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons: a model for hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:89. [PMID: 23882261 PMCID: PMC3712253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is the anatomical framework responsible for reproductive competence and species propagation. Essential to the coordinated actions of this three-tiered biological system is the fact that the regulatory inputs ultimately converge on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system, which in rodents primarily resides in the preoptic/hypothalamic region. In this short review we will focus on: (1) the general embryonic temporal and spatial development of the rodent GnRH neuronal system, (2) the origin(s) of GnRH neurons, and (3) which transcription - and growth factors have been found to be critical for GnRH neuronal ontogenesis and cellular fate-specification. Moreover, we ask the question whether the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in GnRH neuronal development may also play a role in the development of other hypophyseal secreting neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Stevenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Kristina M. Corella
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C. J. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Wilson C. J. Chung, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, 222 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA e-mail:
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40
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Jidigam VK, Gunhaga L. Development of cranial placodes: insights from studies in chick. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:79-95. [PMID: 23278869 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on how research, using chick as a model system, has contributed to our knowledge regarding the development of cranial placodes. This review highlights when and how molecular signaling events regulate early specification of placodal progenitor cells, as well as the development of individual placodes including morphological movements. In addition, we briefly describe various techniques used in chick that are important for studies in cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Jidigam
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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41
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Raivio T. CHARGE syndrome and Kallmann syndrome: are the two genetically related? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2012; 7:579-581. [PMID: 30754130 DOI: 10.1586/eem.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taneli Raivio
- a Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland and Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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42
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Forni PE, Wray S. Neural crest and olfactory system: new prospective. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:349-60. [PMID: 22773137 PMCID: PMC3586243 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons in vertebrates are derived from two embryonic transient cell sources: neural crest (NC) and ectodermal placodes. The placodes are thickenings of ectodermal tissue that are responsible for the formation of cranial ganglia as well as complex sensory organs that include the lens, inner ear, and olfactory epithelium. The NC cells have been indicated to arise at the edges of the neural plate/dorsal neural tube, from both the neural plate and the epidermis in response to reciprocal interactions Moury and Jacobson (Dev Biol 141:243-253, 1990). NC cells migrate throughout the organism and give rise to a multitude of cell types that include melanocytes, cartilage and connective tissue of the head, components of the cranial nerves, the dorsal root ganglia, and Schwann cells. The embryonic definition of these two transient populations and their relative contribution to the formation of sensory organs has been investigated and debated for several decades (Basch and Bronner-Fraser, Adv Exp Med Biol 589:24-31, 2006; Basch et al., Nature 441:218-222, 2006) review (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, Dev Biol 232:1-61, 2001). Historically, all placodes have been described as exclusively derived from non-neural ectodermal progenitors. Recent genetic fate-mapping studies suggested a NC contribution to the olfactory placodes (OP) as well as the otic (auditory) placodes in rodents (Murdoch and Roskams, J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 28:4271-4282, 2008; Murdoch et al., J Neurosci 30:9523-9532, 2010; Forni et al., J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 31:6915-6927, 2011b; Freyer et al., Development 138:5403-5414, 2011; Katoh et al., Mol Brain 4:34, 2011). This review analyzes and discusses some recent developmental studies on the OP, placodal derivatives, and olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E. Forni
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Rm. 3A-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Rm. 3A-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892-3703, USA
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