1
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Colijn S, Nambara M, Malin G, Sacchetti EA, Stratman AN. Identification of distinct vascular mural cell populations during zebrafish embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:519-541. [PMID: 38112237 PMCID: PMC11065631 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mural cells are an essential perivascular cell population that associate with blood vessels and contribute to vascular stabilization and tone. In the embryonic zebrafish vasculature, pdgfrb and tagln are commonly used as markers for identifying pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the overlapping and distinct expression patterns of these markers in tandem have not been fully described. RESULTS Here, we used the Tg(pdgfrb:Gal4FF; UAS:RFP) and Tg(tagln:NLS-EGFP) transgenic lines to identify single- and double-positive perivascular cell populations on the cranial, axial, and intersegmental vessels between 1 and 5 days postfertilization. From this comparative analysis, we discovered two novel regions of tagln-positive cell populations that have the potential to function as mural cell precursors. Specifically, we found that the hypochord-a reportedly transient structure-contributes to tagln-positive cells along the dorsal aorta. We also identified a unique mural cell progenitor population that resides along the midline between the neural tube and notochord and contributes to intersegmental vessel mural cell coverage. CONCLUSION Together, our findings highlight the variability and versatility of tracking both pdgfrb and tagln expression in mural cells of the developing zebrafish embryo and reveal unexpected embryonic cell populations that express pdgfrb and tagln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Colijn
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Miku Nambara
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gracie Malin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elena A. Sacchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amber N. Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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2
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Cheng S, Xia IF, Wanner R, Abello J, Stratman AN, Nicoli S. Hemodynamics regulate spatiotemporal artery muscularization in the developing circle of Willis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.01.569622. [PMID: 38077062 PMCID: PMC10705471 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) envelop vertebrate brain arteries, playing a crucial role in regulating cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling. The dedifferentiation of VSMCs is implicated in cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. Despite its importance, the process of VSMC differentiation on brain arteries during development remains inadequately characterized. Understanding this process could aid in reprogramming and regenerating differentiated VSMCs in cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated VSMC differentiation on the zebrafish circle of Willis (CoW), comprising major arteries that supply blood to the vertebrate brain. We observed that the arterial expression of CoW endothelial cells (ECs) occurs after their migration from the cranial venous plexus to form CoW arteries. Subsequently, acta2+ VSMCs differentiate from pdgfrb+ mural cell progenitors upon recruitment to CoW arteries. The progression of VSMC differentiation exhibits a spatiotemporal pattern, advancing from anterior to posterior CoW arteries. Analysis of blood flow suggests that earlier VSMC differentiation in anterior CoW arteries correlates with higher red blood cell velocity wall shear stress. Furthermore, pulsatile blood flow is required for differentiation of human brain pdgfrb+ mural cells into VSMCs as well as VSMC differentiation on zebrafish CoW arteries. Consistently, the flow-responsive transcription factor klf2a is activated in ECs of CoW arteries prior to VSMC differentiation, and klf2a knockdown delays VSMC differentiation on anterior CoW arteries. In summary, our findings highlight the role of blood flow activation of endothelial klf2a as a mechanism regulating the initial VSMC differentiation on vertebrate brain arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ivan Fan Xia
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Renate Wanner
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Javier Abello
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amber N. Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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3
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Ahuja S, Adjekukor C, Li Q, Kocha KM, Rosin N, Labit E, Sinha S, Narang A, Long Q, Biernaskie J, Huang P, Childs SJ. The development of brain pericytes requires expression of the transcription factor nkx3.1 in intermediate precursors. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002590. [PMID: 38683849 PMCID: PMC11081496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain pericytes are one of the critical cell types that regulate endothelial barrier function and activity, thus ensuring adequate blood flow to the brain. The genetic pathways guiding undifferentiated cells into mature pericytes are not well understood. We show here that pericyte precursor populations from both neural crest and head mesoderm of zebrafish express the transcription factor nkx3.1 develop into brain pericytes. We identify the gene signature of these precursors and show that an nkx3.1-, foxf2a-, and cxcl12b-expressing pericyte precursor population is present around the basilar artery prior to artery formation and pericyte recruitment. The precursors later spread throughout the brain and differentiate to express canonical pericyte markers. Cxcl12b-Cxcr4 signaling is required for pericyte attachment and differentiation. Further, both nkx3.1 and cxcl12b are necessary and sufficient in regulating pericyte number as loss inhibits and gain increases pericyte number. Through genetic experiments, we have defined a precursor population for brain pericytes and identified genes critical for their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchit Ahuja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Cynthia Adjekukor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Katrinka M. Kocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nicole Rosin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ankita Narang
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Quan Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Childs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Abstract
The vasculature consists of vessels of different sizes that are arranged in a hierarchical pattern. Two cell populations work in concert to establish this pattern during embryonic development and adopt it to changes in blood flow demand later in life: endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, and adjacent vascular mural cells, including smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Despite recent progress in elucidating the signalling pathways controlling their crosstalk, much debate remains with regard to how mural cells influence endothelial cell biology and thereby contribute to the regulation of blood vessel formation and diameters. In this Review, I discuss mural cell functions and their interactions with endothelial cells, focusing on how these interactions ensure optimal blood flow patterns. Subsequently, I introduce the signalling pathways controlling mural cell development followed by an overview of mural cell ontogeny with an emphasis on the distinguishing features of mural cells located on different types of blood vessels. Ultimately, I explore therapeutic strategies involving mural cells to alleviate tissue ischemia and improve vascular efficiency in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt F. Siekmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 1114 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Bao H, Li B, You Q, Dun X, Zhang Z, Liang Y, Li Y, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Chen R, Chen W, Zheng Y, Li D, Cui L. Exposure to real-ambient particulate matter induced vascular hypertrophy through activation of PDGFRβ. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:130985. [PMID: 36801716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular toxicity induced by particulate matter (PM) exposure exacerbates the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases; however, its detailed mechanism remains unclear. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) acts as a mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and is therefore essential for normal vasoformation. However, the potential effects of PDGFRβ on VSMCs in PM-induced vascular toxicity have not yet been elucidated. METHODS To reveal the potential roles of PDGFRβ signalling in vascular toxicity, individually ventilated cage (IVC)-based real-ambient PM exposure system mouse models and PDGFRβ overexpression mouse models were established in vivo, along with in vitro VSMCs models. RESULTS Vascular hypertrophy was observed following PM-induced PDGFRβ activation in C57/B6 mice, and the regulation of hypertrophy-related genes led to vascular wall thickening. Enhanced PDGFRβ expression in VSMCs aggravated PM-induced smooth muscle hypertrophy, which was attenuated by inhibiting the PDGFRβ and janus kinase 2 /signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathways. CONCLUSION Our study identified the PDGFRβ gene as a potential biomarker of PM-induced vascular toxicity. PDGFRβ induced hypertrophic effects through the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, which may be a biological target for the vascular toxic effects caused by PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Bao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Benying Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing You
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Dun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Liang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lianhua Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Payne LB, Abdelazim H, Hoque M, Barnes A, Mironovova Z, Willi CE, Darden J, Houk C, Sedovy MW, Johnstone SR, Chappell JC. A Soluble Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Originates via Pre-mRNA Splicing in the Healthy Brain and Is Upregulated during Hypoxia and Aging. Biomolecules 2023; 13:711. [PMID: 37189457 PMCID: PMC10136073 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) pathway provides critical regulation of cerebrovascular pericytes, orchestrating their investment and retention within the brain microcirculation. Dysregulated PDGF Receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) signaling can lead to pericyte defects that compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and cerebral perfusion, impairing neuronal activity and viability, which fuels cognitive and memory deficits. Receptor tyrosine kinases such as PDGF-BB and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) are often modulated by soluble isoforms of cognate receptors that establish signaling activity within a physiological range. Soluble PDGFRβ (sPDGFRβ) isoforms have been reported to form by enzymatic cleavage from cerebrovascular mural cells, and pericytes in particular, largely under pathological conditions. However, pre-mRNA alternative splicing has not been widely explored as a possible mechanism for generating sPDGFRβ variants, and specifically during tissue homeostasis. Here, we found sPDGFRβ protein in the murine brain and other tissues under normal, physiological conditions. Utilizing brain samples for follow-on analysis, we identified mRNA sequences corresponding to sPDGFRβ isoforms, which facilitated construction of predicted protein structures and related amino acid sequences. Human cell lines yielded comparable sequences and protein model predictions. Retention of ligand binding capacity was confirmed for sPDGFRβ by co-immunoprecipitation. Visualizing fluorescently labeled sPDGFRβ transcripts revealed a spatial distribution corresponding to murine brain pericytes alongside cerebrovascular endothelium. Soluble PDGFRβ protein was detected throughout the brain parenchyma in distinct regions, such as along the lateral ventricles, with signals also found more broadly adjacent to cerebral microvessels consistent with pericyte labeling. To better understand how sPDGFRβ variants might be regulated, we found elevated transcript and protein levels in the murine brain with age, and acute hypoxia increased sPDGFRβ variant transcripts in a cell-based model of intact vessels. Our findings indicate that soluble isoforms of PDGFRβ likely arise from pre-mRNA alternative splicing, in addition to enzymatic cleavage mechanisms, and these variants exist under normal physiological conditions. Follow-on studies will be needed to establish potential roles for sPDGFRβ in regulating PDGF-BB signaling to maintain pericyte quiescence, BBB integrity, and cerebral perfusion-critical processes underlying neuronal health and function, and in turn, memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beth Payne
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Hanaa Abdelazim
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Maruf Hoque
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Audra Barnes
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zuzana Mironovova
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Caroline E. Willi
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Jordan Darden
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Clifton Houk
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Meghan W. Sedovy
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Scott R. Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John C. Chappell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI) at Virginia Tech-Carilion (VTC), Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- FBRI Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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7
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Colijn S, Nambara M, Stratman AN. Identification of overlapping and distinct mural cell populations during early embryonic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535476. [PMID: 37066365 PMCID: PMC10104062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Mural cells are an essential perivascular cell population that associate with blood vessels and contribute to vascular stabilization and tone. In the embryonic zebrafish vasculature, pdgfrb and tagln are commonly used as markers for identifying pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). However, the expression patterns of these markers used in tandem have not been fully described. Here, we used the Tg(pdgfrb:Gal4FF; UAS:RFP) and Tg(tagln:NLS-EGFP) transgenic lines to identify single- and double-positive perivascular populations in the cranial, axial, and intersegmental vessels between 1 and 5 days post-fertilization. From this comparative analysis, we discovered two novel regions of tagln-positive cell populations that have the potential to function as mural cell precursors. Specifically, we found that the hypochord- a reportedly transient structure-contributes to tagln-positive cells along the dorsal aorta. We also identified a unique sclerotome-derived mural cell progenitor population that resides along the midline between the neural tube and notochord and contributes to intersegmental vessel mural cell coverage. Together, our findings highlight the variability and versatility of tracking pdgfrb and tagln expression in mural cells of the developing zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Colijn
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Miku Nambara
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amber N. Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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8
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Payne LB, Abdelazim H, Hoque M, Barnes A, Mironovova Z, Willi CE, Darden J, Jenkins-Houk C, Sedovy MW, Johnstone SR, Chappell JC. A Soluble Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Originates via Pre-mRNA Splicing in the Healthy Brain and is Differentially Regulated during Hypoxia and Aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.527005. [PMID: 36778261 PMCID: PMC9915746 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.527005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) pathway provides critical regulation of cerebrovascular pericytes, orchestrating their investment and retention within the brain microcirculation. Dysregulated PDGF Receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) signaling can lead to pericyte defects that compromise blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and cerebral perfusion, impairing neuronal activity and viability, which fuels cognitive and memory deficits. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) like PDGF-BB and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) are often modulated by soluble isoforms of cognate receptors that establish signaling activity within a physiological range. Soluble PDGFRβ (sPDGFRβ) isoforms have been reported to form by enzymatic cleavage from cerebrovascular mural cells, and pericytes in particular, largely under pathological conditions. However, pre-mRNA alternative splicing has not been widely explored as a possible mechanism for generating sPDGFRβ variants, and specifically during tissue homeostasis. Here, we found sPDGFRβ protein in the murine brain and other tissues under normal, physiological conditions. Utilizing brain samples for follow-on analysis, we identified mRNA sequences corresponding to sPDGFRβ isoforms, which facilitated construction of predicted protein structures and related amino acid sequences. Human cell lines yielded comparable sequences and protein model predictions. Retention of ligand binding capacity was confirmed for sPDGFRβ by co-immunoprecipitation. Visualizing fluorescently labeled sPDGFRβ transcripts revealed a spatial distribution corresponding to murine brain pericytes alongside cerebrovascular endothelium. Soluble PDGFRβ protein was detected throughout the brain parenchyma in distinct regions such as along the lateral ventricles, with signals also found more broadly adjacent to cerebral microvessels consistent with pericyte labeling. To better understand how sPDGFRβ variants might be regulated, we found elevated transcript and protein levels in the murine brain with age, and acute hypoxia increased sPDGFRβ variant transcripts in a cell-based model of intact vessels. Our findings indicate that soluble isoforms of PDGFRβ likely arise from pre-mRNA alternative splicing, in addition to enzymatic cleavage mechanisms, and these variants exist under normal physiological conditions. Follow-on studies will be needed to establish potential roles for sPDGFRβ in regulating PDGF-BB signaling to maintain pericyte quiescence, BBB integrity, and cerebral perfusion - critical processes underlying neuronal health and function, and in turn memory and cognition.
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9
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Activation of a transient progenitor state in the epicardium is required for zebrafish heart regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7704. [PMID: 36513650 PMCID: PMC9747719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium, a mesothelial cell tissue that encompasses vertebrate hearts, supports heart regeneration after injury through paracrine effects and as a source of multipotent progenitors. However, the progenitor state in the adult epicardium has yet to be defined. Through single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated epicardial cells from uninjured and regenerating adult zebrafish hearts, we define the epithelial and mesenchymal subsets of the epicardium. We further identify a transiently activated epicardial progenitor cell (aEPC) subpopulation marked by ptx3a and col12a1b expression. Upon cardiac injury, aEPCs emerge from the epithelial epicardium, migrate to enclose the wound, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and differentiate into mural cells and pdgfra+hapln1a+ mesenchymal epicardial cells. These EMT and differentiation processes are regulated by the Tgfβ pathway. Conditional ablation of aEPCs blocks heart regeneration through reduced nrg1 expression and mesenchymal cell number. Our findings identify a transient progenitor population of the adult epicardium that is indispensable for heart regeneration and highlight it as a potential target for enhancing cardiac repair.
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The Provenance, Providence, and Position of Endothelial Cells in Injured Spinal Cord Vascular Pathology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1519-1535. [PMID: 35945301 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes are present in all blood vessels. Their position confers an important role in controlling oxygen and nutrient transportation to the different organs. ECs can adopt different morphologies based on their need and functions. Both ECs and pericytes express different surface markers that help in their identification, but heterogeneity and overlapping between markers among different cells pose a challenge for their precise identification. Spatiotemporal association of ECs and pericytes have great importance in sprout formation and vessel stabilization. Any traumatic injury in CNS may lead to vascular damage along with neuronal damage. Hence, ECs-pericyte interaction by physical contact and paracrine molecules is crucial in recovering the epicenter region by promoting angiogenesis. ECs can transform into other types of cells through endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), promoting wound healing in the epicenter region. Various signaling pathways mediate the interaction of ECs with pericytes that have an extensive role in angiogenesis. In this review, we discussed ECs and pericytes surface markers, the spatiotemporal association and interaction of ECs-pericytes, and signaling associated with the pathology of traumatic SCI. Linking the brain or spinal cord-specific pathologies and human vascular pathology will pave the way toward identifying new therapeutic targets and developing innovative preventive strategies. Endothelial-pericyte interaction strategic for formation of functional neo-vessels that are crucial for neurological recovery.
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11
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Matsuoka RL, Buck LD, Vajrala KP, Quick RE, Card OA. Historical and current perspectives on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:372. [PMID: 35726097 PMCID: PMC9209386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic brain activity requires timely communications between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood. Brain-blood communication is facilitated by intricate networks of brain vasculature, which display striking heterogeneity in structure and function. This vascular cell heterogeneity in the brain is fundamental to mediating diverse brain functions and has long been recognized. However, the molecular basis of this biological phenomenon has only recently begun to be elucidated. Over the past century, various animal species and in vitro systems have contributed to the accumulation of our fundamental and phylogenetic knowledge about brain vasculature, collectively advancing this research field. Historically, dye tracer and microscopic observations have provided valuable insights into the anatomical and functional properties of vasculature across the brain, and these techniques remain an important approach. Additionally, recent advances in molecular genetics and omics technologies have revealed significant molecular heterogeneity within brain endothelial and perivascular cell types. The combination of these conventional and modern approaches has enabled us to identify phenotypic differences between healthy and abnormal conditions at the single-cell level. Accordingly, our understanding of brain vascular cell states during physiological, pathological, and aging processes has rapidly expanded. In this review, we summarize major historical advances and current knowledge on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain, and discuss important unsolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Luke D Buck
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Keerti P Vajrala
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Olivia A Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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12
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Leonard EV, Figueroa RJ, Bussmann J, Lawson ND, Amigo JD, Siekmann AF. Regenerating vascular mural cells in zebrafish fin blood vessels are not derived from pre-existing mural cells and differentially require Pdgfrb signalling for their development. Development 2022; 149:274745. [PMID: 35297968 PMCID: PMC9058498 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Vascular networks comprise endothelial cells and mural cells, which include pericytes and smooth muscle cells. To elucidate the mechanisms controlling mural cell recruitment during development and tissue regeneration, we studied zebrafish caudal fin arteries. Mural cells colonizing arteries proximal to the body wrapped around them, whereas those in more distal regions extended protrusions along the proximo-distal vascular axis. Both cell populations expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (pdgfrb) and the smooth muscle cell marker myosin heavy chain 11a (myh11a). Most wrapping cells in proximal locations additionally expressed actin alpha2, smooth muscle (acta2). Loss of Pdgfrb signalling specifically decreased mural cell numbers at the vascular front. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrate that precursor cells located in periarterial regions and expressing Pgdfrb can give rise to mural cells. Studying tissue regeneration, we did not find evidence that newly formed mural cells were derived from pre-existing cells. Together, our findings reveal conserved roles for Pdgfrb signalling in development and regeneration, and suggest a limited capacity of mural cells to self-renew or contribute to other cell types during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin V. Leonard
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 1114 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ricardo J. Figueroa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan D. Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Julio D. Amigo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arndt F. Siekmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 1114 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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13
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Kapuria S, Bai H, Fierros J, Huang Y, Ma F, Yoshida T, Aguayo A, Kok F, Wiens KM, Yip JK, McCain ML, Pellegrini M, Nagashima M, Hitchcock PF, Mochizuki N, Lawson ND, Harrison MMR, Lien CL. Heterogeneous pdgfrb+ cells regulate coronary vessel development and revascularization during heart regeneration. Development 2022; 149:274137. [PMID: 35088848 PMCID: PMC8918812 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells emerge from the atrioventricular canal to form coronary blood vessels in juvenile zebrafish hearts. We find that pdgfrb is first expressed in the epicardium around the atrioventricular canal and later becomes localized mainly in the mural cells. pdgfrb mutant fish show severe defects in mural cell recruitment and coronary vessel development. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses identified pdgfrb+ cells as epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) and mural cells. Mural cells associated with coronary arteries also express cxcl12b and smooth muscle cell markers. Interestingly, these mural cells remain associated with coronary arteries even in the absence of Pdgfrβ, although smooth muscle gene expression is downregulated. We find that pdgfrb expression dynamically changes in EPDCs of regenerating hearts. Differential gene expression analyses of pdgfrb+ EPDCs and mural cells suggest that they express genes that are important for regeneration after heart injuries. mdka was identified as a highly upregulated gene in pdgfrb+ cells during heart regeneration. However, pdgfrb but not mdka mutants show defects in heart regeneration after amputation. Our results demonstrate that heterogeneous pdgfrb+ cells are essential for coronary development and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Kapuria
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Authors for correspondence (; ; )
| | - Haipeng Bai
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Juancarlos Fierros
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Department of Biology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tyler Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Antonio Aguayo
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Fatma Kok
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katie M. Wiens
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Science Department, Bay Path University, Longmeadow, MA 01106, USA
| | - Joycelyn K. Yip
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Megan L. McCain
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Peter F. Hitchcock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Nathan D. Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael M. R. Harrison
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Authors for correspondence (; ; )
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute and Heart Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Authors for correspondence (; ; )
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14
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Cao Y, Xia Y, Balowski JJ, Ou J, Song L, Safi A, Curtis T, Crawford GE, Poss KD, Cao J. Identification of enhancer regulatory elements that direct epicardial gene expression during zebrafish heart regeneration. Development 2022; 149:274414. [PMID: 35179181 PMCID: PMC8918790 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium is a mesothelial tissue layer that envelops the heart. Cardiac injury activates dynamic gene expression programs in epicardial tissue, which in zebrafish enables subsequent regeneration through paracrine and vascularizing effects. To identify tissue regeneration enhancer elements (TREEs) that control injury-induced epicardial gene expression during heart regeneration, we profiled transcriptomes and chromatin accessibility in epicardial cells purified from regenerating zebrafish hearts. We identified hundreds of candidate TREEs, which are defined by increased chromatin accessibility of non-coding elements near genes with increased expression during regeneration. Several of these candidate TREEs were incorporated into stable transgenic lines, with five out of six elements directing injury-induced epicardial expression but not ontogenetic epicardial expression in larval hearts. Whereas two independent TREEs linked to the gene gnai3 showed similar functional features of gene regulation in transgenic lines, two independent ncam1a-linked TREEs directed distinct spatiotemporal domains of epicardial gene expression. Thus, multiple TREEs linked to a regeneration gene can possess either matching or complementary regulatory controls. Our study provides a new resource and principles for understanding the regulation of epicardial genetic programs during heart regeneration. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Joseph J. Balowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lingyun Song
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alexias Safi
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy Curtis
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory E. Crawford
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Jingli Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
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15
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Shih YH, Portman D, Idrizi F, Grosse A, Lawson ND. Integrated molecular analysis identifies a conserved pericyte gene signature in zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:273393. [PMID: 34751773 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes reside in capillary beds where they share a basement membrane with endothelial cells and regulate their function. However, little is known about embryonic pericyte development, in part, due to lack of specific molecular markers and genetic tools. Here, we applied single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of platelet derived growth factor beta (pdgfrb)-positive cells to molecularly characterize pericytes in zebrafish larvae. scRNA-seq revealed zebrafish cells expressing mouse pericyte gene orthologs, and comparison with bulk RNA-seq from wild-type and pdgfrb mutant larvae further refined a pericyte gene set. Subsequent integration with mouse pericyte scRNA-seq profiles revealed a core set of conserved pericyte genes. Using transgenic reporter lines, we validated pericyte expression of two genes identified in our analysis: NDUFA4 mitochondrial complex associated like 2a (ndufa4l2a), and potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 4 (kcne4). Both reporter lines exhibited pericyte expression in multiple anatomical locations, and kcne4 was also detected in a subset of vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, our integrated molecular analysis revealed a molecular profile for zebrafish pericytes and allowed us to develop new tools to observe these cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Shih
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daneal Portman
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Feston Idrizi
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ann Grosse
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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16
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Ando K, Ishii T, Fukuhara S. Zebrafish Vascular Mural Cell Biology: Recent Advances, Development, and Functions. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1041. [PMID: 34685412 PMCID: PMC8537713 DOI: 10.3390/life11101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of mural cells to the vascular wall is essential for forming the vasculature as well as maintaining proper vascular functions. In recent years, zebrafish genetic tools for mural cell biology have improved substantially. Fluorescently labeled zebrafish mural cell reporter lines enable us to study, with higher spatiotemporal resolution than ever, the processes of mural cell development from their progenitors. Furthermore, recent phenotypic analysis of platelet-derived growth factor beta mutant zebrafish revealed well-conserved organotypic mural cell development and functions in vertebrates with the unique features of zebrafish. However, comprehensive reviews of zebrafish mural cells are lacking. Therefore, herein, we highlight recent advances in zebrafish mural cell tools. We also summarize the fundamental features of zebrafish mural cell development, especially at early stages, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ando
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113 8602, Japan; (T.I.); (S.F.)
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