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Ali E, Červenková L, Pálek R, Ambrozkiewicz F, Hošek P, Daum O, Liška V, Hemminki K, Trailin A. Prognostic role of macrophages and mast cells in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:142. [PMID: 38287290 PMCID: PMC10823625 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of mast cells and different phenotypes of macrophages in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following resection is unclear. We aimed in this study to assess the local distribution of infiltrating macrophages and mast cells of specific phenotypes in tissues of HCC and to evaluate their prognostic values for survival of post-surgical patients. METHODS The clinicopathological and follow-up data of 70 patients with HCC, who underwent curative resection of tumor from 1997 to 2019, were collected. The infiltration of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages and CD117+ mast cells was assessed immunohistochemically in representative resected specimens of HCC and adjacent tissues. The area fraction (AF) of positively stained cells was estimated automatically using QuPath image analysis software in several regions, such as tumor center (TC), inner margin (IM), outer margin (OM), and peritumor (PT) area. The prognostic significance of immune cells, individually and in associations, for time to recurrence (TTR), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS High AF of CD68+ macrophages in TC and IM and high AF of mast cells in IM and PT area were associated with a longer DFS. High AF of CD163+ macrophages in PT area correlated with a shorter DFS. Patients from CD163TChigh & CD68TClow group had a shorter DFS compared to all the rest of the groups, and cases with CD163IMlow & CD68IMhigh demonstrated significantly longer DFS compared to low AF of both markers. Patients from CD68IMhigh & CD163PTlow group, CD117IMhigh & CD163PTlow group, and CD117PThigh & CD163PTlow group had a significantly longer DFS compared to all other combinations of respective cells. CONCLUSIONS The individual prognostic impact of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages and mast cells in the microenvironment of HCC after resection depends on their abundance and location, whereas the cumulative impact is built upon combination of different cell phenotypes within and between regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Ali
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Červenková
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, Prague, 10000, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Pálek
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 80, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Ambrozkiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Daum
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University, Edvarda Beneše 13, Pilsen, 30599, Czech Republic
- Bioptická Laboratoř s.r.o, Mikulášské Nám. 4, Pilsen, 32600, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Liška
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 80, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andriy Trailin
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen, 32300, Czech Republic.
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Mao J, Tan L, Tian C, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Li Y. Research progress on rodent models and its mechanisms of liver injury. Life Sci 2024; 337:122343. [PMID: 38104860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ for biological transformation in the body and is crucial for maintaining the body's vital activities. Liver injury is a serious pathological condition that is commonly found in many liver diseases. It has a high incidence rate, is difficult to cure, and is prone to recurrence. Liver injury can cause serious harm to the body, ranging from mild to severe fatty liver disease. If the condition continues to worsen, it can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, ultimately resulting in liver failure or liver cancer, which can seriously endanger human life and health. Therefore, establishing an rodent model that mimics the pathogenesis and severity of clinical liver injury is of great significance for better understanding the pathogenesis of liver injury patients and developing more effective clinical treatment methods. The author of this article summarizes common chemical liver injury models, immune liver injury models, alcoholic liver injury models, drug-induced liver injury models, and systematically elaborates on the modeling methods, mechanisms of action, pathways of action, and advantages or disadvantages of each type of model. The aim of this study is to establish reliable rodent models for researchers to use in exploring anti-liver injury and hepatoprotective drugs. By creating more accurate theoretical frameworks, we hope to provide new insights into the treatment of clinical liver injury diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mao
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lihong Tan
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhaojing Zhu
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing 400030, China.
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TAKAI Y, WATANABE T, SANO T. Elevated level of microRNA-210 at the initiation of muscular regeneration in acetic acid-induced non-ischemic skeletal muscular injury in mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 35:183-192. [PMID: 35516838 PMCID: PMC9018401 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The alteration in microRNA-210 level, a hypoxia-inducible microRNA, is not well known in
non-ischemic tissue injury. In this study, we characterized the histopathological time
course of acetic acid-induced skeletal muscle injury as a non-ischemic tissue injury model
and investigated the expression of microRNA-210, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and growth
factors using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. After a single
intramuscular dose of 3% (v/v) acetic acid to C57BL/6J mice, focal coagulative necrosis of
muscle fibers was noted from 3 h after dosing and infiltration of F4/80 and Galectin-3
positive M2 macrophage was noted at 1 d after dosing. Muscular regeneration was initiated
from 3 d, when M2 macrophage infiltration was most prominent, till 14 d after dosing.
Hif1α and Hgf expression increased from 3 h onwards,
and microRNA-210 level increased after 3 d after the treatment. However, no clear
elevation in the levels of Igf1 or Vegf was observed.
The infiltrative macrophages and regenerative muscle fibers were positive for
hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, microRNA-210, and hepatocyte growth factor as assessed by
immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. In this study, dominant
infiltration of M2 macrophages at muscular necrosis and subsequent regeneration after a
single intramuscular injection of acetic acid in mice were observed. The increase in hif1α
level was observed just after the muscular injury in this non-ischemic tissue injury
model, and the elevation in microRNA-210 level was noted at the initiation of tissue
regeneration, indicating its effects on tissue protection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi TAKAI
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2 Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi WATANABE
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2 Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya SANO
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2 Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Lu K, Wang J, Yu Y, Wu Y, He Z. Lycium ruthenicum Murr. alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2588-2597. [PMID: 32566176 PMCID: PMC7300084 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to hypertriglyceridemia-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Cholesterol-enriched diets increase the risk of NAFLD. Lycium ruthenium Murr. (LRM) contains water-soluble antioxidant proanthocyanidins. Whether Lycium ruthenium Murr. improves NAFLD remains elusive. In this study, we established a model of NAFLD-induced by cholesterol-enriched high-fat diet (western diet) in ApoE -/- mice; oxidative stress and inflammation were examined and intervened by supplement of Lycium ruthenium Murr. (LRM) extracts. LRM supplement did not influence body weight gain, food intake, and lipotoxicity of mice. LRM supplement significantly alleviated triglyceride accumulation in liver, with reduced inflammation, elevated GSH-Px activity, and reduced MDA levels. The expression of fatty acids oxidative gene Scd1 was significantly increased, and fatty acids synthesis-related gene Pparγ was dramatically downregulated on mRNA level in liver of mice with LRM supplement. These data demonstrated that LRM supplement decreased ROS production and inflammation, increased fatty acids oxidation, and reduced fatty acids synthesis in liver, leading to ameliorate the development of NAFLD induced by high western diet. Thus, oxidative stress and inflammation also are involved in the pathogenesis of western diet-induced NAFLD, which is independent of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Lu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital and School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital and School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yueyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Yikuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Zhao He
- Shandong Provincial Hospital and School of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid MetabolismShandong Provincial HospitalJinanChina
- Institute of Endocrinology and metabolismShandong Academy of Clinical MedicineJinanChina
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Koga M, Kuramochi M, Karim MR, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Immunohistochemical characterization of myofibroblasts appearing in isoproterenol-induced rat myocardial fibrosis. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 81:127-133. [PMID: 30464077 PMCID: PMC6361647 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic lesion is formed by myofibroblasts capable of producing collagens. The myofibroblasts are characterized by immunoexpressions of vimentin, desmin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)
in varying degrees. The cellular characteristics remain investigated in myocardial fibrosis. We analyzed immunophenotypes of myofibroblasts appearing in isoproterenol-induced myocardial
fibrosis in rats until 28 days after injection (10 mg/kg body weight); the lesions developed as interstitial edema and inflammatory cell reaction on 8 hr and days 1 and 3, and fibrosis
occurred on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 by gradual deposition of collagens, showing the greatest grade on day 14; the lesions gradually reduced with sporadic scar until day 28. Myofibroblasts
expressing vimentin and α-SMA increased with a peak on day 3, and then, gradually decreased onwards. Interestingly, Thy-1 expressing cells appeared in the affected areas, apparently being
corresponding to the grade similar to vimentin- and α-SMA-positive cells. Thy-1 is expressed in immature mesenchymal cells such as pericytes with pluripotent nature. The immunoreactivity for
A3-antigen, a marker for immature mesenchymal cells, was seen in some surrounding cells. There were no cells reacting with antibodies to nestin or glial fibrillary acidic protein, although
hepatic myofibroblats have been reported to react with these antibodies. Collectively, myofibroblasts appearing in rat myocardial fibrosis may have been derived from immature mesenchymal
cells positive for Thy-1 or A3-antigen, with thereafter showing expressions of vimentin and α-SMA in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Koga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14, Nishinosho-Monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kuramochi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mohammad Rabiul Karim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Dietary Iron Overload Abrogates Chemically-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101400. [PMID: 30279328 PMCID: PMC6213820 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is an intractable disease, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic iron overload is considered to be involved in the progression of chronic liver diseases; however, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we investigate the role of dietary iron overload using chemically-induced liver cirrhosis model. Rats were fed a high-iron or standard diet and were injected intraperitoneally with thioacetamide (TAA) or saline twice a week for 20 weeks. Rats with TAA treatment (TAA group) had progressive liver cirrhosis characterized by persistent hepatocellular injury, mononuclear cell inflammation and bridging fibrosis; these lesions were markedly reduced in rats with iron feeding and TAA treatment (Fe-TAA group). Rats with iron feeding alone (Fe group) had no evidence of liver injury. Hepatic expression of cleaved caspase-3, but not phospho-RIP3, was decreased in Fe-TAA group compared with that in TAA group. The number of TUNEL-positive (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) apoptotic hepatocytes was lower in the Fe-TAA group than in the TAA group. Hepatic xenobiotic metabolism and lipid peroxidation were shown to be less related to the abrogation of liver cirrhosis. Our results suggested that dietary hepatic iron overload abrogates chemically-induced liver cirrhosis in rats, which could partly involve decreased hepatocellular apoptosis.
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Fukushima H, Yamashina S, Arakawa A, Taniguchi G, Aoyama T, Uchiyama A, Kon K, Ikejima K, Watanabe S. Formation of p62-positive inclusion body is associated with macrophage polarization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:757-767. [PMID: 29473277 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic inclusion composed of autophagy-specific substrate p62 is one of the histological features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and can be a precursor to hepatic carcinogenesis. The expression of p62 was enhanced by not only autophagic dysfunction but also oxidative stress and inflammation. M1/M2 phenotypic balance of macrophages plays a pivotal role in the progression of NAFLD. We evaluated the correlation between macrophage polarization and the formation of p62 aggregation in NAFLD. METHODS Liver biopsy specimens from NAFLD patients were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for M1 macrophage marker CD11c, M2 macrophage marker CD163, and p62/SQSTM1 (p62). The histological severity of NAFLD is assessed by a NAFLD activity score (NAS). The number of autophagic vesicles in hepatocytes was visualized and counted by using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The aggregation of p62 was undetectable in control, whereas hepatocytes with p62 aggregation were observed in approximately 88% of NAFLD specimens. The number of hepatocytes with p62 aggregation was positively correlated with the number of autophagic vesicles, serum alanine aminotransferase, NAS, fibrosis, and the number of CD11c-positive cells, but not CD163-positive cells. Assembly of CD11c-positive cells was observed around hepatocytes with p62 aggregation. The ratio of CD11c/CD163-positive macrophages was significantly associated with the formation of p62 aggregation. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that chronic inflammation by M1-polarization of macrophages contributes to the disease progression from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in concert with autophagic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Fukushima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunhei Yamashina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gentaro Taniguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Aoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chemopreventive Effects of Phytochemicals and Medicines on M1/M2 Polarized Macrophage Role in Inflammation-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082208. [PMID: 30060570 PMCID: PMC6121620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can polarize into two different states (M1 and M2), which play contrasting roles during pathogenesis or tissue damage. M1 polarized macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators resulting in inflammation, while M2 macrophages have an anti-inflammatory effect. Secretion of appropriate cytokines and chemokines from macrophages can lead to the modification of the microenvironment for bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Increasing evidence suggests that polarized macrophages are pivotal for disease progression, and the regulation of macrophage polarization may provide a new approach in therapeutic treatment of inflammation-related diseases, including cancer, obesity and metabolic diseases, fibrosis in organs, brain damage and neuron injuries, and colorectal disease. Polarized macrophages affect the microenvironment by secreting cytokines and chemokines while cytokines or mediators that are produced by resident cells or tissues may also influence macrophages behavior. The interplay of macrophages and other cells can affect disease progression, and therefore, understanding the activation of macrophages and the interaction between polarized macrophages and disease progression is imperative prior to taking therapeutic or preventive actions. Manipulation of macrophages can be an entry point for disease improvement, but the mechanism and potential must be understood. In this review, some advanced studies regarding the role of macrophages in different diseases, potential mechanisms involved, and intervention of drugs or phytochemicals, which are effective on macrophage polarization, will be discussed.
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Li YW, Zhang C, Sheng QJ, Bai H, Ding Y, Dou XG. Mesenchymal stem cells rescue acute hepatic failure by polarizing M2 macrophages. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7978-7988. [PMID: 29259373 PMCID: PMC5725292 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i45.7978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether M1 or M2 polarization contributes to the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in acute hepatic failure (AHF).
METHODS MSCs were transfused into rats with AHF induced by D-galactosamine (DGalN). The therapeutic effects of MSCs were evaluated based on survival rate and hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis. Hepatocyte regeneration capacity was evaluated by the expression of the hepatic progenitor surface marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Macrophage polarization was analyzed by M1 markers [CD68, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS)] and M2 markers [CD163, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, arginase-1 (Arg-1)] in the survival and death groups after MSC transplantation.
RESULTS The survival rate in the MSC-treated group was increased compared with the DPBS-treated control group (37.5% vs 10%). MSC treatment protected rats with AHF by reducing apoptotic hepatocytes and promoting hepatocyte regeneration. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that MSC treatment significantly increased the expression of EpCAM compared with the control groups (P < 0.001). Expression of EpCAM in the survival group was significantly up-regulated compared with the death group after MSC transplantation (P = 0.003). Transplantation of MSCs significantly improved the expression of CD163 and increased the gene expression of IL-10 and Arg-1 in the survival group. IL-4 concentrations were significantly increased compared to the death group after MSC transplantation (88.51 ± 24.51 pg/mL vs 34.61 ± 6.6 pg/mL, P < 0.001). In contrast, macrophages showed strong expression of CD68, TNF-α, and INOS in the death group. The concentration of IFN-γ was significantly increased compared to the survival group after MSC transplantation (542.11 ± 51.59 pg/mL vs 104.07 ± 42.80 pg/mL, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION M2 polarization contributes to the therapeutic effects of MSCs in AHF by altering levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
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Golbar HM, Izawa T, Bondoc A, Wijesundera KK, Tennakoon AH, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Attenuation of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced biliary fibrosis by depletion of hepatic macrophages in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:221-230. [PMID: 28159300 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biliary fibrosis is a complex process in which macrophages and myofibroblasts may play central roles. We investigated biliary fibrosis lesions induced in the Glisson's sheath in rats by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) administration under macrophage depletion. Hepatic macrophages were depleted in F344 rats with liposome-encapsulated clodronate (CLD) (10mL/kg body weight, i.v) followed by bile duct injury with ANIT (75mg/kg body weight, i.p) (ANIT+CLD group). Rats received empty-liposomes (Lipo) followed by ANIT, and served as control (ANIT+Lipo group). In both ANIT+Lipo and ANIT+CLD groups, ANIT-induced bile duct injury with inflammatory cell infiltration was seen on days 1-3, and subsequently reparative fibrosis occurred on days 5 and 7. In comparisons between the two groups, macrophages reacting to CD68, CD163, MHC class II and CD204 were less in numbers in ANIT+CLD group; the most sensitive immunophenotype was of CD163-positive. Furthermore, in ANIT+CLD group interstitial mesenchymal cells/myofibroblasts reacting to vimentin, desmin and α-smooth muscle actin were also less in grades and tended to be delayed in appearance. Interestingly, MCP-1, IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β1 mRNAs were significantly increased mainly on day 2 in ANIT+Lipo group, while the levels of these factors were prominently lower in ANIT+CLD group. Collectively, depletion of hepatic macrophages plays roles in attenuating biliary fibrogenesis by production of inflammatory factors. The present results indicated clearly importance of macrophage functions in the pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossain M Golbar
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Motihar, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Alexandra Bondoc
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kavindra K Wijesundera
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, 20200, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
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Histopathological Analysis of Rat Hepatotoxicity Based on Macrophage Functions: in Particular, an Analysis for Thioacetamide-induced Hepatic Lesions. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:61-73. [PMID: 32231908 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages play an important role in homeostasis. The functional abnormalities of hepatic macrophages primarily or secondarily influence chemically induced hepatotoxicity. However, the evaluation system based on their functions has not yet been established. Recently, a new concept (M1-/M2-macrophage polarization) was proposed; M1-macropahges are induced by INF-γ, and show high phagocytosis/tissue damage, whereas M2-macropahges are induced by IL-4 and play roles in reparative fibrosis by releasing IL-10 and TGF-β1. In hepatogenesis, CD68-expressing M1-macrophages predominantly exist in embryos; in neonates, in contrast, CD163-/CD204-expressing M2-macrophages appear along the sinusoids and mature as Kupffer cells. Activated Kupffer cells by liposome decrease AST and ALT values, whereas AST and ALT values are increased under Kupffer cells depleted with clodronate treatment. Since Kupffer cells may be involved in clearance of liver enzymes, macrophage condition should be taken into consideration when hepatotoxicity is analyzed. In TAA-induced acute hepatic lesions, INF-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 for M1-factors and IL-4 for M2-factors are already increased before histopathological change; the appearance of CD68-expressing M1-macrophages and CD163-expressing M2-macrophages follows in injured centrilobular lesions, and TGF-β1 and IL-10 are increased for reparative fibrosis. CD68-expressing M1-macrophages co-express MHC class II and Iba-1, whereas CD163-expressing M2-macrophages also express CD204 and Galectin-3. Under macrophage depletion by clodoronate, TAA-treated rat livers show prolonged coagulation necrosis of hepatocytes, and then develop dystrophic calcification without reparative fibrosis. The depletion of hepatic macrophages influences hepatic lesion development. Collectively, a histopathological analysis method for hepatotoxicity according to M1-/M2-macrophage polarization would lead to the refinement of hazard characterization of chemicals in food and feed.
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