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Next-generation sequencing data show rapid radiation and several long-distance dispersal events in early Costaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 179:107664. [PMID: 36403710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The monocot family Costaceae Nakai consists of seven genera but their mutual relationships have not been satisfactorily resolved in previous studies employing classical molecular markers. Phylogenomic analyses of 365 nuclear genes and nearly-complete plastome data provide almost fully resolved insights into their diversification. Paracostus is identified as sister to all other taxa, followed by several very short branches leading to discrete lineages, suggesting an ancient rapid radiation of these early lineages and leaving the exact relationships among them unresolved. Relationships among Chamaecostus, Dimerocostus and Monocostus confirmed earlier findings that these genera form a monophyletic group. The Afro-American Costus is also monophyletic. By contrast, Tapeinochilos appeared as a well-supported crown lineage of Cheilocostus rendering it paraphyletic. As these two genera differ morphologically from one another owing to a shift from insect- to bird-pollination, we propose to keep both names. The divergence time within Costaceae was estimated using penalized likelihood utilizing two fossils within Zingiberales, †Spirematospermum chandlerae and †Ensete oregonense, indicated a relatively recent diversification of Costaceae, between 18 and 9 Mya. Based on these data, the current pantropical distribution of the family is hypothesized to be the result of several long-distance intercontinental dispersal events, which do not correlate with global geoclimatic changes.
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2
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Jones MR, Winkler DE, Massatti R. The demographic and ecological factors shaping diversification among rare
Astragalus
species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Jones
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Daniel E. Winkler
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Moab UT USA
| | - Rob Massatti
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Flagstaff AZ USA
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3
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Heads M. Passive uplift of plant and animal populations during mountain‐building. Cladistics 2019; 35:550-572. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heads
- Buffalo Museum of Science 1020 Humboldt Parkway Buffalo NY 14211‐1293 USA
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4
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Bruun-Lund S, Verstraete B, Kjellberg F, Rønsted N. Rush hour at the Museum – Diversification patterns provide new clues for the success of figs (Ficus L., Moraceae). ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Canal D, Köster N, Jones KE, Korotkova N, Croat TB, Borsch T. Phylogeny and diversification history of the large Neotropical genus Philodendron (Araceae): Accelerated speciation in a lineage dominated by epiphytes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1035-1052. [PMID: 29995336 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Philodendron is a large genus of ~560 species and among the most conspicuous epiphytic components of Neotropical forests, yet its phylogenetic relationships, timing of divergence, and diversification history have remained unclear. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic study for Philodendron and investigate its diversification, including divergence-time estimates and diversification rate shift analyses. METHODS We performed the largest phylogenetic reconstruction for Philodendron to date, including 125 taxa with a combined dataset of three plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/matK). We estimated divergence times using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees and inferred shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures. KEY RESULTS We found that Philodendron, its three subgenera, and the closely related genus Adelonema are monophyletic. Within Philodendron subgenus Philodendron, 12 statistically well-supported clades are recognized. The genus Philodendron originated ~25 mya and a diversification rate upshift was detected at the origin of subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. CONCLUSIONS Philodendron is a species-rich Neotropical lineage that diverged from Adelonema during the late Oligocene. Within Philodendron, the three subgenera currently accepted are recovered in two lineages: one contains the subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum and the other contains subgenus Philodendron. The lineage containing subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum underwent a consistent diversification rate. By contrast, a diversification rate upshift occurred within subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. This diversification rate upshift is associated with the species radiation of the most speciose subgenus within Philodendron. The sections accepted within subgenus Philodendron are not congruent with the clades recovered. Instead, the clades are geographically defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubán Canal
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Köster
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katy E Jones
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Korotkova
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas B Croat
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Monsanto Research Building, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166, USA
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Valderrama E, Richardson JE, Kidner CA, Madriñán S, Stone GN. Transcriptome mining for phylogenetic markers in a recently radiated genus of tropical plants (Renealmia L.f., Zingiberaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Atlantic forests to the all Americas: Biogeographical history and divergence times of Neotropical Ficus (Moraceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 122:46-58. [PMID: 29371027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ficus (Moraceae) is well diversified in the Neotropics with two lineages inhabiting the wet forests of this region. The hemiepiphytes of section Americanae are the most diversified with c. 120 species, whereas section Pharmacosycea includes about 20 species mostly with a terrestrial habit. To reconstruct the biogeographical history and diversification of Ficus in the Americas, we produced a dated Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis of Neotropical Ficus including two thirds of the species sequenced for five nuclear regions (At103, ETS, G3pdh, ITS/5.8S and Tpi). Ancestral range was estimated using all models available in Biogeobears and Binary State Speciation and Extinction analysis was used to evaluate the role of the initial habit and propagule size in diversification. The phylogenetic analyses resolved both Neotropical sections as monophyletic but the internal relationships between species in section Americanae remain unclear. Ficus started their diversification in the Neotropics between the Oligocene and Miocene. The genus experienced two bursts of diversification: in the middle Miocene and the Pliocene. Colonization events from the Amazon to adjacent areas coincide with the end of the Pebas system (10 Mya) and the connection of landmasses. Divergence of endemic species in the Atlantic forest is inferred to have happened after its isolation and the opening and consolidation of the Cerrado. Our results suggest a complex diversification in the Atlantic forest differing between postulated refuges and more instable areas in the South distribution of the forest. Finally the selection for initial hemiepiphytic habit and small to medium propagule size influenced the diversification and current distribution of the species at Neotropical forests marked by the historical instability and long-distance dispersal.
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8
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Pirie MD, Maas PJM, Wilschut RA, Melchers-Sharrott H, Chatrou LW. Parallel diversifications of Cremastosperma and Mosannona (Annonaceae), tropical rainforest trees tracking Neogene upheaval of South America. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171561. [PMID: 29410860 PMCID: PMC5792937 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Much of the immense present day biological diversity of Neotropical rainforests originated from the Miocene onwards, a period of geological and ecological upheaval in South America. We assess the impact of the Andean orogeny, drainage of Lake Pebas and closure of the Panama isthmus on two clades of tropical trees (Cremastosperma, ca 31 spp.; and Mosannona, ca 14 spp.; both Annonaceae). Phylogenetic inference revealed similar patterns of geographically restricted clades and molecular dating showed diversifications in the different areas occurred in parallel, with timing consistent with Andean vicariance and Central American geodispersal. Ecological niche modelling approaches show phylogenetically conserved niche differentiation, particularly within Cremastosperma. Niche similarity and recent common ancestry of Amazon and Guianan Mosannona species contrast with dissimilar niches and more distant ancestry of Amazon, Venezuelan and Guianan species of Cremastosperma, suggesting that this element of the similar patterns of disjunct distributions in the two genera is instead a biogeographic parallelism, with differing origins. The results provide further independent evidence for the importance of the Andean orogeny, the drainage of Lake Pebas, and the formation of links between South and Central America in the evolutionary history of Neotropical lowland rainforest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Pirie
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul J. M. Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Section Botany, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A. Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lars W. Chatrou
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Interactions of Desmethoxyyangonin, a Secondary Metabolite from Renealmia alpinia, with Human Monoamine Oxidase-A and Oxidase-B. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4018724. [PMID: 29138643 PMCID: PMC5613693 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4018724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), a medicinal plant of tropical rainforests, is used to treat snakebites and other injuries and also as a febrifuge, analgesic, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anticonvulsant. The dichloromethane extract of R. alpinia leaves showed potent inhibition of human monoamine oxidases- (MAOs-) A and B. Phytochemical studies yielded six known compounds, including pinostrobin 1, 4′-methyl ether sakuranetin 2, sakuranetin 3, pinostrobin chalcone 4, yashabushidiol A 5, and desmethoxyyangonin 6. Compound 6 displayed about 30-fold higher affinity for MAO-B than MAO-A, with Ki values of 31 and 922 nM, respectively. Kinetic analysis of inhibition and equilibrium-dialysis dissociation assay of the enzyme-inhibitor complex showed reversible binding of desmethoxyyangonin 6 with MAO-A and MAO-B. The binding interactions of compound 6 in the active site of the MAO-A and MAO-B isoenzymes, investigated through molecular modeling algorithms, confirmed preferential binding of desmethoxyyangonin 6 with MAO-B compared to MAO-A. Selective reversible inhibitors of MAO-B, like desmethoxyyangonin 6, may have important therapeutic significance for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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10
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Cardoso D, Harris DJ, Wieringa JJ, São-Mateus WMB, Batalha-Filho H, Torke BM, Prenner G, Queiroz LPD. A molecular-dated phylogeny and biogeography of the monotypic legume genus Haplormosia, a missing African branch of the otherwise American-Australian Brongniartieae clade. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 107:431-442. [PMID: 27965083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensively sampled reassessment of the molecular phylogeny of the genistoid legumes questions the traditional placement of Haplormosia, an African monotypic genus traditionally classified within tribe Sophoreae close to the Asian-American geographically disjunct genus Ormosia. Plastid matK sequences placed Haplormosia as sister to the American-Australian tribe Brongniartieae. Despite a superficial resemblance between Haplormosia and Ormosia, a re-examination of the morphology of Haplormosia corroborates the new phylogenetic result. The reciprocally monophyletic deep divergence of the Haplormosia stem lineage from the remaining Brongniartieae is dated to ca. 52Mya, thus supporting a signature of an old single long-distance dispersal during the early Eocene. Conversely, we estimated a relatively recent long-distance dispersal rooted in the Early Miocene for the Australian Brongniartieae clade emerging from within a grade of American Brongniartieae. The Bayesian ancestral area reconstruction revealed the coming and going of neotropical ancestors during the diversification history of the Brongniartieae legumes in Africa and all over the Americas and Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingos Cardoso
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - David J Harris
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Jan J Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wallace M B São-Mateus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Henrique Batalha-Filho
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Benjamin M Torke
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York 10458-5126, USA
| | - Gerhard Prenner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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André T, Salzman S, Wendt T, Specht CD. Speciation dynamics and biogeography of Neotropical spiral gingers (Costaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 103:55-63. [PMID: 27400627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Species can arise via the divisive effects of allopatry as well as due to ecological and/or reproductive character displacement within sympatric populations. Two separate lineages of Costaceae are native to the Neotropics; an early-diverging clade endemic to South America (consisting of ca. 16 species in the genera Monocostus, Dimerocostus and Chamaecostus); and the Neotropical Costus clade (ca. 50 species), a diverse assemblage of understory herbs comprising nearly half of total familial species richness. We use a robust dated molecular phylogeny containing most of currently known species to inform macroevolutionary reconstructions, enabling us to examine the context of speciation in Neotropical lineages. Analyses of speciation rate revealed a significant variation among clades, with a rate shift at the most recent common ancestor of the Neotropical Costus clade. There is an overall predominance of allopatric speciation in the South American clade, as most species display little range overlap. In contrast, sympatry is much higher within the Neotropical Costus clade, independent of node age. Our results show that speciation dynamics during the history of Costaceae is strongly heterogeneous, and we suggest that the Costus radiation in the Neotropics arose at varied geographic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago André
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 431 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
| | - Shayla Salzman
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 431 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
| | - Tânia Wendt
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Sala A1-050, Bloco A, CCS, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 431 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
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12
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Nicholls JA, Pennington RT, Koenen EJM, Hughes CE, Hearn J, Bunnefeld L, Dexter KG, Stone GN, Kidner CA. Using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes to increase phylogenetic resolution in the neotropical rain forest genus Inga (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:710. [PMID: 26442024 PMCID: PMC4584976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary radiations are prominent and pervasive across many plant lineages in diverse geographical and ecological settings; in neotropical rainforests there is growing evidence suggesting that a significant fraction of species richness is the result of recent radiations. Understanding the evolutionary trajectories and mechanisms underlying these radiations demands much greater phylogenetic resolution than is currently available for these groups. The neotropical tree genus Inga (Leguminosae) is a good example, with ~300 extant species and a crown age of 2-10 MY, yet over 6 kb of plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data gives only poor phylogenetic resolution among species. Here we explore the use of larger-scale nuclear gene data obtained though targeted enrichment to increase phylogenetic resolution within Inga. Transcriptome data from three Inga species were used to select 264 nuclear loci for targeted enrichment and sequencing. Following quality control to remove probable paralogs from these sequence data, the final dataset comprised 259,313 bases from 194 loci for 24 accessions representing 22 Inga species and an outgroup (Zygia). Bayesian phylogenies reconstructed using either all loci concatenated or a gene-tree/species-tree approach yielded highly resolved phylogenies. We used coalescent approaches to show that the same targeted enrichment data also have significant power to discriminate among alternative within-species population histories within the widespread species I. umbellifera. In either application, targeted enrichment simplifies the informatics challenge of identifying orthologous loci associated with de novo genome sequencing. We conclude that targeted enrichment provides the large volumes of phylogenetically-informative sequence data required to resolve relationships within recent plant species radiations, both at the species level and for within-species phylogeographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Nicholls
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | | | - Erik J. M. Koenen
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin E. Hughes
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Jack Hearn
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Kyle G. Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine A. Kidner
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
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13
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Koenen EJM, Clarkson JJ, Pennington TD, Chatrou LW. Recently evolved diversity and convergent radiations of rainforest mahoganies (Meliaceae) shed new light on the origins of rainforest hyperdiversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:327-339. [PMID: 26053172 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainforest hyperdiversity is often suggested to have evolved over a long time-span (the 'museum' model), but there is also evidence for recent rainforest radiations. The mahoganies (Meliaceae) are a prominent plant group in lowland tropical rainforests world-wide but also occur in all other tropical ecosystems. We investigated whether rainforest diversity in Meliaceae has accumulated over a long time or has more recently evolved. We inferred the largest time-calibrated phylogeny for the family to date, reconstructed ancestral states for habitat and deciduousness, estimated diversification rates and modeled potential shifts in macro-evolutionary processes using a recently developed Bayesian method. The ancestral Meliaceae is reconstructed as a deciduous species that inhabited seasonal habitats. Rainforest clades have diversified from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene onwards. Two contemporaneous Amazonian clades have converged on similar ecologies and high speciation rates. Most species-level diversity of Meliaceae in rainforest is recent. Other studies have found steady accumulation of lineages, but the large majority of plant species diversity in rainforests is recent, suggesting (episodic) species turnover. Rainforest hyperdiversity may best be explained by recent radiations from a large stock of higher level taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J M Koenen
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - James J Clarkson
- Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Terence D Pennington
- Herbarium, Library, Art & Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Lars W Chatrou
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Hughes CE, Nyffeler R, Linder HP. Evolutionary plant radiations: where, when, why and how? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:249-253. [PMID: 26096199 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Hughes
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Nyffeler
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H Peter Linder
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Nicholls JA, Pennington RT, Koenen EJM, Hughes CE, Hearn J, Bunnefeld L, Dexter KG, Stone GN, Kidner CA. Using targeted enrichment of nuclear genes to increase phylogenetic resolution in the neotropical rain forest genus Inga (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 26442024 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r9c12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary radiations are prominent and pervasive across many plant lineages in diverse geographical and ecological settings; in neotropical rainforests there is growing evidence suggesting that a significant fraction of species richness is the result of recent radiations. Understanding the evolutionary trajectories and mechanisms underlying these radiations demands much greater phylogenetic resolution than is currently available for these groups. The neotropical tree genus Inga (Leguminosae) is a good example, with ~300 extant species and a crown age of 2-10 MY, yet over 6 kb of plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data gives only poor phylogenetic resolution among species. Here we explore the use of larger-scale nuclear gene data obtained though targeted enrichment to increase phylogenetic resolution within Inga. Transcriptome data from three Inga species were used to select 264 nuclear loci for targeted enrichment and sequencing. Following quality control to remove probable paralogs from these sequence data, the final dataset comprised 259,313 bases from 194 loci for 24 accessions representing 22 Inga species and an outgroup (Zygia). Bayesian phylogenies reconstructed using either all loci concatenated or a gene-tree/species-tree approach yielded highly resolved phylogenies. We used coalescent approaches to show that the same targeted enrichment data also have significant power to discriminate among alternative within-species population histories within the widespread species I. umbellifera. In either application, targeted enrichment simplifies the informatics challenge of identifying orthologous loci associated with de novo genome sequencing. We conclude that targeted enrichment provides the large volumes of phylogenetically-informative sequence data required to resolve relationships within recent plant species radiations, both at the species level and for within-species phylogeographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Nicholls
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK ; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Erik J M Koenen
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin E Hughes
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jack Hearn
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graham N Stone
- Ashworth Labs, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine A Kidner
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK ; Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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Armstrong KE, Stone GN, Nicholls JA, Valderrama E, Anderberg AA, Smedmark J, Gautier L, Naciri Y, Milne R, Richardson JE. Patterns of diversification amongst tropical regions compared: a case study in Sapotaceae. Front Genet 2014; 5:362. [PMID: 25520736 PMCID: PMC4253964 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species diversity is unequally distributed across the globe, with the greatest concentration occurring in the tropics. Even within the tropics, there are significant differences in the numbers of taxa found in each continental region. Manilkara is a pantropical genus of trees in the Sapotaceae comprising c. 78 species. Its distribution allows for biogeographic investigation and testing of whether rates of diversification differ amongst tropical regions. The age and geographical origin of Manilkara are inferred to determine whether Gondwanan break-up, boreotropical migration or long distance dispersal have shaped its current disjunct distribution. Diversification rates through time are also analyzed to determine whether the timing and tempo of speciation on each continent coincides with geoclimatic events. Bayesian analyses of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rpl32-trnL, rps16-trnK, and trnS-trnFM) sequences were used to reconstruct a species level phylogeny of Manilkara and related genera in the tribe Mimusopeae. Analyses of the nuclear data using a fossil-calibrated relaxed molecular clock indicate that Manilkara evolved 32-29 million years ago (Mya) in Africa. Lineages within the genus dispersed to the Neotropics 26-18 Mya and to Asia 28-15 Mya. Higher speciation rates are found in the Neotropical Manilkara clade than in either African or Asian clades. Dating of regional diversification correlates with known palaeoclimatic events. In South America, the divergence between Atlantic coastal forest and Amazonian clades coincides with the formation of drier Cerrado and Caatinga habitats between them. In Africa diversification coincides with Tertiary cycles of aridification and uplift of the east African plateaux. In Southeast Asia dispersal may have been limited by the relatively recent emergence of land in New Guinea and islands further east c. 10 Mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Armstrong
- The New York Botanical GardenBronx, NY, USA
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
| | - James A. Nicholls
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
| | - Eugenio Valderrama
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
| | | | | | | | - Yamama Naciri
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniquesGenève, Switzerland
| | - Richard Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
| | - James E. Richardson
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburgh, Scotland
- Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Universidad de los AndesBogotá DC, Colombia
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Diarylheptanoids, flavonoids and other constituents from two neotropical Renealmia species (Zingiberaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Gómez-Betancur I, Benjumea D. Traditional use of the genus Renealmia and Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas (Zingiberaceae)-a review in the treatment of snakebites. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S574-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Fine PVA, Zapata F, Daly DC. Investigating processes of neotropical rain forest tree diversification by examining the evolution and historical biogeography of the Protieae (Burseraceae). Evolution 2014; 68:1988-2004. [PMID: 24689871 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Andean uplift and the collision of North and South America are thought to have major implications for the diversification of the Neotropical biota. However, few studies have investigated how these geological events may have influenced diversification. We present a multilocus phylogeny of 102 Protieae taxa (73% of published species), sampled pantropically, to test hypotheses about the relative importance of dispersal, vicariance, habitat specialization, and biotic factors in the diversification of this ecologically dominant tribe of Neotropical trees. Bayesian fossil-calibrated analyses date the Protieae stem at 55 Mya. Biogeographic analyses reconstruct an initial late Oligocene/early Miocene radiation in Amazonia for Neotropical Protieae, with several subsequent late Miocene dispersal events to Central America, the Caribbean, Brazil's Atlantic Forest, and the Chocó. Regional phylogenetic structure results indicate frequent dispersal among regions throughout the Miocene and many instances of more recent regional in situ speciation. Habitat specialization to white sand or flooded soils was common, especially in Amazonia. There was one significant increase in diversification rate coincident with colonization of the Neotropics, followed by a gradual decrease consistent with models of diversity-dependent cladogenesis. Dispersal, biotic interactions, and habitat specialization are thus hypothesized to be the most important processes underlying the diversification of the Protieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, California, 94720-3140; University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-2465.
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Tripp EA, McDade LA. A Rich Fossil Record Yields Calibrated Phylogeny for Acanthaceae (Lamiales) and Evidence for Marked Biases in Timing and Directionality of Intercontinental Disjunctions. Syst Biol 2014; 63:660-84. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Tripp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, UCB 350, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lucinda A. McDade
- Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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Cardoso D, Paganucci de Queiroz L, Cavalcante de Lima H, Suganuma E, van den Berg C, Lavin M. A molecular phylogeny of the vataireoid legumes underscores floral evolvability that is general to many early-branching papilionoid lineages. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:403-421. [PMID: 23378491 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY Flowering traits can sometimes be overemphasized in taxonomic classifications. The fused and completely differentiated papilionate floral organs in the neotropical legume trees Vatairea and Vataireopsis were traditionally used in part to ascribe these genera to the tribe Dalbergieae. In contrast, the free and mostly undifferentiated floral parts of Luetzelburgia and Sweetia fit the circumscription of the "primitive" Sophoreae. Such divergent floral morphologies thought to divide deep phylogenetic lineages indeed may be prone to episodic transformation among close papilionoid relatives. METHODS We sampled 26 of 27 known species of Luetzelburgia, Sweetia, Vatairea, and Vataireopsis in parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.8S and six plastid (matK, 3'-trnK, psbA-trnH, trnL intron, rps16 intron, and trnD-T) DNA sequence loci. KEY RESULTS The analyses of individual and combined data sets strongly resolved the monophyly of each of Luetzelburgia, Sweetia, Vatairea, and Vataireopsis. Vataireopsis was resolved as sister to the rest and the morphologically divergent Luetzelburgia and Vatairea were strongly resolved as sister clades. Floral morphology was generally not a good predictor of phylogenetic relatedness. CONCLUSIONS Luetzelburgia, Sweetia, Vatairea, and Vataireopsis are unequivocally resolved as the "vataireoid" clade. Fruit and vegetative traits are found to be more phylogenetically conserved than many floral traits. This explains why the identity of the vataireoids has been overlooked or confused. The evolvability of floral traits may also be a general condition among many of the early-branching papilionoid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingos Cardoso
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.
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Hong SWP, Jury SL. Phylogeny and divergence times inferred from rps16 sequence data analyses for Tricyrtis (Liliaceae), an endemic genus of north-east Asia. AOB PLANTS 2011; 2011:plr025. [PMID: 22476495 PMCID: PMC3186281 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plr025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tricyrtis is a genus of monocots with attractive and sophisticated flower shapes and colours, endemic to north-east Asia. There are 18 known species. The highly restricted geographical distribution of the genus is of great interest in terms of both abiotic (continental drift) and biotic (long-distance dispersal) impacts on monocot plant speciation events and their timing, and of evolutionary patterns of diversification leading to the extant taxa. The aims of this study were to (i) predict the time of speciation (divergence) events at infraspecific levels of Tricyrtis, (ii) estimate the rate of evolution of the genus and (iii) provide information on an excellent plant model system in terms of studying loss of biodiversity or extinction of organisms in the dynamic earth environment. METHODOLOGY To investigate the divergence time and evolution rate of Tricyrtis, Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses were performed by calculating the mean branch lengths of evolutionary paths based on base substitution variations between rps16 intron nucleotide sequences from the 18 known species. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Based upon the relaxed molecular clock model test data, a Bayesian phylogenetic inference tree is presented, and the divergence times and rate of evolution of Tricyrtis were estimated. The analyses also suggest that evolution is occurring at the infraspecific level of the genus in a manner that is not strictly clock bound. CONCLUSIONS Continental drift may have been the main speciation process giving rise to the current distribution of the taxa of Tricyrtis. The single-locus gene sequence data presented here are a significant step towards an improved future understanding of the molecular evolution of Tricyrtis via multi-locus evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Wan-Pyo Hong
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 599, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stephen L. Jury
- 159 Harborne Building, Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, UK
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Roncal J, Blach-Overgaard A, Borchsenius F, Balslev H, Svenning JC. A Dated Phylogeny Complements Macroecological Analysis to Explain the Diversity Patterns in Geonoma (Arecaceae). Biotropica 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Contrasting plant diversification histories within the Andean biodiversity hotspot. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13783-7. [PMID: 20643954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001317107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andes are the most species-rich global biodiversity hotspot. Most research and conservation attention in the Andes has focused on biomes such as rain forest, cloud forest, and páramo, where much plant species diversity is the hypothesized result of rapid speciation associated with the recent Andean orogeny. In contrast to these mesic biomes, we present evidence for a different, older diversification history in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) occupying rain-shadowed inter-Andean valleys. High DNA sequence divergence in Cyathostegia mathewsii, a shrub endemic to inter-Andean SDTF, indicates isolation for at least 5 million years of populations separated by only ca. 600 km of high cordillera in Peru. In conjunction with fossil evidence indicating the presence of SDTF in the Andes in the late Miocene, our data suggest that the disjunct small valley pockets of inter-Andean SDTF have persisted over millions of years. These forests are rich in endemic species but massively impacted, and merit better representation in future plans for science and conservation in Andean countries.
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Pennington RT, Lavin M, Oliveira-Filho A. Woody Plant Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology in the Tropics: Perspectives from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Toby Pennington
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom;
| | - Matt Lavin
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;
| | - Ary Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
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García-Robledo C, Kuprewicz EK. Vertebrate Fruit Removal and Ant Seed Dispersal in the Neotropical GingerRenealmia alpinia(Zingiberaceae). Biotropica 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kay KM, Schemske DW. Natural selection reinforces speciation in a radiation of neotropical rainforest plants. Evolution 2008; 62:2628-42. [PMID: 18637960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of reinforcement, that is, natural selection that strengthens reproductive isolation between incipient species, remains controversial. We used two approaches to test for reinforcement in a species radiation of Neotropical gingers in the genus Costus. First, we conducted an intensive study of Costus pulverulentus and Costus scaber, two recently diverged species that co-occur and share hummingbird pollinators. The hummingbird pollinators transfer pollen between these Costus species, but hybrids are rarely found in nature. By performing pollinations between populations of C. pulverulentus and C. scaber from three sites across the species' geographic ranges, we find that pollen-pistil incompatibilities acting prior to fertilization have evolved only between locally sympatric populations, whereas geographically distant populations within the region of sympatry and allopatric populations remain fully interfertile. Second, we conducted a comparative study of isolating mechanisms across the genus. We find lower seed set due to pollen-pistil incompatibility between species pairs that co-occur and experience pollen transfer in nature compared to species pairs that are otherwise isolated, regardless of genetic distance. Taken together, these studies indicate that crossing barriers prevent potentially maladaptive hybridization and effectively reinforce the speciation process. Our results add to mounting evidence for reinforcement from animal studies and show that plant speciation may also involve complex mate recognition systems. Reinforcement may be particularly important in rapidly diverging lineages where ecological factors play a primary role in reproductive isolation, as may often be the case in tropical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Plant Biology, 166 Plant Biology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Merckx V, Chatrou LW, Lemaire B, Sainge MN, Huysmans S, Smets EF. Diversification of myco-heterotrophic angiosperms: evidence from Burmanniaceae. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:178. [PMID: 18573195 PMCID: PMC2492876 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myco-heterotrophy evolved independently several times during angiosperm evolution. Although many species of myco-heterotrophic plants are highly endemic and long-distance dispersal seems unlikely, some genera are widely dispersed and have pantropical distributions, often with large disjunctions. Traditionally this has been interpreted as evidence for an old age of these taxa. However, due to their scarcity and highly reduced plastid genomes our understanding about the evolutionary histories of the angiosperm myco-heterotrophic groups is poor. RESULTS We provide a hypothesis for the diversification of the myco-heterotrophic family Burmanniaceae. Phylogenetic inference, combined with biogeographical analyses, molecular divergence time estimates, and diversification analyses suggest that Burmanniaceae originated in West Gondwana and started to diversify during the Late Cretaceous. Diversification and migration of the species-rich pantropical genera Burmannia and Gymnosiphon display congruent patterns. Diversification began during the Eocene, when global temperatures peaked and tropical forests occurred at low latitudes. Simultaneous migration from the New to the Old World in Burmannia and Gymnosiphon occurred via boreotropical migration routes. Subsequent Oligocene cooling and breakup of boreotropical flora ended New-Old World migration and caused a gradual decrease in diversification rate in Burmanniaceae. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that extant diversity and pantropical distribution of myco-heterotrophic Burmanniaceae is the result of diversification and boreotropical migration during the Eocene when tropical rain forest expanded dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Merckx
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2437, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lars W Chatrou
- National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Wageningen University Branch, Generaal Foulkesweg 37, NL-6703 BL Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benny Lemaire
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2437, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moses N Sainge
- Centre for Tropical Forest Sciences (CTFS), University of Buea, Department of Plant & Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Suzy Huysmans
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2437, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik F Smets
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, P.O. Box 2437, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden University Branch, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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