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Notaro A, Zaretsky M, Molinaro A, De Castro C, Eichler J. N-glycosylation in Archaea: Unusual sugars and unique modifications. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108963. [PMID: 37890267 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Archaea are microorganisms that comprise a distinct branch of the universal tree of life and which are best known as extremophiles, residing in a variety of environments characterized by harsh physical conditions. One seemingly universal trait of Archaea is the ability to perform N-glycosylation. At the same time, archaeal N-linked glycans present variety in terms of both composition and architecture not seen in the parallel eukaryal or bacterial processes. In this mini-review, many of the unique and unusual sugars found in archaeal N-linked glycans as identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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2
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Sobala ŁF. Evolution and phylogenetic distribution of endo-α-mannosidase. Glycobiology 2023; 33:687-699. [PMID: 37202179 PMCID: PMC11025385 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While glycans underlie many biological processes, such as protein folding, cell adhesion, and cell-cell recognition, deep evolution of glycosylation machinery remains an understudied topic. N-linked glycosylation is a conserved process in which mannosidases are key trimming enzymes. One of them is the glycoprotein endo-α-1,2-mannosidase which participates in the initial trimming of mannose moieties from an N-linked glycan inside the cis-Golgi. It is unique as the only endo-acting mannosidase found in this organelle. Relatively little is known about its origins and evolutionary history; so far it was reported to occur only in vertebrates. In this work, a taxon-rich bioinformatic survey to unravel the evolutionary history of this enzyme, including all major eukaryotic clades and a wide representation of animals, is presented. The endomannosidase was found to be more widely distributed in animals and other eukaryotes. The protein motif changes in context of the canonical animal enzyme were tracked. Additionally, the data show the two canonical vertebrate endomannosidase genes, MANEA and MANEAL, arose at the second round of the two vertebrate genome duplications and one more vertebrate paralog, CMANEAL, is uncovered. Finally, a framework where N-glycosylation co-evolved with complex multicellularity is described. A better understanding of the evolution of core glycosylation pathways is pivotal to understanding biology of eukaryotes in general, and the Golgi apparatus in particular. This systematic analysis of the endomannosidase evolution is one step toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz F Sobala
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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Gebhard LJ, Vershinin Z, Alarcón-Schumacher T, Eichler J, Erdmann S. Influence of N-Glycosylation on Virus-Host Interactions in Halorubrum lacusprofundi. Viruses 2023; 15:1469. [PMID: 37515157 PMCID: PMC10384203 DOI: 10.3390/v15071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that occurs across all three domains of life. In Archaea, N-glycosylation is crucial for cell stability and motility, but importantly also has significant implications for virus-host interactions. While some archaeal viruses present glycosylated proteins or interact with glycosylated host proteins, the direct influence of N-glycosylation on archaeal virus-host interactions remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated an N-glycosylation-deficient mutant of Halorubrum lacusprofundi, a halophilic archaeon commonly used to study cold adaptation, and examined the impact of compromised N-glycosylation on the infection dynamics of two very diverse viruses. While compromised N-glycosylation had no influence on the life cycle of the head-tailed virus HRTV-DL1, we observed a significant effect on membrane-containing virus HFPV-1. Both intracellular genome numbers and extracellular virus particle numbers of HFPV-1 were increased in the mutant strain, which we attribute to instability of the surface-layer which builds the protein envelope of the cell. When testing the impact of compromised N-glycosylation on the life cycle of plasmid vesicles, specialized membrane vesicles that transfer a plasmid between host cells, we determined that plasmid vesicle stability is strongly dependent on the host glycosylation machinery. Our study thus provides important insight into the role of N-glycosylation in virus-host interactions in Archaea, while pointing to how this influence strongly differs amongst various viruses and virus-like elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Johanna Gebhard
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Archaeal Virology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Susanne Erdmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Archaeal Virology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Pei C, Lu H, Ma J, Eichler J, Guan Z, Gao L, Liu L, Zhou H, Yang J, Jin C. AepG is a glucuronosyltransferase involved in acidic exopolysaccharide synthesis and contributes to environmental adaptation of Haloarcula hispanica. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102911. [PMID: 36642187 PMCID: PMC9943897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment of a sugar to a hydrophobic lipid carrier is the first step in the biosynthesis of many glycoconjugates. In the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica, HAH_1206, renamed AepG, is a predicted glycosyltransferase belonging to the CAZy Group 2 family that shares a conserved amino acid sequence with dolichol phosphate mannose synthases. In this study, the function of AepG was investigated by genetic and biochemical approaches. We found that aepG deletion led to the disappearance of dolichol phosphate-glucuronic acid. Our biochemical assays revealed that recombinant cellulose-binding, domain-tagged AepG could catalyze the formation of dolichol phosphate-glucuronic acid in time- and dose-dependent manners. Based on the in vivo and in vitro analyses, AepG was confirmed to be a dolichol phosphate glucuronosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of the acidic exopolysaccharide produced by H. hispanica. Furthermore, lack of aepG resulted in hindered growth and cell aggregation in high salt medium, indicating that AepG is vital for the adaptation of H. hispanica to a high salt environment. In conclusion, AepG is the first dolichol phosphate glucuronosyltransferase identified in any of the three domains of life and, moreover, offers a starting point for further investigation into the diverse pathways used for extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiayin Ma
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linlu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Meyer BH, Adam PS, Wagstaff BA, Kolyfetis GE, Probst AJ, Albers SV, Dorfmueller HC. Agl24 is an ancient archaeal homolog of the eukaryotic N-glycan chitobiose synthesis enzymes. eLife 2022; 11:67448. [PMID: 35394422 PMCID: PMC8993221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification found in organisms of all domains of life. The crenarchaeal N-glycosylation begins with the synthesis of a lipid-linked chitobiose core structure, identical to that in Eukaryotes, although the enzyme catalyzing this reaction remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of a thermostable archaeal β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, named archaeal glycosylation enzyme 24 (Agl24), responsible for the synthesis of the N-glycan chitobiose core. Biochemical characterization confirmed its function as an inverting β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol glycosyltransferase. Substitution of a conserved histidine residue, found also in the eukaryotic and bacterial homologs, demonstrated its functional importance for Agl24. Furthermore, bioinformatics and structural modeling revealed similarities of Agl24 to the eukaryotic Alg14/13 and a distant relation to the bacterial MurG, which are catalyzing the same or a similar reaction, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of Alg14/13 homologs indicates that they are ancient in Eukaryotes, either as a lateral transfer or inherited through eukaryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Meyer
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Aquatic Microbial Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Molecular Biology of Archaea, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Panagiotis S Adam
- Group for Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ben A Wagstaff
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - George E Kolyfetis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander J Probst
- Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja V Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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The structure of an archaeal oligosaccharyltransferase provides insight into the strict exclusion of proline from the N-glycosylation sequon. Commun Biol 2021; 4:941. [PMID: 34354228 PMCID: PMC8342417 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes oligosaccharide transfer to the Asn residue in the N-glycosylation sequon, Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where Pro is strictly excluded at position X. Considering the unique structural properties of proline, this exclusion may not be surprising, but the structural basis for the rejection of Pro residues should be explained explicitly. Here we determined the crystal structure of an archaeal OST in a complex with a sequon-containing peptide and dolichol-phosphate to a 2.7 Å resolution. The sequon part in the peptide forms two inter-chain hydrogen bonds with a conserved amino acid motif, TIXE. We confirmed the essential role of the TIXE motif and the adjacent regions by extensive alanine-scanning of the external loop 5. A Ramachandran plot revealed that the ring structure of the Pro side chain is incompatible with the ϕ backbone dihedral angle around -150° in the rigid sequon-TIXE structure. The present structure clearly provides the structural basis for the exclusion of Pro residues from the N-glycosylation sequon.
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Vershinin Z, Zaretsky M, Guan Z, Eichler J. Revisiting N-glycosylation in Halobacterium salinarum: Characterizing a dolichol phosphate- and glycoprotein-bound tetrasaccharide. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1645-1654. [PMID: 34314490 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Halobacterium salinarum provided the first example of N-glycosylation outside the Eukarya, much regarding such post-translational modification in this halophilic Archaea remains either unclear or unknown. The composition of an N-linked glycan decorating both the S-layer glycoprotein and archaellins offers one such example. Originally described some 40 years ago, reports from that time on have presented conflicted findings regarding the composition of this glycan, as well as differences between the protein-bound glycan and that version of the glycan attached to the lipid upon which it is assembled. To clarify these points, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was employed here to revisit the composition of this glycan both when attached to selected asparagine residues of target proteins and when bound to the lipid dolichol phosphate upon which the glycan is assembled. Such efforts revealed the N-linked glycan as corresponding to a tetrasacchride comprising a hexose, a sulfated hexuronic acid, a hexuronic acid and a second sulfated hexuronic acid. When attached to dolichol phosphate but not to proteins, the same tetrasaccharide is methylated on the final sugar. Moreover, in the absence of the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB, there is an accumulation of the dolichol phosphate-linked methylated and disulfated tetrasacchride. Knowing the composition of this glycan at both the lipid- and protein-bound stages, together with the availability of gene deletion approaches for manipulating Halobacterium salinarum, will allow delineation of the N-glycosylation pathway in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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Comprehensive glycoproteomics shines new light on the complexity and extent of glycosylation in archaea. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001277. [PMID: 34138841 PMCID: PMC8241124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most complex posttranslational protein modifications. Its importance has been established not only for eukaryotes but also for a variety of prokaryotic cellular processes, such as biofilm formation, motility, and mating. However, comprehensive glycoproteomic analyses are largely missing in prokaryotes. Here, we extend the phenotypic characterization of N-glycosylation pathway mutants in Haloferax volcanii and provide a detailed glycoproteome for this model archaeon through the mass spectrometric analysis of intact glycopeptides. Using in-depth glycoproteomic datasets generated for the wild-type (WT) and mutant strains as well as a reanalysis of datasets within the Archaeal Proteome Project (ArcPP), we identify the largest archaeal glycoproteome described so far. We further show that different N-glycosylation pathways can modify the same glycosites under the same culture conditions. The extent and complexity of the Hfx. volcanii N-glycoproteome revealed here provide new insights into the roles of N-glycosylation in archaeal cell biology. A comprehensive glycoproteomic analysis of Haloferax volcanii reveals the extent and complexity of glycosylation in archaea and provides new insights into the roles of this post-translational modification in various cellular processes, including cell shape determination.
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