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Durkalec-Michalski K, Główka N, Podgórski T, Odrobny W, Krawczyński M, Botwina R, Bodzicz S, Nowaczyk PM. Bovine colostrum supplementation as a new perspective in depression and substance use disorder treatment: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1366942. [PMID: 38957737 PMCID: PMC11217880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study aimed to evaluate the effect of 3-month supplementation of bovine colostrum (BOV-COL; 8x400 mg per day) on the outcomes of depression treatment in hospitalized patients with substance use disorder (SUD). The hypothesis is that BOV-COL supplementation as an add-on treatment results in favorable alternations in selected blood inflammatory markers or neurotransmitters, leading to better depression treatment outcomes compared with placebo (PLA). Methods Patients with a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 score ≥60 points were enrolled. Twenty-nine participants (n=18 in the BOV-COL group and n=11 in the PLA group) completed the protocol. Results The mean Beck Depression Inventory-II score was significantly reduced after supplementation in both groups. However, the mean 17-point Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was decreased in the BOV-COL group, but not in the PLA group. In the BOV-COL group, there was a reduction in interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, the IL-6:IL-10 ratio, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while in the PLA group only IL-6 decreased. Favorable alternations in the total count and differentials of white blood cell subsets were more pronounced in the BOV-COL. There were no changes in neurotransmitter concentrations. Conclusions BOV-COL supplementation is a promising add-on therapy in patients with depression and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Odrobny
- Institute of Mental Health Para Familia, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Marcin Krawczyński
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Xi L, Fang F, Zhou J, Xu P, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Tu J, Sun Q. Association of hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio and depression in older adults: A cross sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:191-197. [PMID: 37832737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio (HRR) and the depression in old adults was not clear. METHODS We extracted data on depression, general characteristics, lifestyle, medical history, drug use, and blood indicators from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 to investigate the relationship between HRR and depression. RESULTS A total of 4141 individuals were evaluated, among whom 266 (6.4 %) were identified as having depression. HRR was significantly lower in the low depression group, and Spearman correlation analysis revealed an inverse association between HRR and depression scores (r = -0.148, P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that HRR was associated with depression after adjusted for general characteristics, life style, medical history, drug use and blood indicators (P = 0.010). ROC analysis demonstrated that in participants with depression, the area under the curve (AUC) for HRR was 0.612, surpassing both Hb(0.586) and RDW(0.401). These findings were statistically significant (P < 0.05). LIMITATIONS Only participants aged 65-79 years are selected for this study and this was a cross-sectional study that can only represent an association between HRR and depression, but not a cause-and-effect relationship. CONCLUSIONS HRR, being more potent than Hb or RDW, emerges as an independent risk factor for depression. It has the potential to facilitate early depression detection, aiding in the prevention of clinical deterioration or relapses, and could also serve as a viable treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xi
- Yangzhou University School of Nursing School of Public Health, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fang Fang
- Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajie Zhou
- Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peirong Xu
- Yangzhou University School of Nursing School of Public Health, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Yangzhou University School of Nursing School of Public Health, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingting Zhu
- Yangzhou University School of Nursing School of Public Health, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayuan Tu
- Yangzhou University School of Nursing School of Public Health, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiannan Sun
- Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Mou J, Zhou H, Feng Z. The Association Between Anemia and Depressive Symptoms in Non-White Male Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2018). J Res Health Sci 2023; 23:e00598. [PMID: 38315913 PMCID: PMC10843320 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2023.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between anemia and depression remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between hemoglobin (Hb) levels and depressive symptoms. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. METHODS This study was conducted using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005-2018. Hb levels were obtained from laboratory files, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariable logistic regression analysis and smoothing plots were performed to examine the relationship between anemia and depression, including potential nonlinear associations. RESULTS The study included 6008 male adults. Multivariable analysis revealed that anemia was associated with an increased odds ratio for mild (OR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.10) and moderate (OR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.14-3.70) anemia. Additionally, each additional g/dL of Hb was significantly inversely associated with developing depression (OR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.96). A nonlinear relationship was detected between Hb and depression, with an inflection point at 15 g/dL. Below this threshold, there was a significantly negative association between Hb and depression (OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.98); no significant relationship was observed above it (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.31). CONCLUSION Anemia was positively associated with depression in non-White American men. A nonlinear relationship between Hb and depression was detected, and it had a saturation effect. A significant negative correlation with depression was observed when the Hb level was below 15 g/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Mou
- Pingshan District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haishan Zhou
- Pingshan District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangui Feng
- Pingshan District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Yang SH, Seifert CF. Evaluation of Bleeding in Orthopedic Surgery With Perioperative Use of Serotonergic Antidepressants. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57:885-891. [PMID: 36314288 DOI: 10.1177/10600280221134108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of serotonergic antidepressants (SADs) is associated with an increase in bleeding, and their exposure during the perioperative period increases the potential bleeding risk in patients undergoing surgical operations. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of bleeding between patients on perioperative SADs and those not on SADs in patients undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted with patients who were admitted to a single tertiary care county teaching hospital for orthopedic surgery. Outcomes evaluated were requirements of ≥ 2 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and length of hospital stay for those requiring ≥ 2 units of PRBCs. RESULTS Of 273 patients, a significantly higher percentage of patients who received SADs required ≥ 2 units of PRBCs (19.3% vs 6.9%; P = 0.0049). Patients who required transfusion had a higher median (interquartile range [IQR]) age (79 [64-84.6] vs 65 [59-75]; P < 0.0001). The risk of requiring ≥ 2 units of PRBCs transfusion was greater for individuals having an anemia comorbidity (odds ratio [OR], 4.55; 95% CI, 1.95-10.62, P = 0.0004). Patients who required ≥ 2 units of PRBCs had a longer median hospital stay than those who did not receive ≥ 2 units of PRBCs (8 [5-10.1] vs 4 [3-5]; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Receiving SADs in the perioperative period is associated with a higher transfusion requirement in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Clinicians should be aware of this increased risk for patients who are taking SADs while undergoing surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon H Yang
- Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Charles F Seifert
- Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Tao X, Yang C, He J, Liu Q, Wu S, Tang W, Wang J. Serum alkaline phosphatase was independently associated with depression in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1184673. [PMID: 37469359 PMCID: PMC10352498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1184673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Blood markers have important value in the diagnosis of depressive disorders. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) not only predicts stroke recurrence and poor functional prognosis in cerebrovascular disease (CVD) patients but also increases significantly in middle-aged women with depression. Thus, it has not been reported whether serum ALP is associated with the development of depression and/or vascular depression (VDe) in CVD patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 353 CVD patients (stroke patients, n = 291; cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients, n = 62). Baseline demographic information, fasting blood markers (such as blood counts, liver function, kidney function and lipids), and brain CT/MRI scans were collected. CVD patients were divided into non-depression, suspected vascular depression (SVD), and positive vascular depression (PVD) groups according to their Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) scores. Univariate analysis of baseline data, blood markers, and the prevalence of lesions (> 1.5 cm) was performed. Subsequently, the diagnostic performance of the univariate and combined variables for SVD and PVD was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The diagnostic value of the multivariate model for VDe was analyzed by ordinal logistic regression. Results (1) Serum ALP (p = 0.003) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, p = 0.001) concentrations increased as HAMD scores increased, and the prevalence of brain atrophy (p = 0.016) and lesions in the basal ganglia (p = 0.001) and parietal (p = 0.001), temporal (p = 0.002), and frontal lobes (p = 0.003) also increased, whereas the concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb, p = 0.003), cholinesterase (ChE, p = 0.001), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, p = 0.005) declined. Among these variables, hs-CRP (r = 0.218, p < 0.001) had a weak positively association with HAMD scores, and ChE (r = -0.226, p < 0.001) had a weak negative association. (2) The combination of Hb, hs-CRP, ChE, ALP, and HDL-C improved diagnostic performance for VDe [AUC = 0.775, 95% CI (0.706, 0.844), p < 0.001]. (3) Hb (OR = 0.986, p = 0.049), ChE (OR = 0.999, p = 0.020), ALP (OR = 1.017, p = 0.003), and basal ganglia lesions (OR = 2.197, p < 0.001) were important factors impacting VDe development. After adjusting for Hb, hs-CRP, ChE, HDL-C, lesions in the above mentioned four locations, sex, age and the prevalence of CSVD and brain atrophy, ALP [OR = 1.016, 95% CI (1.005, 1.027), p = 0.004] was independently associated with VDe. Conclusion Hb, hs-CRP, ChE, ALP, and HDL-C concentrations are potential blood markers of depression in CVD patients and, when combined, may improve diagnostic performance for VDe. Serum ALP was independently associated with VDe in patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tao
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease Rehabilitation in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianrong Liu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease Rehabilitation in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Jaramillo DN, Millán D, Guevara-Pulido J. Design, synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) by virtual screening. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106403. [PMID: 36758772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, affecting almost 300 million people. According to the WHO, depression is one of the world's leading causes of disability and morbidity. People with this illness require both psychological and pharmaceutical treatment because severe depressive episodes often result in suicide. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are widely used antidepressants that target the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). The crystallization of hSERT and the experimental data available allows cost and time-efficient computational tools like virtual screening (VS) to be utilized in the development of therapeutic agents. Here, we synthesized, characterized, and evaluated the biological activity of a novel SSRI analog of paroxetine, rationally designed by applying an artificial neural network-based QSAR model and a molecular docking analysis on hSERT. The analog N-substituted 18a showed higher affinity for the transporter (-10.2 kcal/mol), lower Ki value (1.19 nM) and a safer toxicological profile than paroxetine and was synthesized with a 71% yield. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the analog was evaluated using human glioblastoma (U87 MG), human neuroblastoma (SH SY5Y) and murine fibroblast (L929) cell lines. Also, the hemolytic ability of the compound was assessed on human erythrocytes. Results showed that analog 18a did not exhibit cytotoxic activity on the cell lines used and has no hemolytic activity at any of the concentrations tested, whereas with paroxetine, hemolysis was observed at 2.3, 1.29 y 0.67 mM. Based on these results, it is possible to suggest that analog 18a could be a promising new SSRI candidate for the treatment of this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deissy N Jaramillo
- INQA, Applied Chemistry Research Group- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Millán
- GIBAT, Basic and Traslational Research Group - Faculty of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - James Guevara-Pulido
- INQA, Applied Chemistry Research Group- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.
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7
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Uzungil V, Tran H, Aitken C, Wilson C, Opazo CM, Li S, Payet JM, Mawal CH, Bush AI, Hale MW, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Novel Antidepressant-Like Properties of the Iron Chelator Deferiprone in a Mouse Model of Depression. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1662-1685. [PMID: 35861925 PMCID: PMC9606181 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressed individuals who carry the short allele for the serotonin-transporter-linked promotor region of the gene are more vulnerable to stress and have reduced response to first-line antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Since depression severity has been reported to correlate with brain iron levels, the present study aimed to characterise the potential antidepressant properties of the iron chelator deferiprone. Using the serotonin transporter knock-out (5-HTT KO) mouse model, we assessed the behavioural effects of acute deferiprone on the Porsolt swim test (PST) and novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT). Brain and blood iron levels were also measured following acute deferiprone. To determine the relevant brain regions activated by deferiprone, we then measured c-Fos expression and applied network-based analyses. We found that deferiprone reduced immobility time in the PST in 5-HTT KO mice and reduced latency to feed in the NSFT in both genotypes, suggesting potential antidepressant-like effects. There was no effect on brain or blood iron levels following deferiprone treatment, potentially indicating an acute iron-independent mechanism. Deferiprone reversed the increase in c-Fos expression induced by swim stress in 5-HTT KO mice in the lateral amygdala. Functional network analyses suggest that hub regions of activity in mice treated with deferiprone include the caudate putamen and prefrontal cortex. The PST-induced increase in network modularity in wild-type mice was not observed in 5-HTT KO mice. Altogether, our data show that the antidepressant-like effects of deferiprone could be acting via an iron-independent mechanism and that these therapeutic effects are underpinned by changes in neuronal activity in the lateral amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Uzungil
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Harvey Tran
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Connor Aitken
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carey Wilson
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carlos M Opazo
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennyfer M Payet
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Celeste H Mawal
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Matta J, Hoertel N, Airagnes G, Czernichow S, Kesse-Guyot E, Limosin F, Goldberg M, Zins M, Lemogne C. Dietary Restrictions and Depressive Symptoms: Longitudinal Results from the Constances Cohort. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092700. [PMID: 32899666 PMCID: PMC7551036 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional results have suggested a linear association between the number of dietary exclusions and depressive symptoms. This longitudinal study aimed to examine the direction of this association. Methods: In the population-based Constances cohort, depressive symptoms were defined by a score ≥19 on the Centre of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Diet was measured with a 24-item qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Both variables were available at inclusion (from 2012 to 2014) and on follow-up (2015 for the CES-D and 2017 for diet). Food exclusion was categorized into five different groups: No exclusion, exclusion of one, two, three, or ≥4 food groups according to the self-reported number of food groups rarely or never consumed. Logistic regressions were conducted, either taking depressive symptoms as the outcome on follow-up with dietary exclusions at baseline as predictor or with the opposite, adjusting for age, sex, education, income, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, and anemia. The path analysis included outcomes and covariates in one model. Results: The median follow-up was three years. A total of 29,337 participants (53.4% women, 48.15 ± 12.9 y.o.) had complete CES-D data and 25,356 (53.56% women, 49.05 ± 12.8 y.o.) FFQ data. Dietary exclusion at inclusion predicted depressive symptoms at follow-up (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.35 [1.62–3.40] for ≥4 excluded items compared to no exclusions). Depressive symptoms at inclusion predicted dietary exclusions at follow-up (3.45 [1.93–6.16] for ≥4 excluded items). In the path analysis, the standardized estimate of the association between dietary exclusions at inclusion and depressive symptoms at follow-up was by far higher than the opposite (0.1863 and 0.00189, respectively, both p < 0.05). Conclusions: The association of dietary exclusion with subsequent depression is stronger than the opposite association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joane Matta
- Inserm, Cohortes Epidémiologiques en Population, UMS 011, 94800 Villejuif, France; (G.A.); (M.G.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolas Hoertel
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; (N.H.); (S.C.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
- Service de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie de l’adulte et du sujet âgé, Hôpital Corentin-Celton, AP-HP.Centre—Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR_S1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Airagnes
- Inserm, Cohortes Epidémiologiques en Population, UMS 011, 94800 Villejuif, France; (G.A.); (M.G.); (M.Z.)
- Centre Ambulatoire d’Addictologie, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP.Centre—Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Czernichow
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; (N.H.); (S.C.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
- Dép artement de Nutrition, Centre Spécialisé Obésité IdF, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP.Centre—Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Sorbonne Paris Nord Université, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center—Université de Paris (CRESS), 93017 Bobigny, France;
| | - Frederic Limosin
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; (N.H.); (S.C.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
- Service de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie de l’adulte et du sujet âgé, Hôpital Corentin-Celton, AP-HP.Centre—Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR_S1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- Inserm, Cohortes Epidémiologiques en Population, UMS 011, 94800 Villejuif, France; (G.A.); (M.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marie Zins
- Inserm, Cohortes Epidémiologiques en Population, UMS 011, 94800 Villejuif, France; (G.A.); (M.G.); (M.Z.)
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; (N.H.); (S.C.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Cédric Lemogne
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, UFR de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; (N.H.); (S.C.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR_S1266, 75014 Paris, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’adulte, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP.Centre—Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France
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