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Chedik L, Baybekov S, Marcou G, Cosnier F, Mourot-Bousquenaud M, Jacquenet S, Varnek A, Battais F. Benchmarking of BMDC assay and related QSAR study for identifying sensitizing chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105623. [PMID: 38631606 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The Bone-Marrow derived Dendritic Cell (BMDC) test is a promising assay for identifying sensitizing chemicals based on the 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) principle. This study expanded the BMDC benchmarking to various in vitro, in chemico, and in silico assays targeting different key events (KE) in the skin sensitization pathway, using common substances datasets. Additionally, a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) model was developed to predict the BMDC test outcomes for sensitizing or non-sensitizing chemicals. The modeling workflow involved ISIDA (In Silico Design and Data Analysis) molecular fragment descriptors and the SVM (Support Vector Machine) machine-learning method. The BMDC model's performance was at least comparable to that of all ECVAM-validated models regardless of the KE considered. Compared with other tests targeting KE3, related to dendritic cell activation, BMDC assay was shown to have higher balanced accuracy and sensitivity concerning both the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) and human labels, providing additional evidence for its reliability. The consensus QSAR model exhibits promising results, correlating well with observed sensitization potential. Integrated into a publicly available web service, the BMDC-based QSAR model may serve as a cost-effective and rapid alternative to lab experiments, providing preliminary screening for sensitization potential, compound prioritization, optimization and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chedik
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour la Prévention des Accidents du Travail et des Maladies Professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 Rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Shamkhal Baybekov
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, UMR 7140 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, UMR 7140 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour la Prévention des Accidents du Travail et des Maladies Professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 Rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mélanie Mourot-Bousquenaud
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour la Prévention des Accidents du Travail et des Maladies Professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 Rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Jacquenet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour la Prévention des Accidents du Travail et des Maladies Professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 Rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, UMR 7140 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Battais
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité Pour la Prévention des Accidents du Travail et des Maladies Professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 Rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Mizumachi H, Suzuki S, Sakuma M, Natsui M, Imai N, Miyazawa M. Reconstructed human epidermis-based testing strategy of skin sensitization potential and potency classification using epidermal sensitization assay and in silico data. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:415-427. [PMID: 37846211 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The hazards and potency of skin sensitizers are traditionally determined using animal tests such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA); however, significant progress has been made in the development of non-animal test methods addressing the first three mechanistic key events of adverse outcome pathway in skin sensitization. We developed the epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA), which is a reconstructed human epidermis-based assay, by measuring four genes related to critical keratinocyte responses during skin sensitization. Four in vitro skin sensitization test methods (EpiSensA, direct peptide reactivity assay [DPRA], KeratinoSens™, and human cell line activation test [h-CLAT]) were systematically evaluated using 136 chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens, which may be related to assay-specific limitations. The constructed database included existing and newly generated data. The EpiSensA showed a broader applicability domain and predicted the hazards with 82.4% and 78.8% accuracy than LLNA and human data. The EpiSensA could detect 76 out of 88 sensitizers at lower concentrations than the LLNA, indicating that the EpiSensA has higher sensitivity for the detection of minor sensitizing constituents. These results confirmed the potential use of the EpiSensA in evaluating a mixture of unknown compositions that can be evaluated by animal tests. To combine different information sources, the reconstructed human epidermis-based testing strategy (RTS) was developed based on weighted multiple information from the EpiSensA and TImes MEtabolism Simulator platform for predicting Skin Sensitization (TIMES-SS; RTSv1) or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) QSAR Toolbox automated workflow (RTSv2). The predictivities of the hazards and Globally Harmonized System (GHS) subcategories were equal to or better than the defined approaches (2 out of 3, integrated testing strategy [ITS]v1, and ITSv2) adopted as OECD Guideline 497.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Suzuki
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Natsui
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Ta GH, Weng CF, Leong MK. Development of a hierarchical support vector regression-based in silico model for the prediction of the cysteine depletion in DPRA. Toxicology 2024; 503:153739. [PMID: 38307191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Topical and transdermal treatments have been dramatically growing recently and it is crucial to consider skin sensitization during the drug discovery and development process for these administration routes. Various tests, including animal and non-animal approaches, have been devised to assess the potential for skin sensitization. Furthermore, numerous in silico models have been created, providing swift and cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods such as in vivo, in vitro, and in chemico methods for categorizing compounds. In this study, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed using the innovative hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) scheme. The aim was to quantitatively predict the potential for skin sensitization by analyzing the percent of cysteine depletion in Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA). The results demonstrated accurate, consistent, and robust predictions in the training set, test set, and outlier set. Consequently, this model can be employed to estimate skin sensitization potential of novel or virtual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang H Ta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Respiratory Disease Department of Basic Medical Science Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Max K Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan.
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To KT, Strickland J, Reinke E, Borrel A, Truax J, Maldonado H, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Computational application of internationally harmonized defined approaches to skin sensitization: DASS App. BMC Bioinformatics 2024; 25:4. [PMID: 38166637 PMCID: PMC10763465 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemically induced skin sensitization, or allergic contact dermatitis, is a common occupational and public health issue. Regulatory authorities require an assessment of potential to cause skin sensitization for many chemical products. Defined approaches for skin sensitization (DASS) identify potential chemical skin sensitizers by integrating data from multiple non-animal tests based on human cells, molecular targets, and computational model predictions using standardized data interpretation procedures. While several DASS are internationally accepted by regulatory agencies, the data interpretation procedures vary in logical complexity, and manual application can be time-consuming or prone to error. RESULTS We developed the DASS App, an open-source web application, to facilitate user application of three regulatory testing strategies for skin sensitization assessment: the Two-out-of-Three (2o3), the Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS), and the Key Event 3/1 Sequential Testing Strategy (KE 3/1 STS) without the need for software downloads or computational expertise. The application supports upload and analysis of user-provided data, includes steps to identify inconsistencies and formatting issues, and provides predictions in a downloadable format. CONCLUSION This open-access web-based implementation of internationally harmonized regulatory guidelines for an important public health endpoint is designed to support broad user uptake and consistent, reproducible application. The DASS App is freely accessible via https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/952311 and all scripts are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/NIEHS/DASS ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T To
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA.
| | - Judy Strickland
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Emily Reinke
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Jim Truax
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Heather Maldonado
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Dave Allen
- Predictive Toxicology and Information Sciences Group, Discovery and Safety Assessment Division, Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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5
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Kim H, Park J, Lee H, Son J, Park Y, Bae H, Park SY, Lee SH, Seo J, Shin S, Park K. Potency classification of isothiazolinone compounds based on defined approaches of skin sensitization in OECD GL 497. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2023; 38:e2023026-0. [PMID: 38298045 PMCID: PMC10834078 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2023026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory decisions for skin sensitization are now based on adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA). Based on these, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines on defined approaches for skin sensitization were adopted with a fixed data interpretation procedure (DIP). In the guidelines, "Defined Approaches" (DA) on skin sensitization uses the results from multiple information sources of in chemico, in vitro, and in silico data to achieve an equivalent predictive capacity as those of the animal tests. In this review, we evaluated the skin sensitization of eleven isothiazolinone compounds including 4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (DCOIT), 2-n-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2-butyl (BBIT), 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), 2-methyl-4,5-trimethylene-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MTMIT), 2-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3-one (MBIT), 2-methyl-1,2-benzothiazole-3-thione (MBIT-S), 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-, 1,1-dioxide (BBIT-O), and a mixture of CMIT/MIT. Data from direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), human cell line activation (h-CLAT) test, and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) Toolbox were evaluated and were applied to the DIP to derive a prediction of hazard identification and a potency classification. Among the evaluated chemicals, six isothiazolinone compounds were classified to be UN GHS 1A, one compound to be UN GHS 1, and four compounds could not be classified due to lack of data. The results of sensitizer chemicals were found to coincide well with those of in vivo test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- TO21 Co., Ltd, 350, Seocho-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseon Son
- TO21 Co., Ltd, 350, Seocho-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjung Park
- TO21 Co., Ltd, 350, Seocho-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyung Bae
- TO21 Co., Ltd, 350, Seocho-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Seo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyung Shin
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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de Ávila RI, Aleksic M, Zhu B, Li J, Pendlington R, Valadares MC. Non-animal approaches for photoallergenicity safety assessment: Needs and perspectives for the toxicology for the 21st century. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105499. [PMID: 37805107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals and/or their byproducts are photoactivated by UV/VIS and trigger a dermal allergenic response, clinically recognized as photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD). It is important to identify the chemicals which are potentially photoallergenic, not only for establishing the correct differential diagnosis between PACD and other photodermatoses, but also as causative agents which should be avoided as a preventative measure. Moreover, materials with photoallergenic properties need to be correctly identified to allow thorough safety assessments for their use in finished products (e.g. cosmetics). Development of methods for predicting photoallergenicity potential of chemicals has advanced at slow pace in recent years. To date, there are no validated methods for photosensitisation potential of chemicals for regulatory purposes, although it remains a required endpoint in some regions. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms potentially involved in the photosensitisation process and discuss the methods available in the literature for identification of photosensitisers. The review also explores the possibilities of further research investment required to develop human-relevant new approach methodologies (NAMs) and next generation risk assessment (NGRA) approaches, considering the current perspectives and needs of the Toxicology for the 21st Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK; Laboratory of Education and Research in in Vitro Toxicology (Tox in), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Bin Zhu
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Ruth Pendlington
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in in Vitro Toxicology (Tox in), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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7
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Muldoon J, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, l-lactic acid (2-hydroxy propionic acid), CAS Registry Number 79-33-4. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182 Suppl 1:114137. [PMID: 37913897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Muldoon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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8
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Yang JY, Park SJ, Shin JY, Lim JH, Yang SY, Gil GH, Hong SH. Application of an Antioxidant Response Element-Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Luciferase Assay for Assessing the Skin Sensitization Potential of Agrochemicals. TOXICS 2023; 11:973. [PMID: 38133374 PMCID: PMC10747178 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The skin sensitization potential of agrochemicals can be assessed using laboratory methods such as the keratinocyte activation assay so that their use in regulatory toxicology might replace experimental animal testing. Here, we evaluated the skin sensitization potential of 11 agrochemicals by using an antioxidant response element-nuclear factor erythroid 2 luciferase assay in KeratinoSens and LuSens cells and applying a skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway (AOP). The KeratinoSens and LuSens assays consistently evaluated the skin sensitization potential of 10/11 agrochemicals with reference to animal testing databases. Benomyl, pretilachlor, fluazinam, terbufos, butachlor, and carbosulfan were correctly detected as sensitizers, and glufosinate ammonium, oxiadiazon, tebuconazole, and etofenprox were correctly detected as non-sensitizers. For diazinon, the skin sensitizing potential was positive in the KeratinoSens assay but not in the LuSens assay. These results suggest that the evaluation of in vitro skin sensitization using the AOP mechanism can be applied to assess active agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - So-Hye Hong
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety & Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.Y.); (S.-J.P.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.-H.L.); (S.Y.Y.); (G.-H.G.)
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9
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Vilela de Sousa I, Ferreira MJS, Bebiano LB, Simões S, Matos AF, Pereira RF, Granja PL. Skin models of cutaneous toxicity, transdermal transport and wound repair. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad014. [PMID: 37520659 PMCID: PMC10382248 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin is widely used as a drug delivery route due to its easy access and the possibility of using relatively painless methods for the administration of bioactive molecules. However, the barrier properties of the skin, along with its multilayer structure, impose severe restrictions on drug transport and bioavailability. Thus, bioengineered models aimed at emulating the skin have been developed not only for optimizing the transdermal transport of different drugs and testing the safety and toxicity of substances but also for understanding the biological processes behind skin wounds. Even though in vivo research is often preferred to study biological processes involving the skin, in vitro and ex vivo strategies have been gaining increasing relevance in recent years. Indeed, there is a noticeably increasing adoption of in vitro and ex vivo methods by internationally accepted guidelines. Furthermore, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip devices are nowadays emerging as valuable tools for functional and behavioural skin emulation. Challenges in miniaturization, automation and reliability still need to be addressed in order to create skin models that can predict skin behaviour in a robust, high-throughput manner, while being compliant with regulatory issues, standards and guidelines. In this review, skin models for transdermal transport, wound repair and cutaneous toxicity will be discussed with a focus on high-throughput strategies. Novel microfluidic strategies driven by advancements in microfabrication technologies will also be revised as a way to improve the efficiency of existing models, both in terms of complexity and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís B Bebiano
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ISEP - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Matos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rúben F Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Dvořáková M, Svobodová L, Rucki M, Ševčík V, Hošíková B, Chrz J, Bendová H, Kejlová K, Očadlíková D, Malý M, Kolářová H, Mannerström M, Kanďárová H, Jírová D. The Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Perfumes by Using In Chemico and In Vitro Methods in Combination with GC-MS/MS Analysis. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:224-248. [PMID: 37377062 DOI: 10.1177/02611929231184635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing has been prohibited for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients or finished products. Thus, alternative non-animal methods, followed by confirmatory clinical studies on human volunteers, should be used as the sole legally acceptable approach within the EU. The safety assessment of cosmetic products requires the involvement of multiple scientific disciplines, including analytical chemistry and biomedicine, as well as in chemico, in vitro and in silico toxicology. Recent data suggest that fragrance components may exert multiple adverse biological effects, e.g. cytotoxicity, skin sensitisation, (photo)genotoxicity, mutagenicity, reprotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted with selected samples of fragrance-based products, such as deodorant, eau de toilette and eau de parfum, with the aim of integrating results from a number of alternative non-animal methods suitable for the detection of the following toxicological endpoints: cytotoxicity (with 3T3 Balb/c fibroblasts); skin sensitisation potential (in chemico method, DPRA); skin sensitisation potential (LuSens in vitro method, based on human keratinocytes); genotoxicity potential (in vitro Comet assay with 3T3 Balb/c cells); and endocrine disruption (in vitro YES/YAS assay). The presence of twenty-four specific known allergens in the products was determined by using GC-MS/MS. The strategies for estimation of the NOAEL of a mixture of allergens, which were proposed by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products in their 'Opinion on Tea tree oil' document and by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority in their 'Risk Profile of Tea tree oil' report, were used as models for the NOAEL estimation of the mixtures of allergens that were identified in the individual samples tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Dvořáková
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lada Svobodová
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Rucki
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Ševčík
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hošíková
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chrz
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Bendová
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Kejlová
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Očadlíková
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolářová
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marika Mannerström
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Helena Kanďárová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Jírová
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Pemberton MA, Kimber I. Propylene glycol, skin sensitisation and allergic contact dermatitis: A scientific and regulatory conundrum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105341. [PMID: 36702195 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) but poses an intriguing scientific and regulatory conundrum with respect to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), the uncertainty being whether and to what extent PG has the potential to induce skin sensitisation. In this article we review the results of predictive tests for skin sensitisation with PG, and clinical evidence for ACD. Patch testing in humans points to PG having the potential to be a weak allergen under certain conditions, and an uncommon cause of ACD in subjects without underlying/pre-disposing skin conditions. In clear contrast PG is negative in predictive toxicology tests for skin sensitisation, including guinea pig and mouse models (e.g. local lymph node assay), validated in vitro test methods that measure various key events in the pathway leading to skin sensitisation, and predictive methods in humans (Human Repeat Insult Patch and Human Maximisation Tests). We here explore the possible scientific basis for this intriguing inconsistency, recognising there are arguably no known contact allergens that are universally negative in, in vitro, animal and human predictive tests methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Kolle SN, Flach M, Kleber M, Basketter DA, Wareing B, Mehling A, Hareng L, Watzek N, Bade S, Funk-Weyer D, Landsiedel R. Plant extracts, polymers and new approach methods: Practical experience with skin sensitization assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105330. [PMID: 36599391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, research into methodologies to identify skin sensitization hazards has led to the adoption of several non-animal methods as OECD test guidelines. However, predictive accuracy beyond the chemical domains of the individual validation studies remains largely untested. In the present study, skin sensitization test results from in vitro and in chemico methods for 12 plant extracts and 15 polymeric materials are reported and compared to available in vivo skin sensitization data. Eight plant extracts were tested in the DPRA and h-CLAT, with the 2 out of 3 approach resulting in a balanced accuracy of 50%. The balanced accuracy for the 11 plant extracts assessed in the SENS-IS was 88%. Excluding 5 polymers inconclusive in vitro, the remainder, assessed using the 2 out of 3 approach, resulted in 63% balanced accuracy. The SENS-IS method, excluding one polymeric material due to technical inapplicability, showed 68% balanced accuracy. Although based on limited numbers, the results presented here indicate that some substance subgroups may not be in the applicability domains of the method used and careful analysis is required before positive or negative results can be accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcus Kleber
- BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany
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13
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Casati S, Asturiol D, Browne P, Kleinstreuer N, Régimbald-Krnel M, Therriault P. Standardisation and international adoption of defined approaches for skin sensitisation. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:943152. [PMID: 36032790 PMCID: PMC9402929 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.943152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of stand-alone one-to-one replacements for existing animal tests, efforts were made to integrate data from in silico, in chemico and in vitro methods to ensure sufficient mechanistic coverage of the skin sensitisation Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) and generate predictions suitable for hazard identification and potency sub-categorisation. A number of defined approaches (DAs), using fixed data interpretation procedures (DIP) to integrate data from multiple non-animal information sources, were proposed and documented using a standard reporting template developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Subsequent international activities focused on the extensive characterisation of three of these DAs with respect to the reference in vivo data, applicability domains, limitations, predictive performances and characterisations of the level of confidence associated with the predictions. The ultimate product of this project was an OECD Guideline that provides information equivalent to that provided by the animal studies and that can be used to satisfy countries’ regulatory data requirements for skin sensitisation. This Defined Approach Guideline was the first of its kind for the OECD, and provides an important precedent for regulatory adoption of human biology-relevant new approach methodologies with performances equivalent to, or better than, traditional animal tests. This mini review summarizes the principal features of the defined approaches described in OECD guideline 497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casati
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Casati,
| | - David Asturiol
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Patience Browne
- OECD Environment Directorate, Environment Health and Safety Division, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/The NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michèle Régimbald-Krnel
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Therriault
- Health Effects Division, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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14
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Irizar A, Bender H, Griem P, Natsch A, Vey M, Kimber I. Reference Chemical Potency List (RCPL): A new tool for evaluating the accuracy of skin sensitisation potency measurements by New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105244. [PMID: 35932886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the design of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for the hazard identification of skin sensitising chemicals. However, effective risk assessment requires accurate measurement of sensitising potency, and this has proven more difficult to achieve without recourse to animal tests. One important requirement for the development and adoption of novel approaches for this purpose is the availability of reliable databases for determining the accuracy with which sensitising potency can be predicted. Some previous approaches have relied on comparisons with potency estimates based on either human or animal (local lymph node assay) data. In contrast, we here describe the development of a carefully curated Reference Chemical Potency List (RCPL) which is based on consideration of the best available human and animal data. The RCPL is comprised of 33 readily available chemicals that span a wide range of chemistry and sensitising potency, and contain examples of both direct and indirect (pre- and pro-) haptens. For each chemical a potency value (PV) was derived, and chemicals ranked according to PV without the use of potency categories. It is proposed that the RCPL provides an effective resource for assessment of the accuracy with which NAMs can measure skin sensitising potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Irizar
- The International Fragrance Association (IFRA), Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Vey
- The International Fragrance Association (IFRA), Switzerland
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
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15
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Petersen EJ, Uhl R, Toman B, Elliott JT, Strickland J, Truax J, Gordon J. Development of a 96-Well Electrophilic Allergen Screening Assay for Skin Sensitization Using a Measurement Science Approach. TOXICS 2022; 10:257. [PMID: 35622670 PMCID: PMC9147637 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Electrophilic Allergen Screening Assay (EASA) has emerged as a promising in chemico method to detect the first key event in the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization. This assay functions by assessing the depletion of one of two probe molecules (4-nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) and pyridoxylamine (PDA)) in the presence of a test compound (TC). The initial development of EASA utilized a cuvette format resulting in multiple measurement challenges such as low throughput and the inability to include adequate control measurements. In this study, we describe the redesign of EASA into a 96-well plate format that incorporates in-process control measurements to quantify key sources of variability each time the assay is run. The data from the analysis of 67 TCs using the 96-well format had 77% concordance with animal data from the local lymph node assay (LLNA), a result consistent with that for the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), an OECD test guideline (442C) protein binding assay. Overall, the measurement science approach described here provides steps during assay development that can be taken to increase confidence of in chemico assays by attempting to fully characterize the sources of variability and potential biases and incorporate in-process control measurements into the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J. Petersen
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Richard Uhl
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Chemistry, US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Blaza Toman
- Statistical Engineering Division, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - John T. Elliott
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Judy Strickland
- Inotiv-RTP., 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - James Truax
- Inotiv-RTP., 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - John Gordon
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
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16
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Abstract
A century ago, toxicology was an empirical science identifying substance hazards in surrogate mammalian models. Over several decades, these models improved, evolved to reduce animal usage, and recently have begun the process of dispensing with animals entirely. However, despite good hazard identification, the translation of hazards into adequately assessed risks to human health often has presented challenges. Unfortunately, many skin sensitizers known to produce contact allergy in humans, despite being readily identified as such in the predictive assays, continue to cause this adverse health effect. Increasing the rigour of hazard identification is inappropriate. Regulatory action has only proven effective via complete bans of individual substances. Since the problem applies to a broad range of substances and industry categories, and since generic banning of skin sensitizers would be an economic catastrophe, the solution is surprisingly simple—they should be subject to rigorous safety assessment, with the risks thereby managed accordingly. The ascendancy of non-animal methods in skin sensitization is giving unparalleled opportunities in which toxicologists, risk assessors, and regulators can work in concert to achieve a better outcome for the protection of human health than has been delivered by the in vivo methods and associated regulations that they are replacing.
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17
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Abstract
Reliable human potency data are necessary for conducting quantitative risk assessments, as well as development and validation of new nonanimal methods for skin sensitization assessments. Previously, human skin sensitization potency of fragrance materials was derived primarily from human data or the local lymph node assay.
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18
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True Grit: A Story of Perseverance Making Two out of Three the First Non-Animal Testing Strategy (Adopted as OECD Guideline No. 497). COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, great strides have been made in developing alternative methods to animal testing for regulatory and safety testing. In 2021, a breakthrough in regulatory testing was achieved in that the first test strategies employing non-animal test methods for skin sensitization have been accepted as OECD guideline 497, which falls under the mutual acceptance of data (MAD) by OECD member states. Achieving this goal was a story of hard work and perseverance of the many people involved. This review gives an overview of some of the many aspects and timelines this entailed—just from the perspective of one stakeholder. In the end, the true grit of all involved allowed us to achieve not only a way forward in using test strategies for skin sensitization, but also a new approach to address other complex toxicological effects without the use of animals in the future.
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19
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Gabbert S, Mathea M, Kolle SN, Landsiedel R. Accounting for Precision Uncertainty of Toxicity Testing: Methods to Define Borderline Ranges and Implications for Hazard Assessment of Chemicals. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:224-238. [PMID: 33300210 PMCID: PMC9292900 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For hazard classifications of chemicals, continuous data from animal- or nonanimal testing methods are often dichotomized into binary positive/negative outcomes by defining classification thresholds (CT). Experimental data are, however, subject to biological and technical variability. Each test method's precision is limited resulting in uncertainty of the positive/negative outcome if the experimental result is close to the CT. Borderline ranges (BR) around the CT were suggested, which represent ranges in which the study result is ambiguous, that is, positive or negative results are equally likely. The BR reflects a method's precision uncertainty. This article explores and compares different approaches to quantify the BR. Besides using the pooled standard deviation, we determine the BR by means of the median absolute deviation (MAD), with a sequential combination of both methods, and by using nonparametric bootstrapping. Furthermore, we quantify the BR for different hazardous effects, including nonanimal tests for skin corrosion, eye irritation, skin irritation, and skin sensitization as well as for an animal test on skin sensitization (the local lymph node assay, LLNA). Additionally, for one method (direct peptide reactivity assay) the BR was determined experimentally and compared to calculated BRs. Our results demonstrate that (i) the precision of the methods is determining the size of their BRs, (ii) there is no "perfect" method to derive a BR, alas, (iii) a consensus on BR is needed to account for the limited precision of testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Gabbert
- Department of Social SciencesWageningen University & ResearchHollandseweg 1Wageningen6700 EWThe Netherlands
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20
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Kim JY, Kim KB, Lee BM. Validation of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) approaches as alternatives to skin sensitization risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:945-959. [PMID: 34338166 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1956660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was conducted to validate the physicochemical properties of a total of 362 chemicals [305 skin sensitizers (212 in the previous study + 93 additional new chemicals), 57 non-skin sensitizers (38 in the previous study + 19 additional new chemicals)] for skin sensitization risk assessment using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)/quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) approaches. The average melting point (MP), surface tension (ST), and density (DS) of the 305 skin sensitizers and 57 non-sensitizers were used to determine the cutoff values distinguishing positive and negative sensitization, and correlation coefficients were employed to derive effective 3-fold concentration (EC3 (%)) values. QSAR models were also utilized to assess skin sensitization. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 80, 15, and 70%, respectively, for the Toxtree QSAR model; 88, 46, and 81%, respectively, for Vega; and 56, 61, and 56%, respectively, for Danish EPA QSAR. Surprisingly, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60, 80, and 64%, respectively, when MP, ST, and DS (MP+ST+DS) were used in this study. Further, MP+ST+DS exhibited a sensitivity of 77%, specificity 57%, and accuracy 73% when the derived EC3 values were classified into local lymph node assay (LLNA) skin sensitizer and non-sensitizer categories. Thus, MP, ST, and DS may prove useful in predicting EC3 values as not only an alternative approach to animal testing but also for skin sensitization risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Kim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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21
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Lee I, Na M, Lavelle M, Api AM. Derivation of the no expected sensitization induction level for dermal quantitative risk assessment of fragrance ingredients using a weight of evidence approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112705. [PMID: 34838676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some fragrance ingredients may have the potential to induce skin sensitization in humans but can still be safely formulated into consumer products. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for dermal sensitization is required to determine safe levels at which potential skin sensitizers can be incorporated into consumer products. The no expected sensitization induction level or NESIL is the point of departure for the dermal QRA. Sensitization assessment factors are applied to the NESIL to determine acceptable exposure levels at which no skin sensitization induction would be expected in the general population. This paper details the key steps involved in deriving a weight of evidence (WoE) NESIL for a given fragrance ingredient using all existing data, including in vivo, in vitro, and in silico. Read-across can be used to derive a NESIL for a group of structurally similar materials when data are insufficient. When sufficient target and read-across data are lacking, exposure waiving threshold (the DST) may be used. We outline the process as it currently stands at the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc. (RIFM) and provide examples, but it is dynamic and is bound to change with evolving science as new approach methodologies (NAMs) are actively incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Mihwa Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Maura Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM), 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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22
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Frawley RP, Germolec DR, Johnson VJ, Gulledge T, Manheng W, White K, Shockley KR, Harris SF, Hooth M, Ryan K. Evaluation of skin sensitization induced by four ionic liquids. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:392-408. [PMID: 34453447 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are synthetic solvents used as replacements for volatile organic solvents. Human exposure occurs through dermal or oral routes. In rodents, several ILs were reported to induce dermal toxicity, irritation, and sensitization. Due to the potential for occupational exposure, and industrial use as nonvolatile solvents, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIM, 6.25% to 50% v/v), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM, 3.12% to 12.5% v/v), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride (BMPY, 0.825% to 6.25% v/v), and N-butylpyridinium chloride (NBuPY, 0.825% to 12.5% v/v) were nominated to the National Toxicology Program and evaluated for skin sensitization. The test compound was applied to the ears of female BALB/c mice daily for 3 days in a primary irritancy (IRR)/local lymph node assay (LLNA). Sensitization was assessed in vitro in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™ assay, and human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). In the LLNA, the butylated ILs, BMIM, and BMPY were more potent than NBuPY (butylated) or EMIM (ethylated), which was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer. NBuPY induced skin irritation in vivo at ≥3.12% (p ≤ 0.01), and sensitization in vitro in the KeratinoSens™ assay and h-CLAT, but was negative for sensitization in vivo and in the DPRA. Although SI3 was not achieved, dermal treatment with 12.5% BMIM or 6.25% BMPY increased (p ≤ 0.01) lymph node cell proliferation in the LLNA. In vitro, BMIM was positive for sensitization in the h-CLAT, and BMPY was positive in the h-CLAT and KeratinoSens™ assay; both were negative in the DPRA. Integrated data analyses, weighted toward in vivo data, suggested that BMIM and BMPY may induce weak to mild sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Travis Gulledge
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA.,StrideBio, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wimolnut Manheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Michelle Hooth
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Thá EL, Canavez ADPM, Schuck DC, Gagosian VSC, Lorencini M, Leme DM. Beyond dermal exposure: The respiratory tract as a target organ in hazard assessments of cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104976. [PMID: 34139277 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dermal contact is the main route of exposure for most cosmetics; however, inhalation exposure could be significant for some formulations (e.g., aerosols, powders). Current cosmetic regulations do not require specific tests addressing respiratory irritation and sensitisation, and despite the prohibition of animal testing for cosmetics, no alternative methods have been validated to assess these endpoints to date. Inhalation hazard is mainly determined based on existing human and animal evidence, read-across, and extrapolation of data from different target organs or tissues, such as the skin. However, because of mechanistic differences, effects on the skin cannot predict effects on the respiratory tract, which indicates a substantial need for the development of new approach methodologies addressing respiratory endpoints for inhalable chemicals in general. Cosmetics might present a particularly significant need for risk assessments of inhalation exposure to provide a more accurate toxicological evaluation and ensure consumer safety. This review describes the differences in the mechanisms of irritation and sensitisation between the skin and the respiratory tract, the progress that has already been made, and what still needs to be done to fill the gap in the inhalation risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Márcio Lorencini
- Grupo Boticário, Product Safety Management- Q&PP, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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24
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Ta GH, Weng CF, Leong MK. In silico Prediction of Skin Sensitization: Quo vadis? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655771. [PMID: 34017255 PMCID: PMC8129647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin direct contact with chemical or physical substances is predisposed to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), producing various allergic reactions, namely rash, blister, or itchy, in the contacted skin area. ACD can be triggered by various extremely complicated adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) remains to be causal for biosafety warrant. As such, commercial products such as ointments or cosmetics can fulfill the topically safe requirements in animal and non-animal models including allergy. Europe, nevertheless, has banned animal tests for the safety evaluations of cosmetic ingredients since 2013, followed by other countries. A variety of non-animal in vitro tests addressing different key events of the AOP, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™, LuSens and human cell line activation test h-CLAT and U-SENS™ have been developed and were adopted in OECD test guideline to identify the skin sensitizers. Other methods, such as the SENS-IS are not yet fully validated and regulatorily accepted. A broad spectrum of in silico models, alternatively, to predict skin sensitization have emerged based on various animal and non-animal data using assorted modeling schemes. In this article, we extensively summarize a number of skin sensitization predictive models that can be used in the biopharmaceutics and cosmeceuticals industries as well as their future perspectives, and the underlined challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Huong Ta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Max K. Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
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25
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Basketter DA, Kimber I, Ezendam J. Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens: Human, Animal, and In Vitro Tests. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Vinhal DC, Ivan de Ávila R, Rodrigues TL, Silva AK, Moreira LC, Valadares MC, Luzin RM, Lião LM, Gil EDS, Vaz BG, Assis RJ, Gonçalves PJ, Isaac V, da Cunha LC, Menegatti R. LQFM184: A Novel Wide Ultraviolet Radiation Range Absorber Compound. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:360-371. [PMID: 33107602 DOI: 10.1111/php.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of sunscreen has become an indispensable daily routine since UV radiation is a critical environmental stress factors for human skin. This study focused on the design, synthesis, thermal/chemical stability and efficacy/safety evaluations of a new heterocyclic derivative, namely LQFM184, as a photoprotective agent. The compound showed stability when submitted under oxidative and high-temperature conditions. It also revealed an absorption at 260-340 nm (UVA/UVB), with a main band at 298 nm and a shoulder close to 334 nm. LQFM184 showed capacity to interact with other existing UV filters, promoting an increase in the sun protection factor. In relation to acute toxicity, its estimated LD50 was >300-2000 mg kg-1 , probably with a low potential of inducing acute oral systemic toxicity hazard. In addition, our data showed that this compound did not have eye irritation, skin sensitization or phototoxicity potentials. Taken together, these findings make LQFM184 a promising ingredient to be used, alone or in association with other UV filters, in cosmetic products such as sunscreens with a broad spectrum of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Vinhal
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Tóxico-Farmacológicas (NEPET), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia In Vitro (Tox In), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thaisângela L Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia In Vitro (Tox In), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Andressa K Silva
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Larissa C Moreira
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia In Vitro (Tox In), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize C Valadares
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Toxicologia In Vitro (Tox In), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rangel M Luzin
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciano M Lião
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eric de S Gil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Laboratório de Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rogério J Assis
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Pablo J Gonçalves
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Vera Isaac
- Laboratório de Cosmetologia (LaCos), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz C da Cunha
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Tóxico-Farmacológicas (NEPET), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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27
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Tokunaga T, Yamamoto G, Takahashi T, Mukumoto M, Sato M, Okamoto M. Sensitive Method for the Identification of Potential Sensitizing Impurities in Reaction Mixtures by Fluorescent Nitrobenzoxadiazole-Labeled Glutathione. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:3001-3009. [PMID: 33256404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a critical issue in the development of new chemicals. Minor impurities with strong skin-sensitizing properties can be generated as byproducts. However, it is very difficult to identify these skin sensitizers in product mixtures. In this study, fluorescent nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled glutathione (NBD-GSH) was synthesized to identify small amounts of skin sensitizers in reaction mixtures. Twelve known skin sensitizers and three nonsensitizers were reacted with NBD-GSH. Adducts formed only with the skin sensitizers, which allowed for their detection by a fluorescence detector. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that NBD-GSH reacted with the skin sensitizers via its thiol and amino groups. An adduct of NBD-GSH with the strong skin sensitizer 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was detected with a limit of detection of 6 × 10-8 mol/L by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. When a reaction mixture from primary alcohol oxidation was incubated with NBD-GSH, a NBD-GSH adduct formed with skin-sensitizing aldehyde impurities and could be specifically detected by LC-MS with fluorescence detection. This method will be useful for detection and identification of small amounts of skin sensitizers in raw materials, intermediates, reaction mixtures, and end products in the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tokunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Teruki Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Mukumoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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28
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Kimber I. The activity of methacrylate esters in skin sensitisation test methods II. A review of complementary and additional analyses. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 119:104821. [PMID: 33186628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is an important occupational health issue, and there is a need to identify accurately those chemicals that have the potential to induce skin sensitisation. Hazard identification was performed initially using animal (guinea pig and mouse) models. More recently, as a result of the drive towards non-animal methods, alternative in vitro and in silico approaches have been developed. Some of these new in vitro methods have been formally validated and have been assigned OECD Test Guideline status. The performance of some of these recently developed in vitro methods, and of 2 quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) approaches, with a series of methacrylate esters has been reviewed and reported previously. In this article that first review has been extended further with additional data and complementary analyses. Results obtained using in vitro methods (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, DPRA; ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test methods, KeratinoSens and LuSens; Epidermal Sensitisation Assay, EpiSensA; human Cell Line Activation Test, h-CLAT, and the myeloid U937 Skin Sensitisation test, U-SENS), and 2 QSAR approaches (DEREK™-nexus and TIMES-SS), with 11 methacrylate esters and methacrylic acid are reported here, and compared with existing data from the guinea pig maximisation test and the local lymph node assay. With this series of chemicals it was found that some in vitro tests (DPRA and ARE-Nrf2 luciferase) performed well in comparison with animal test results and available human skin sensitisation data. Other in vitro tests (EpiSensA and h-CLAT) proved rather more problematic. Results with DEREK™-nexus and TIMES-SS failed to reflect accurately the skin sensitisation potential of the methacrylate esters. The implications for assessment of skin sensitising activity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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29
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Human-Derived In Vitro Models Used for Skin Toxicity Testing Under REACh. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020. [PMID: 33136188 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In regulatory toxicology, in vivo studies are still prevailing, and human-derived in vitro models are mostly used in testing for local toxicity to the skin and the eyes. A single in vitro model may be limited to address one or few molecular or cellular events leading to adverse outcomes. Hence, in many instances their regulatory use involves the combination of several in vitro models to assess the hazard potential of test substance. A so-called defined approach combines different testing methods and a 'data interpretation procedure' to obtain a comprehensive overall assessment which is used for the regulatory hazard classification of the test substance.Validation is a prerequisite of regulatory acceptance of new testing methods: This chapter provides an overview of the method development from an experimental method to a test guideline via application of GIVIMP (good in vitro method practice), standardization, validation to the regulatory adoption as an OECD test guidelines. Quandaries associated with the validation towards reference data from in vivo animal studies with limited accuracy and limited human relevance are discussed, as well as uncertainty and limitations arising from restricted applicability and technical and biological variance of the in vitro methods.This chapter provides an overview of human-derived in vitro models currently adopted as OECD test guidelines: From the first skin corrosion tests utilizing reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE), to models to test for skin irritation, phototoxicity, eye irritation, and skin sensitization. The latter is using a battery of different methods and defined approaches which are still under discussion for their regulatory adoption. They will be a vanguard of future applications of human-derived models in regulatory toxicology. RhEs for testing of genotoxicity and of dermal penetration and absorption, have been developed, underwent validation studies and may soon be adopted for regulatory use; these are included in this chapter.
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30
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Mizumachi H, LeBaron MJ, Settivari RS, Miyazawa M, Marty MS, Sakaguchi H. Characterization of dermal sensitization potential for industrial or agricultural chemicals with EpiSensA. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:915-927. [PMID: 33124094 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory community is transitioning to the use of nonanimal methods for dermal sensitization assessments; however, some in vitro assays have limitations in their domain of applicability depending on the properties of chemicals being tested. This study explored the utility of epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA) to evaluate the sensitization potential of complex and/or "difficult to test" chemicals. Assay performance was evaluated by testing a set of 20 test chemicals including 10 methacrylate esters, 5 silicone-based compounds, 3 crop protection formulations, and 2 surfactant mixtures; each had prior in vivo data plus some in silico and in vitro data. Using the weight of evidence (WoE) assessments by REACH Lead Registrants, 14 of these chemicals were sensitizers and, six were nonsensitizers based on in vivo studies (local lymph node assay [LLNA] and/or guinea pig studies). The EpiSensA correctly predicted 16/20 materials with three test materials as false positive and one silane as false negative. This silane, classified as weak sensitizer via LLNA, also gave a "false negative" result in the KeratinoSens™ assay. Overall, consistent with prior evaluations, the EpiSensA demonstrated an accuracy level of 80% relative to available in vivo WoE assessments. In addition, potency classification based on the concentration showing positive marker gene expression of EpiSensA was performed. The EpiSensA correctly predicted the potency for all seven sensitizing methacrylates classified as weak potency via LLNA (EC3 ≥ 10%). In summary, EpiSensA could identify dermal sensitization potential of these test substances and mixtures, and continues to show promise as an in vitro alternative method for dermal sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J LeBaron
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Sue Marty
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
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31
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Djordjevic I, Wicaksono G, Solic I, Steele TWJ. In Vitro Biocompatibility of Diazirine‐Grafted Biomaterials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000235. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Djordjevic
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Gautama Wicaksono
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Ivan Solic
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Terry W. J. Steele
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 639798 Singapore
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32
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-ol, CAS Registry Number 17488-65-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111711. [PMID: 32889017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Building confidence in skin sensitisation potency assessment using new approach methodologies: report of the 3rd EPAA Partners Forum, Brussels, 28th October 2019. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104767. [PMID: 32866543 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitising substances that induce contact allergy and consequently risk elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) remain an important focus regarding the replacement of animal experimentation. Current in vivo methods, notably the local lymph node assay (LLNA) refined and reduced animal usage and led to a marked improvement in hazard identification, characterisation and risk assessment. Since validation, regulatory confidence in the LLNA approach has evolved until it became the first choice assay in most regulated sectors. Currently, hazard identification using the LLNA is being actively replaced by a toolbox of non-animal approaches. However, there remains a need to increase confidence in the use of new approach methodologies (NAMs) as replacements for LLNA sensitiser potency estimation. The EPAA Partners Forum exchanged the current state of knowledge on use of NAMs in various industry sectors and regulatory environments. They then debated current challenges in this area and noted several ongoing needs. These included a requirement for reference standards for potency, better characterisation of applicability domains/technical limitations of NAMs, development of a framework for weight of evidence assessments, and an increased confidence in the characterisation of non-sensitisers. Finally, exploration of an industry/regulator cross-sector user-forum on skin sensitisation was recommended.
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34
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Silva FALS, Brites G, Ferreira I, Silva A, Miguel Neves B, Costa Pereira JLGFS, Cruz MT. Evaluating Skin Sensitization Via Soft and Hard Multivariate Modeling. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:547-559. [PMID: 32757797 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820944395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans with a prevalence rate of 15% to 20% over general population. Skin sensitization is a complex end point that was for a long time being evaluated using animal testing. Great efforts have been made to completely substitute the use of animals and replace them by integrating data from in vitro and in chemico assays with in silico calculated parameters. However, it remains undefined how to make the best use of the cumulative data in such a way that information gain is maximized and accomplished with the fewest number of tests possible. In this work, 3 skin sensitization prediction models were considered: one to discriminate sensitizers from non-sensitizers, considering a 2-level scale; one according to the GHS, considering a 3-level scale; and the other to categorize potency in a 6-level scale, according to available human data. We used a data set of known human skin allergens for which in vitro, in chemico, and in silico descriptors where available to build classifiers based on soft and hard multivariate modeling. Model building, optimization, and refinement resulted in 100% accuracy in distinguishing between sensitizers and non-sensitizers. The same model was able to perform the characterization, in 3 and 6 levels, respectively, with 98.8 and 97.5% accuracy. Combining data from in vitro and in chemico tests with in silico descriptors is relatively simple to implement and some predictors are fitting the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A L S Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, 56069University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 530237University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 530237University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge L G F S Costa Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, 56069University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Cruz
- 530237Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, 530237University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
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35
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Borba JVB, Braga RC, Alves VM, Muratov EN, Kleinstreuer N, Tropsha A, Andrade CH. Pred-Skin: A Web Portal for Accurate Prediction of Human Skin Sensitizers. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:258-267. [PMID: 32673477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Safety assessment is an essential component of the regulatory acceptance of industrial chemicals. Previously, we have developed a model to predict the skin sensitization potential of chemicals for two assays, the human patch test and murine local lymph node assay, and implemented this model in a web portal. Here, we report on the substantially revised and expanded freely available web tool, Pred-Skin version 3.0. This up-to-date version of Pred-Skin incorporates multiple quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models developed with in vitro, in chemico, and mice and human in vivo data, integrated into a consensus naïve Bayes model that predicts human effects. Individual QSAR models were generated using skin sensitization data derived from human repeat insult patch tests, human maximization tests, and mouse local lymph node assays. In addition, data for three validated alternative methods, the direct peptide reactivity assay, KeratinoSens, and the human cell line activation test, were employed as well. Models were developed using open-source tools and rigorously validated according to the best practices of QSAR modeling. Predictions obtained from these models were then used to build a naïve Bayes model for predicting human skin sensitization with the following external prediction accuracy: correct classification rate (89%), sensitivity (94%), positive predicted value (91%), specificity (84%), and negative predicted value (89%). As an additional assessment of model performance, we identified 11 cosmetic ingredients known to cause skin sensitization but were not included in our training set, and nine of them were accurately predicted as sensitizers by our models. Pred-Skin can be used as a reliable alternative to animal tests for predicting human skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V B Borba
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-170, Brazil.,Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Vinicius M Alves
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58059, Brazil
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-170, Brazil
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36
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Kolle SN, Landsiedel R, Natsch A. Replacing the refinement for skin sensitization testing: Considerations to the implementation of adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-based defined approaches (DA) in OECD guidelines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 9-decenoic acid, CAS Registry Number 14436-32-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144 Suppl 1:111541. [PMID: 32640339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 5724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Kang JC, Valerio LG. Investigating DNA adduct formation by flavor chemicals and tobacco byproducts in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) using in silico approaches. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115026. [PMID: 32353386 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of flavors is one of the commonly cited reasons for use of e-cigarettes by youth; however, the potential harms from inhaling these chemicals and byproducts have not been extensively studied. One mechanism of interest is DNA adduct formation, which may lead to carcinogenesis. We identified two chemical classes of flavors found in tobacco products and byproducts, alkenylbenzenes and aldehydes, documented to form DNA adducts. Using in silico toxicology approaches, we identified structural analogs to these chemicals without DNA adduct information. We conducted a structural similarity analysis and also generated in silico model predictions of these chemicals for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and skin sensitization. The empirical and in silico data were compared, and we identified strengths and limitations of these models. Good concordance (80-100%) was observed between DNA adduct formation and models predicting mammalian mutagenicity (mouse lymphoma sassy L5178Y) and skin sensitization for both chemical classes. On the other hand, different prediction profiles were observed for the two chemical classes for the modeled endpoints, unscheduled DNA synthesis and bacterial mutagenicity. These results are likely due to the different mode of action between the two chemical classes, as aldehydes are direct acting agents, while alkenylbenzenes require bioactivation to form electrophilic intermediates, which form DNA adducts. The results of this study suggest that an in silico prediction for the mouse lymphoma assay L5178Y, may serve as a surrogate endpoint to help predict DNA adduct formation for chemicals found in tobacco products such as flavors and byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueichuan Connie Kang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Nonclinical Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA; US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Luis G Valerio
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Nonclinical Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 10-undecenoic acid, CAS Registry Number 112-38-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141 Suppl 1:111380. [PMID: 32562754 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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Bergal M, Puginier M, Gerbeix C, Groux H, Roso A, Cottrez F, Milius A. In vitro testing strategy for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of “difficult to test” cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cinnamyl alcohol, CAS Registry Number 104-54-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141 Suppl 1:111337. [PMID: 32339751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Cinnamyl alcohol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that cinnamyl alcohol is not genotoxic. Data on read-across analog cinnamaldehyde (CAS # 104-55-2) provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose and local respiratory toxicity endpoints. The developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to cinnamyl alcohol is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day). Data provided a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2900 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; cinnamyl alcohol is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; cinnamyl alcohol was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Parish ST, Aschner M, Casey W, Corvaro M, Embry MR, Fitzpatrick S, Kidd D, Kleinstreuer NC, Lima BS, Settivari RS, Wolf DC, Yamazaki D, Boobis A. An evaluation framework for new approach methodologies (NAMs) for human health safety assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Cho SA, Choi M, Park SR, An S, Park JH. Application of Spectro-DPRA, KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT to estimation of the skin sensitization potential of cosmetics ingredients. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:300-312. [PMID: 31680285 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethical issues in animal toxicity testing have led to the search for alternative methods to determine the skin sensitization potential of cosmetic products. The emergence of ethical testing issues has led to the development of many alternative methods that can reliably estimate skin sensitization potentials. However, a single alternative method may not be able to achieve high predictivity due to the complexity of the skin sensitization mechanism. Therefore, several prediction assays, including both in chemico and in vitro test methods, were investigated and integrated based on the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway. In this study, we evaluated three different integrated approaches to predict a human skin sensitization hazard using data from in vitro assays (KeratinoSens™ and human cell line activation test [h-CLAT]), and a newly developed in chemico assay (spectrophotometric direct peptide reactivity assay [Spectro-DPRA]). When the results of the in chemico and in vitro assays were combined, the predictivity of human data increased compared with that of a single assay. The highest predictivity was obtained for the approach in which sensitization potential was determined by Spectro-DPRA followed by final determination using the result of KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT assays (96.3% sensitivity, 87.1% specificity, 86.7% positive predictive value, 96.4% negative predictive value and 91.4% accuracy compared with human data). While further optimization is needed, we believe this integrated approach may provide useful predictive data when determining the human skin sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Cho
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Ra Park
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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In vitro RHE skin sensitisation assays: Applicability to challenging substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Ávila RI, Lindstedt M, Valadares MC. The 21st Century movement within the area of skin sensitization assessment: From the animal context towards current human-relevant in vitro solutions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104445. [PMID: 31430506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a regulatory context, skin sensitization hazard and risk evaluations of manufactured products and their ingredients (e.g. cosmetics) are mandatory in several regions. Great efforts have been made within the field of 21st Century Toxicology to provide non-animal testing approaches to assess the skin allergy potential of materials (e.g. chemicals, mixtures, nanomaterials, particles). Mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization process through the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has promoted the development of in vitro methods, demonstrating accuracies superior to the traditional animal testing. These in vitro testing approaches are based on one of the four AOP key events (KE) of skin sensitization: formation of immunogenic hapten-protein complexes (KE-1 or the molecular initiating event, MIE), inflammatory keratinocyte responses (KE-2), dendritic cell activation (KE-3), and T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation (KE-4). This update provides an overview of the historically used in vivo methods as well as the current in chemico and in cell methods with and without OECD guideline designations to analyze the progress towards human-relevant in vitro test methods for safety assessment of the skin allergenicity potential of materials. Here our focus is to review 96 in vitro testing approaches directed to the KEs of the skin sensitization AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil.
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Steinritz D, Lang S, Popp T, Siegert M, Rothmiller S, Kranawetvogl A, Schmidt A, John H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Kehe K. Skin sensitizing effects of sulfur mustard and other alkylating agents in accordance to OECD guidelines. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:172-180. [PMID: 31404593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicants cause a multitude of cutaneous reactions like erythema, blisters and ulcerations. After exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) and related compounds, patients present dermal symptoms typically known for chemicals categorized as skin sensitizer (e.g. hypersensitivity and flare-up phenomena). However, although some case reports led to the assumption that SM and other alkylating compounds represent sensitizers, a comprehensive investigation of SM-triggered immunological responses has not been conducted so far. Based on a well-structured system of in chemico and in vitro test methods, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) established procedures to categorize agents on their skin sensitizing abilities. In this study, the skin sensitizing potential of SM and three related alkylating agents (AAs) was assessed following the OECD test guidelines. Besides SM, investigated AAs were chlorambucil (CHL), nitrogen mustard (HN3) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The methods are described in detail in the EURL ECVAM DataBase service on ALternative Methods to animal experimentation (DB-ALM). In accordance to OECD recommendations, skin sensitization is a pathophysiological process starting with a molecular initiating step and ending with the in vivo outcome of an allergic contact dermatitis. This concept is called adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP links an adverse outcome to various key events which can be assayed by established in chemico and in vitro test methods. Positive outcome in two out of three key events indicates that the chemical can be categorized as a skin sensitizer. In this study, key event 1 "haptenation" (covalent modification of epidermal proteins), key event 2 "activation of epidermal keratinocytes" and key event 3 "activation of dendritic cells" were investigated. Covalent modification of epidermal proteins measured by using the DPRA-assay provided distinct positive results for all tested substances. Same outcome was seen in the KeratinoSens assay, investigating the activation of epidermal keratinocytes. The h-CLAT assay performed to determine the activation of dendritic cells provided positive results for SM and CEES but not for CHL and HN3. Altogether, following OECD requirements, our results suggest the classification of all investigated substances as skin sensitizers. Finally, a tentative AOP for SM-induced skin sensitization is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Lang
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Popp
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Human Sciences, Bundeswehr University, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy, 80937, Munich, Germany
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48
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Kolle SN, Natsch A, Gerberick GF, Landsiedel R. A review of substances found positive in 1 of 3 in vitro tests for skin sensitization. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:352-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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Mertl E, Riegel E, Glück N, Ettenberger-Bornberg G, Lin G, Auer S, Haller M, Wlodarczyk A, Steurer C, Kirchnawy C, Czerny T. A dual luciferase assay for evaluation of skin sensitizing potential of medical devices. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5089-5102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Schutte RJ, Zhang X, An N, Ostrov DA, Vukmanović S. Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:174-183. [PMID: 30957232 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten-independent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin-sensitizing chemical allergens. METHODS Structural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA-B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays. RESULTS Chemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA-B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA-B*57:01 carriers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that small-molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell-based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin-sensitizing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schutte
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nan An
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
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