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Yang J, Wang YYL, Kazmi SSUH, Mo J, Fan H, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang Z. Evaluation of in vitro toxicity information for zebrafish as a promising alternative for chemical hazard and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162262. [PMID: 36801337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays are widely proposed as a test alternative to traditional in vivo standard acute and chronic toxicity tests. However, whether toxicity information derived from in vitro assays instead of in vivo tests could provide sufficient protection (e.g., 95 % of protection) for chemical risks remain evaluated. To investigate the feasibility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) cell-based in vitro test method as a test alternative, we comprehensively compared sensitivity differences among endpoints, among test methods (in vitro, FET and in vivo), and between zebrafish and rat (Rattus norvegicus), respectively using chemical toxicity distribution (CTD) approach. For each test method involved, sublethal endpoints were more sensitive than lethal endpoints for both zebrafish and rat, respectively. Biochemistry (zebrafish in vitro), development (zebrafish in vivo and FET), physiology (rat in vitro) and development (rat in vivo) were the most sensitive endpoints for each test method. Nonetheless, zebrafish FET test was the least sensitive one compared to its in vivo and in vitro tests for either lethal or sublethal responses. Comparatively, rat in vitro tests considering cell viability and physiology endpoints were more sensitive than rat in vivo test. Zebrafish was found to be more sensitive than rat regardless of in vivo or in vitro tests for each pairwise endpoint of concern. Those findings indicate that zebrafish in vitro test is a feasible test alternative to zebrafish in vivo and FET test and traditional mammalian test. It is suggesting that zebrafish in vitro test can be optimized by choosing more sensitive endpoints, such as biochemistry to provide sufficient protection for zebrafish in vivo test and to establish applications of zebrafish in vitro test in future risk assessment. Our findings are vital for evaluating and further application of in vitro toxicity toxicity information as an alternative for chemical hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hailin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Chang X, Palmer J, Lumen A, Lee UJ, Ceger P, Mansouri K, Sprankle C, Donley E, Bell S, Knudsen TB, Wambaugh J, Cook B, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation for developmental toxicity potency of valproic acid analogues. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1037-1055. [PMID: 35532929 PMCID: PMC9790683 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental toxicity potential (dTP) concentration from the devTOX quickPredict (devTOXqP ) assay, a metabolomics-based human induced pluripotent stem cell assay, predicts a chemical's developmental toxicity potency. Here, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches were applied to address whether the devTOXqP assay could quantitatively predict in vivo developmental toxicity lowest effect levels (LELs) for the prototypical teratogen valproic acid (VPA) and a group of structural analogues. METHODS VPA and a series of structural analogues were tested with the devTOXqP assay to determine dTP concentration and we estimated the equivalent administered doses (EADs) that would lead to plasma concentrations equivalent to the in vitro dTP concentrations. The EADs were compared to the LELs in rat developmental toxicity studies, human clinical doses, and EADs reported using other in vitro assays. To evaluate the impact of different pharmacokinetic (PK) models on IVIVE outcomes, we compared EADs predicted using various open-source and commercially available PK and physiologically based PK (PBPK) models. To evaluate the effect of in vitro kinetics, an equilibrium distribution model was applied to translate dTP concentrations to free medium concentrations before subsequent IVIVE analyses. RESULTS The EAD estimates for the VPA analogues based on different PK/PBPK models were quantitatively similar to in vivo data from both rats and humans, where available, and the derived rank order of the chemicals was consistent with observed in vivo developmental toxicity. Different models were identified that provided accurate predictions for rat prenatal LELs and conservative estimates of human safe exposure. The impact of in vitro kinetics on EAD estimates is chemical-dependent. EADs from this study were within range of predicted doses from other in vitro and model organism data. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of pharmacokinetic considerations when using in vitro assays and demonstrates the utility of the devTOXqP human stem cell-based platform to quantitatively assess a chemical's developmental toxicity potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansasUSA,Present address:
Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and SimulationsAmgenSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Un Jung Lee
- National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansasUSA,Present address:
Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kamel Mansouri
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological MethodsNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureEnvironmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - John Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureEnvironmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological MethodsNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
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Shi Z, Xia M, Xiao S, Zhang Q. Identification of nonmonotonic concentration-responses in Tox21 high-throughput screening estrogen receptor assays. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 452:116206. [PMID: 35988584 PMCID: PMC9452481 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere with the metabolism and actions of endogenous hormones. It has been well documented in numerous in vivo and in vitro studies that EDCs can exhibit nonmonotonic dose response (NMDR) behaviors. Not conforming to the conventional linear or linear-no-threshold response paradigm, these NMDR relationships pose practical challenges to the risk assessment of EDCs. In the meantime, the endocrine signaling pathways and biological mechanisms underpinning NMDR remain incompletely understood. The US Tox21 program has conducted in vitro cell-based high-throughput screening assays for estrogen receptors (ER), androgen receptors, and other nuclear receptors, and screened the 10 K-compound library for potential endocrine activities. Using 15 concentrations across several orders of magnitude of concentration range and run in both agonist and antagonist modes, these Tox21 assay datasets contain valuable quantitative information that can be explored to evaluate the nonlinear effects of EDCs and may infer potential mechanisms. In this study we analyzed the concentration-response curves (CRCs) in all 8 Tox21 ERα and ERβ assays by developing clustering and classification algorithms customized to the datasets to identify various shapes of CRCs. After excluding NMDR curves likely caused by cytotoxicity, luciferase inhibition, or autofluorescence, hundreds of compounds were identified to exhibit Bell or U-shaped CRCs. Bell-shaped CRCs are about 7 times more frequent than U-shaped ones in the Tox21 ER assays. Many compounds exhibit NMDR in at least one assay, and some EDCs well-known for their NMDRs in the literature were also identified, suggesting their nonmonotonic effects may originate at cellular levels involving transcriptional ER signaling. The developed computational methods for NMDR identification in ER assays can be adapted and applied to other high-throughput bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Evaluation of an imaging-based in vitro screening platform for estrogenic activity with OECD reference chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 81:105348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang Z, Wang YYL, Scott WC, Williams ES, Ciarlo M, DeLeo P, Brooks BW. Comparative influences of dermal and inhalational routes of exposure on hazards of cleaning product ingredients among mammalian model organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106777. [PMID: 34314977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Health risks resulting from dermal or inhalational exposures are frequently assessed based on rodent oral toxicity information due to a lack of species- or route-specific toxicity data. Default uncertainty factors (UFs; e.g., 10-fold) are also applied during risk assessments to account for variability such as inter-species, intra-species, exposure duration, dose-response, and route-to-route extrapolations. However, whether rodent oral data and a default UF approach can provide adequate protection for other mammalian species under dermal or inhalational exposure scenarios remains understudied, particularly for cleaning product ingredients. Therefore, we collated and examined publicly available median lethal dose (LD50), no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values from different types of standard mammalian toxicity studies for rats (dermal and inhalational), mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs (oral, dermal and inhalational) using the Cleaning Product Ingredient Safety Initiative (CPISI) database. Probabilistic hazard assessments using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) were subsequently conducted, and threshold concentrations (TCs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were derived to identify thresholds of toxicological concern (TTCs). Relative sensitivities among or between mammalian species, exposure routes, and chemical classes were also compared based on calculated TC5s and 95% CIs to support future toxicology studies and hazard and risk assessments. We then identified uncertainty factors (UFs) using both CTD comparisons and individual UF probability distributional approaches. Based on available rodent inhalational data, chemical category-specific UFs were derived for ethers. Additionally, we also determined whether default UFs of 10 or 100 would be protective for various distributions of cleaning product ingredients. Our novel observations among these routes of exposure and common mammalian model organisms appear particularly useful for read across and screening-level health hazard and risk assessments when limited data exists for specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - W Casan Scott
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Ciarlo
- EA Engineering, Science & Technology, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul DeLeo
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Wang YYL, Li P, Ohore OE, Wang Y, Zhang D, Bai Y, Su T, You J, Jin X, Liu W, Wang Z. Life stage and endpoint sensitivity differences of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to chemicals with various modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117995. [PMID: 34419860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test was proposed as an alternative to the traditional test methods using larval or adult fish. However, whether fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo is appropriate for FET remains uncertain. In the present study, ecological threshold of toxicological concern (ecoTTC) values and uncertainty factors (UFs) for each Verhaar et al. category in P. promelas were identified by employing probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) approach with chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs). The sensitivity among different life stages and toxicity among different mode of actions (MOAs) classes were comprehensively compared by CTD comparisons. The results showed that embryo exhibited the less or similar sensitivity compared to larva or adult for Verhaar et al. MOA classes (1-4) while adults were more sensitive, followed by embryo than larval for non-classified chemicals. Considering growth effect as endpoint to class 1, class 3, and non-classified chemicals on P. promelas embryo and larva was more sensitive than mortality. Non-classified chemicals especially inorganic compounds were most toxic to P. promelas embryo for the four concerned Verharr et al. MOA-specific chemical classes. This study also derived uncertainty factors (UFs) as 26.5 (9.8, 109) for embryo-to-larva, 6.26 (3.94, 11.0) for embryo-to-adult, 15.6 (10.1, 36.1) for mortality-to-growth, and 3.03 (1.86, 7.08) for mortality-to-reproduction, which can be applied for extrapolations of life stage-to-life stage and effect-to-effect to reduce the underestimating and overestimating risk by the use of default UF such as 10, 100 or 1000. Our findings are vital for feasibility of FET test of P. promelas for ecotoxicity testing and ecological risk assessment for chemicals with different MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tenghui Su
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Analytical Technique, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Patterson TJ, Kristofco L, Tiwary AK, Magaw RI, Zemo DA, O'Reilly KT, Mohler RE, Ahn S, Sihota N, Devine CE. Human and Aquatic Toxicity Potential of Petroleum Biodegradation Metabolite Mixtures in Groundwater from Fuel Release Sites. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1634-1645. [PMID: 32418246 PMCID: PMC7496656 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicity to human and aquatic receptors of petroleum fuel biodegradation metabolites (oxygen-containing organic compounds [OCOCs]) in groundwater has been investigated as part of a multi-year research program. Whole mixtures collected from locations upgradient and downgradient of multiple fuel release sites were tested using: 1) in vitro screening assays for human genotoxicity (the gamma-H2AX assay) and estrogenic effects (estrogen receptor transcriptional activation assay), and 2) chronic aquatic toxicity tests in 3 species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Pimephales promelas). In vitro screening assay results demonstrated that the mixtures did not cause genotoxic or estrogenic effects. No OCOC-related aquatic toxicity was observed and when aquatic toxicity did occur, upgradient samples typically had the same response as samples downgradient of the release, indicating that background water quality was impacting the results. This information provides additional support for previous work that focused on the individual compounds and, taken together, indicates that OCOCs from petroleum degradation at fuel release sites are unlikely to cause toxicity to human or freshwater receptors at the concentrations present. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1634-1645. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Alofe O, Kisanga E, Inayat-Hussain SH, Fukumura M, Garcia-Milian R, Perera L, Vasiliou V, Whirledge S. Determining the endocrine disruption potential of industrial chemicals using an integrative approach: Public databases, in vitro exposure, and modeling receptor interactions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104969. [PMID: 31310931 PMCID: PMC6728168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to industrial chemicals has been linked to toxic and carcinogenic effects in animal models and human studies. However, current toxicology testing does not thoroughly explore the endocrine disrupting effects of industrial chemicals, which may have low dose effects not predicted when determining the limit of toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the endocrine disrupting potential of a broad range of chemicals used in the petrochemical sector. Therefore, 139 chemicals were classified for reproductive toxicity based on the United Nations Globally Harmonized System for hazard classification. These chemicals were evaluated in PubMed for reported endocrine disrupting activity, and their endocrine disrupting potential was estimated by identifying chemicals with active nuclear receptor endpoints publicly available databases. Evaluation of ToxCast data suggested that these chemicals preferentially alter the activity of the estrogen receptor (ER). Four chemicals were prioritized for in vitro testing using the ER-positive, immortalized human uterine Ishikawa cell line and a range of concentrations below the reported limit of toxicity in humans. We found that 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) and diethanolamine (DEA) repressed the basal expression of estrogen-responsive genes PGR, NPPC, and GREB1 in Ishikawa cells, while tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and 2,2'-methyliminodiethanol (MDEA) induced the expression of these genes. Furthermore, low-dose combinations of PCE and MDEA produced additive effects. All four chemicals interfered with estradiol-mediated induction of PGR, NPPC, and GREB1. Molecular docking demonstrated that these chemicals could bind to the ligand binding site of ERα, suggesting the potential for direct stimulatory or inhibitory effects. We found that these chemicals altered rates of proliferation and regulated the expression of cell proliferation associated genes. These findings demonstrate previously unappreciated endocrine disrupting effects and underscore the importance of testing the endocrine disrupting potential of chemicals in the future to better understand their potential to impact public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubusayo Alofe
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edwina Kisanga
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Salmaan H Inayat-Hussain
- Department of Product Stewardship and Toxicology, Group Health, Safety, Security and Environment, Petroliam Nasional Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masao Fukumura
- Department of Product Stewardship and Toxicology, Group Health, Safety, Security and Environment, Petroliam Nasional Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Wang Z, Dinh D, Scott WC, Williams ES, Ciarlo M, DeLeo P, Brooks BW. Critical review and probabilistic health hazard assessment of cleaning product ingredients in all-purpose cleaners, dish care products, and laundry care products. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:399-417. [PMID: 30743146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Though numerous chemical ingredients are used in cleaning products, empirical mammalian toxicology information is often limited for many substances. Such limited data inherently presents challenges to environmental health practitioners performing hazard and risk assessments. Probabilistic hazard assessment using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) is an alternative approach for assessments of chemicals when toxicity information is lacking. The CTD concept allows for derivation of thresholds of toxicological concern (TTCs) to predict adverse effect thresholds for mammalian species. Unfortunately, comparative health hazard assessment of cleaning product ingredients in common use categories such as all-purpose cleaners (APC), dish care products (DCP) and laundry care products (LCP) has not been well studied. However, APC, DCP, and LCP are used routinely for household and industrial applications, resulting in residential and industrial occupational exposures. Therefore, we reviewed and then examined hazard information (median lethal dose (LD50), lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)) from different types of standard mammalian toxicity studies for oral toxicity in the rat model from the unique Cleaning Product Ingredient Safety Initiative mammalian toxicology database. Probabilistic distributions (CTDs) were subsequently constructed using LD50, NOAEL and LOAEL data from a specific toxicity study type for all available ingredients in these three use categories. Based on data availability, product type-specific and chemical category-specific CTDs were also generated and compared. For each CTD, threshold concentrations (TCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) at 1st, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles were calculated using the log-normal model. To test whether the common default uncertainty factor (UF) approach (e.g., 3, 10) in mammalian health risk assessment provides sufficient protection, UFs were also derived for LOAEL-to-NOAEL and exposure duration (e.g., subchronic-to-chronic) extrapolations. Relationships between CTDs of acute LD50s and sublethal LOAELs/NOAELs were also examined for acute-to-chronic ratio calculations, which may be useful in extreme circumstances. Results from our critical review and meta-analysis appear particularly useful for hazard and risk practitioners when identifying TTCs for ingredients in product use categories, and other chemical classes. This approach can also support development of regulatory data dossiers through read across, chemical substitutions and screening-level health risk assessments when limited or no empirical toxicity information exists for industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Dinh
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W Casan Scott
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Ciarlo
- EA Engineering, Science & Technology, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul DeLeo
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Wang Z, Brooks BW, Zeng EY, You J. Comparative mammalian hazards of neonicotinoid insecticides among exposure durations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:9-24. [PMID: 30690429 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides have become one of the most widely used insecticides over the past two decades. Recent studies have shown considerable risk of neonicotinoids to beneficial insects, however, their health risks to mammals are still under debate. Limited empirical mammalian toxicity information for neonicotinoids inherently presents challenges to environmental health practitioners performing health hazard and risk assessment. Therefore, we first compiled and examined publicly available hazard data for neonicotinoids, and knowledge gaps on mammals were identified. Probabilistic hazard assessment using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) was subsequently conducted, and initial thresholds of toxicological concern were derived for rat, dog, mouse, and rabbit under comparative experimental scenarios. Using the rat model, for example, oral 5% threshold concentrations (TC5s) of 0.11 (0.02, 0.36) and 0.23 (0.001, 3.2) mg/kg bw/day were estimated using chronic developmental and reproductive no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs), respectively, while acute TC5 of 0.71 (0.25, 1.6) mg/kg bw/day was identified using neurological NOAELs. Comparatively, dermal and inhalational TC5s were estimated as 1583 (1172, 1777) and 451 (294, 615) mg/kg bw/day (equivalent to 486 (322, 622) mg/m3), respectively, using acute median lethal doses. Uncertainty factors (UFs) were also estimated using both CTD comparisons and individual UF probability distribution approaches to test whether rodent oral toxicity information or default 10-fold UF approach can provide sufficient protection for mammals. These initially identified UFs were generally smaller than default values (e.g., 10) employed by regulatory stakeholders, yet larger UFs were occasionally noted. Our findings appear particularly useful for environmental health practitioners when conducting screening-level risk assessment for neonicotinoids, and provide an example for health hazard assessment of pesticides with limited toxicity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Jamarani R, Erythropel HC, Nicell JA, Leask RL, Marić M. How Green is Your Plasticizer? Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E834. [PMID: 30960759 PMCID: PMC6403783 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasticizers are additives that are used to impart flexibility to polymer blends and improve their processability. Plasticizers are typically not covalently bound to the polymers, allowing them to leach out over time, which results in human exposure and environmental contamination. Phthalates, in particular, have been the subject of increasing concern due to their established ubiquity in the environment and their suspected negative health effects, including endocrine disrupting and anti-androgenic effects. As there is mounting pressure to find safe replacement compounds, this review addresses the design and experimental elements that should be considered in order for a new or existing plasticizer to be considered green. Specifically, a multi-disciplinary and holistic approach should be taken which includes toxicity testing (both in vitro and in vivo), biodegradation testing (with attention to metabolites), as well as leaching studies. Special consideration should also be given to the design stages of producing a new molecule and the synthetic and scale-up processes should also be optimized. Only by taking a multi-faceted approach can a plasticizer be considered truly green.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Jamarani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - James A Nicell
- Department of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Richard L Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Milan Marić
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
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12
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Siracusa JS, Yin L, Measel E, Liang S, Yu X. Effects of bisphenol A and its analogs on reproductive health: A mini review. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:96-123. [PMID: 29925041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Known endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be a reproductive toxicant in animal models. Its structural analogs: bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are increasingly being used in consumer products. However, these analogs may exert similar adverse effects on the reproductive system, and their toxicological data are still limited. This mini-review examined studies on both BPA and BPA analog exposure and reproductive toxicity. It outlines the current state of knowledge on human exposure, toxicokinetics, endocrine activities, and reproductive toxicities of BPA and its analogs. BPA analogs showed similar endocrine potencies when compared to BPA, and emerging data suggest they may pose threats as reproductive hazards in animal models. While evidence based on epidemiological studies is still weak, we have utilized current studies to highlight knowledge gaps and research needs for future risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Steven Siracusa
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; ReproTox Biotech LLC, Athens 30602, GA, United States
| | - Emily Measel
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Shenuxan Liang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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13
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Wang Z, Scott WC, Williams ES, Ciarlo M, DeLeo PC, Brooks BW. Identification of novel uncertainty factors and thresholds of toxicological concern for health hazard and risk assessment: Application to cleaning product ingredients. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:357-376. [PMID: 29452931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty factors (UFs) are commonly used during hazard and risk assessments to address uncertainties, including extrapolations among mammals and experimental durations. In risk assessment, default values are routinely used for interspecies extrapolation and interindividual variability. Whether default UFs are sufficient for various chemical uses or specific chemical classes remains understudied, particularly for ingredients in cleaning products. Therefore, we examined publicly available acute median lethal dose (LD50), and reproductive and developmental no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values for the rat model (oral). We employed probabilistic chemical toxicity distributions to identify likelihoods of encountering acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity thresholds for specific chemical categories and ingredients in cleaning products. We subsequently identified thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC) and then various UFs for: 1) acute (LD50s)-to-chronic (reproductive/developmental NOAELs) ratios (ACRs), 2) exposure duration extrapolations (e.g., subchronic-to-chronic; reproductive/developmental), and 3) LOAEL-to-NOAEL ratios considering subacute/acute developmental responses. These ratios (95% CIs) were calculated from pairwise threshold levels using Monte Carlo simulations to identify UFs for all ingredients in cleaning products. Based on data availability, chemical category-specific UFs were also identified for aliphatic acids and salts, aliphatic alcohols, inorganic acids and salts, and alkyl sulfates. In a number of cases, derived UFs were smaller than default values (e.g., 10) employed by regulatory agencies; however, larger UFs were occasionally identified. Such UFs could be used by assessors instead of relying on default values. These approaches for identifying mammalian TTCs and diverse UFs represent robust alternatives to application of default values for ingredients in cleaning products and other chemical classes. Findings can also support chemical substitutions during alternatives assessment, and data dossier development (e.g., read across), identification of TTCs, and screening-level hazard and risk assessment when toxicity data is unavailable for specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W Casan Scott
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - E Spencer Williams
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ciarlo
- EA Engineering, Science & Technology, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul C DeLeo
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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14
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Colón-Cruz L, Kristofco L, Crooke-Rosado J, Acevedo A, Torrado A, Brooks BW, Sosa MA, Behra M. Alterations of larval photo-dependent swimming responses (PDR): New endpoints for rapid and diagnostic screening of aquatic contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:670-680. [PMID: 28934711 PMCID: PMC5681395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection and toxicity assessment of waterborne contaminants are crucial for protecting human health and the environment. Development of easy-to-implement, rapid and cost-effective tools to measure anthropogenic effects on watersheds are critical for responsible management, particularly in times of increasing development and urbanization. Traditionally, environmental toxicology has focused on limited endpoints, such as lethality and fertility, which are directly affecting population levels. However, more sensitive readings are needed to assess sub-lethal effects. Monitoring of contaminant-induced behavior alterations was proposed before, but is difficult to implement in the wild and performing it in aquatic laboratory models seem more suited. For this purpose, we adapted a photo-dependent swimming response (PDR) that was previously described in zebrafish larva. We first asked if PDR was present in other aquatic animals. We measured PDR in larvae from two freshwater prawn species (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, MR, and Macrobrachium carcinus, MC) and from another fish the fathead minnow (FHM, Pimephales promelas). In all, we found a strong and reproducible species-specific PDR, which is arguing that this behavior is important, therefore an environmental relevant endpoint. Next, we measured PDR in fish larvae after acute exposure to copper, a common waterborne contaminant. FHM larvae were hyperactive at all tested concentrations in contrast to ZF larvae, which exhibited a concentration-dependent hyperactivity. In addition to this well-accepted anxiety-like behavior, we examined two more: photo-stimulated startle response (PSSR) and center avoidance (CA). Both were significantly increased. Therefore, PDR measures after acute exposure to this waterborne contaminant provided as sensitive readout for its detection and toxicity assessment. This approach represents an opportunity to diagnostically examine any substance, even when present in complex mixtures like ambient surface waters. Mechanistic studies of toxicity using the extensive molecular tool kit of ZF could be a direct extension of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Colón-Cruz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC), San Juan, PR, USA; Puerto Rico Center for Environmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | - Lauren Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Jonathan Crooke-Rosado
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC), San Juan, PR, USA; Puerto Rico Center for Environmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | - Agnes Acevedo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC), San Juan, PR, USA; Puerto Rico Center for Environmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | - Aranza Torrado
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC), San Juan, PR, USA.
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - María A Sosa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC), San Juan, PR, USA; Puerto Rico Center for Environmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
| | - Martine Behra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR-MSC), San Juan, PR, USA; Puerto Rico Center for Environmental Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.
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15
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Kristofco LA, Brooks BW. Global scanning of antihistamines in the environment: Analysis of occurrence and hazards in aquatic systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:477-487. [PMID: 28325591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of the global population is increasingly occurring in megacities and other developing regions, where access to medicines is increasing more rapidly than waste management systems are implemented. Because freshwater and coastal systems are influenced by wastewater effluent discharges of differential quality, exposures in aquatic systems must be considered. Here, we performed a global scanning assessment of antihistamines (AHs), a common class of medicines, in surface waters and effluents. Antihistamines were identified, literature occurrence and ecotoxicology data on AHs collated, therapeutic hazard values (THVs) calculated, and environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) of AHs compared to ecotoxicity thresholds and drug specific THVs to estimate hazards in surface waters and effluents. Literature searches of 62 different AHs in environmental matrices identified 111 unique occurrence publications of 24 specific AHs, largely from Asia-Pacific, Europe, and North America. However, the majority of surface water (63%) and effluent (85%) observations were from Europe and North America, which highlights relatively limited information from many regions, including developing countries and rapidly urbanizing areas in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Less than 10% of all observations were for estuarine or marine systems, though the majority of human populations reside close to coastal habitats. EED 5th and 95th centiles for all AHs were 2 and 212ng/L in surface water, 5 and 1308ng/L in effluent and 6 and 4287ng/L in influent, respectively. Unfortunately, global hazards and risks of AHs to non-target species remain poorly understood. However, loratadine observations in surface waters exceeded a THV without an uncertainty factor 40% of the time, indicating future research is needed to understand aquatic toxicology, hazards and risks associated with this AH. This unique global scanning study further illustrates the utility of global assessments of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants to identify chemicals requiring toxicology study and regions where environmental monitoring, assessment and management efforts appear limited and necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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16
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Marlatt VL, Martyniuk CJ. Biological responses to phenylurea herbicides in fish and amphibians: New directions for characterizing mechanisms of toxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 194:9-21. [PMID: 28109972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Urea-based herbicides are applied in agriculture to control broadleaf and grassy weeds, acting to either inhibit photosynthesis at photosystem II (phenylureas) or to inhibit acetolactate synthase acetohydroxyacid synthase (sulfonylureas). While there are different chemical formulas for urea-based herbicides, the phenylureas are a widely used class in North America and have been detected in aquatic environments due to agricultural run-off. Here, we summarize the current state of the literature, synthesizing data on phenylureas and their biological effects in two non-target animals, fish and amphibians, with a primary focus on diuron and linuron. In fish, although the acutely lethal effects of diuron in early life stages appear to be >1mg/L, recent studies measuring sub-lethal behavioural and developmental endpoints suggest that diuron causes adverse effects at lower concentrations (i.e. <0.1mg/L). Considerably less toxicity data exist for amphibians, and this is a knowledge gap in the literature. In terms of sub-lethal effects and mode of action (MOA), linuron is well documented to have anti-androgenic effects in vertebrates, including fish. However, there are other MOAs that are not adequately assessed in toxicology studies. In order to identify additional potential MOAs, we conducted in silico analyses for linuron and diuron that were based upon transcriptome studies and chemical structure-function relationships (i.e. ToxCast™, Prediction of Activity Spectra of Substances). Based upon these analyses, we suggest that steroid biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism and pregnane X receptor activation are common targets, and offer some new endpoints for future investigations of phenylurea herbicides in non-target animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 326111, USA; Canadian Rivers Institute, Canada
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17
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Mihaich EM, Schäfers C, Dreier DA, Hecker M, Ortego L, Kawashima Y, Dang ZC, Solomon K. Challenges in assigning endocrine-specific modes of action: Recommendations for researchers and regulators. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:280-292. [PMID: 27976826 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As regulatory programs evaluate substances for their endocrine-disrupting properties, careful study design and data interpretation are needed to distinguish between responses that are truly endocrine specific and those that are not. This is particularly important in regulatory environments where criteria are under development to identify endocrine-disrupting properties to enable hazard-based regulation. Irrespective of these processes, most jurisdictions use the World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety definition of an endocrine disruptor, requiring that a substance is demonstrated to cause a change in endocrine function that consequently leads to an adverse effect in an intact organism. Such a definition is broad, and at its most cautious might capture many general mechanisms that would not specifically denote an endocrine disruptor. In addition, endocrine responses may be adaptive in nature, designed to maintain homeostasis rather than induce an irreversible adverse effect. The likelihood of indirect effects is increased in (eco)toxicological studies that require the use of maximum tolerated concentrations or doses, which must produce some adverse effect. The misidentification of indirect effects as truly endocrine mediated has serious consequences for prompting animal- and resource-intensive testing and regulatory consequences. To minimize the risk for misidentification, an objective and transparent weight-of-evidence procedure based on biological plausibility, essentiality, and empirical evidence of key events in an adverse outcome pathway is recommended to describe the modes of action that may be involved in toxic responses in nontarget organisms. Confounding factors such as systemic toxicity, general stress, and infection can add complexity to such an evaluation and should be considered in the weight of evidence. A recommended set of questions is proffered to help guide researchers and regulators in discerning endocrine and nonendocrine responses. Although many examples provided in this study are based on ecotoxicology, the majority of the concepts and processes are applicable to both environmental and human health assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:280-292. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Mihaich
- Environmental and Regulatory Resources, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David A Dreier
- Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of the Environment & Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lisa Ortego
- Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Keith Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Endocrine Disruption and In Vitro Ecotoxicology: Recent Advances and Approaches. IN VITRO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY - CONCEPTS, APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 157:1-58. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Green JM, Metz J, Lee O, Trznadel M, Takesono A, Brown AR, Owen SF, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. High-Content and Semi-Automated Quantification of Responses to Estrogenic Chemicals Using a Novel Translucent Transgenic Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6536-45. [PMID: 27227508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid embryogenesis, together with genetic similarities with mammals, and the desire to reduce mammalian testing, are major incentives for using the zebrafish model in chemical screening and testing. Transgenic zebrafish, engineered for identifying target gene expression through expression of fluorophores, have considerable potential for both high-content and high-throughput testing of chemicals for endocrine activity. Here we generated an estrogen responsive transgenic zebrafish model in a pigment-free "Casper" phenotype, facilitating identification of target tissues and quantification of these responses in whole intact fish. Using the ERE-GFP-Casper model we show chemical type and concentration dependence for green fluorescent protein (GFP) induction and both spatial and temporal responses for different environmental estrogens tested. We also developed a semiautomated (ArrayScan) imaging and image analysis system that we applied to quantify whole body fluorescence responses for a range of different estrogenic chemicals in the new transgenic zebrafish model. The zebrafish model developed provides a sensitive and highly integrative system for identifying estrogenic chemicals, their target tissues and effect concentrations for exposures in real time and across different life stages. It thus has application for chemical screening to better direct health effects analysis of environmental estrogens and for investigating the functional roles of estrogens in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Green
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Metz
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Okhyun Lee
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Trznadel
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Aya Takesono
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - A Ross Brown
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Tetsuhiro Kudoh
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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20
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Kristofco LA, Cruz LC, Haddad SP, Behra ML, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Age matters: Developmental stage of Danio rerio larvae influences photomotor response thresholds to diazinion or diphenhydramine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:344-354. [PMID: 26431593 PMCID: PMC4968053 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because basic toxicological data is unavailable for the majority of industrial compounds, High Throughput Screening (HTS) assays using the embryonic and larval zebrafish provide promising approaches to define bioactivity profiles and identify potential adverse outcome pathways for previously understudied chemicals. Unfortunately, standardized approaches, including HTS experimental designs, for examining fish behavioral responses to contaminants are rarely available. In the present study, we examined movement behavior of larval zebrafish over 7 days (4-10 days post fertilization or dpf) during typical daylight workday hours to determine whether intrinsic activity differed with age and time of day. We then employed an early life stage approach using the Fish Embryo Test (FET) at multiple developmental ages to evaluate whether photomotor response (PMR) behavior differed with zebrafish age following exposure to diazinon (DZN), a well-studied orthophosphate insecticide, and diphenhydramine (DPH), an antihistamine that also targets serotonin reuptake transporters and the acetylcholine receptor. 72h studies were conducted at 1-4, 4-7 and 7-10dpf, followed by behavioral observations using a ViewPoint system at 4, 7 and 10dpf. Distance traveled and swimming speeds were quantified; nominal treatment levels were analytically verified by isotope-dilution LC-MSMS. Larval zebrafish locomotion displayed significantly different (p<0.05) activity profiles over the course of typical daylight and workday hours, and these time of day PMR activity profiles were similar across ages examined (4-10dpf). 10dpf zebrafish larvae were consistently more sensitive to DPH than either the 4 or 7dpf larvae with an environmentally realistic lowest observed effect concentration of 200ng/L. Though ELS and FET studies with zebrafish typically focus on mortality or teratogenicity in 0-4dpf organisms, behavioral responses of slightly older fish were several orders of magnitude more sensitive to DPH. Our observations highlight the importance of understanding the influence of time of day on intrinsic locomotor activity, and the age-specific hazards of aquatic contaminants to fish behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Luis Colon Cruz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Martine L Behra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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21
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Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Yates BS, Breed CS, Williams ES, Brooks BW. Global Assessment of Bisphenol A in the Environment: Review and Analysis of Its Occurrence and Bioaccumulation. Dose Response 2015; 13:1559325815598308. [PMID: 26674671 PMCID: PMC4674187 DOI: 10.1177/1559325815598308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Because bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical, we examined over 500 peer-reviewed studies to understand its global distribution in effluent discharges, surface waters, sewage sludge, biosolids, sediments, soils, air, wildlife, and humans. Bisphenol A was largely reported from urban ecosystems in Asia, Europe, and North America; unfortunately, information was lacking from large geographic areas, megacities, and developing countries. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic hazard assessments were performed to understand global environmental quality concerns. Exceedances of Canadian Predicted No Effect Concentrations for aquatic life were >50% for effluents in Asia, Europe, and North America but as high as 80% for surface water reports from Asia. Similarly, maximum concentrations of BPA in sediments from Asia were higher than Europe. Concentrations of BPA in wildlife, mostly for fish, ranged from 0.2 to 13 000 ng/g. We observed 60% and 40% exceedences of median levels by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Europe and Asia, respectively. These findings highlight the utility of coordinating global sensing of environmental contaminants efforts through integration of environmental monitoring and specimen banking to identify regions for implementation of more robust environmental assessment and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Lauren A. Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W. Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Brian S. Yates
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S. Breed
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - E. Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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