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Henriquez JE, Badwaik VD, Bianchi E, Chen W, Corvaro M, LaRocca J, Lunsman TD, Zu C, Johnson KJ. From Pipeline to Plant Protection Products: Using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Agrochemical Safety Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10710-10724. [PMID: 38688008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The human population will be approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, and food security has been identified as one of the key issues facing the global population. Agrochemicals are an important tool available to farmers that enable high crop yields and continued access to healthy foods, but the average new agrochemical active ingredient takes more than ten years, 350 million dollars, and 20,000 animals to develop and register. The time, monetary, and animal costs incentivize the use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in early-stage screening to prioritize chemical candidates. This review outlines NAMs that are currently available or can be adapted for use in early-stage screening agrochemical programs. It covers new in vitro screens that are on the horizon in key areas of regulatory concern. Overall, early-stage screening with NAMs enables the prioritization of development for agrochemicals without human and environmental health concerns through a more directed, agile, and iterative development program before animal-based regulatory testing is even considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek D Badwaik
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Chengli Zu
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Kamin J Johnson
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Choksi N, Latorre A, Catalano S, Grivel A, Baldassari J, Pires J, Corvaro M, Silva M, Ogasawara M, Inforzato M, Habe P, Murata R, Stinchcombe S, Kolle SN, Masinja W, Perjessy G, Daniel A, Allen D. Retrospective evaluation of the eye irritation potential of agrochemical formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105543. [PMID: 38081574 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple in vitro eye irritation methods have been developed and adopted as OECD health effects test guidelines. However, for predicting the ocular irritation/damage potential of agrochemical formulations there is an applicability domain knowledge gap for most of the methods. To overcome this gap, a retrospective evaluation of 192 agrochemical formulations with in vivo (OECD TG 405) and in vitro (OECD TG 437, 438, and/or 492) data was conducted to determine if the in vitro methods could accurately assign United Nations Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) eye irritation hazard classifications. In addition, for each formulation the eye irritation classification was derived from the classification of the contained hazardous ingredients and their respective concentration in the product using the GHS concentration threshold (CT) approach. The results herein suggest that the three in vitro methods and the GHS CT approach were highly predictive of formulations that would not require GHS classification for eye irritation. Given most agrochemical formulations fall into this category, methods that accurately identify non-classified agrochemical formulations could significantly reduce the use of animals for this endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Silva
- Iharabras S.A. Indústrias Químicas, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscila Habe
- Sumitomo Chemical Brasil Indústria Química S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - W Masinja
- Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, United Kingdom
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Clippinger AJ, Raabe HA, Allen DG, Choksi NY, van der Zalm AJ, Kleinstreuer NC, Barroso J, Lowit AB. Human-relevant approaches to assess eye corrosion/irritation potential of agrochemical formulations. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:145-167. [PMID: 33830843 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1910291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple in vitro and ex vivo eye irritation and corrosion test methods that are available as internationally harmonized test guidelines for regulatory use. Despite their demonstrated usefulness to a broad range of substances through inter-laboratory validation studies, they have not been widely adopted for testing agrochemical formulations due to a lack of concordance with parallel results from the traditional regulatory test method for this endpoint, the rabbit eye test. The inherent variability of the rabbit test, differences in the anatomy of the rabbit and human eyes, and differences in modelling exposures in rabbit eyes relative to human eyes contribute to this lack of concordance. Ultimately, the regulatory purpose for these tests is protection of human health, and, thus, there is a need for a testing approach based on human biology. This paper reviews the available in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo test methods with respect to their relevance to human ocular anatomy, anticipated exposure scenarios, and the mechanisms of eye irritation/corrosion in humans. Each of the in vitro and ex vivo methods described is generally appropriate for identifying non-irritants. To discriminate among eye irritants, the human three-dimensional epithelial and full thickness corneal models provide the most detailed information about the severity of irritation. Consideration of the mechanisms of eye irritation, and the strengths and limitations of the in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo test methods, show that the in vitro/ex vivo methods are as or more reflective of human biology and less variable than the currently used rabbit approach. Suggestions are made for further optimizing the most promising methods to distinguish between severe (corrosive), moderate, mild and non-irritants and provide information about the reversibility of effects. Also considered is the utility of including additional information (e.g. physical chemical properties), consistent with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's guidance document on an integrated approach to testing and assessment of potential eye irritation. Combining structural and functional information about a test substance with test results from human-relevant methods will ensure the best protection of humans following accidental eye exposure to agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans A Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - David G Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Neepa Y Choksi
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - João Barroso
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Anna B Lowit
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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In vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models for ocular toxicology and ophthalmic drug development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:207-237. [PMID: 33544359 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing of all manufactured products and their ingredients for eye irritation is a regulatory requirement. In the last two decades, the development of alternatives to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test method has substantially advanced due to the improvements in primary cell isolation, cell culture techniques, and media, which have led to improved in vitro corneal tissue models and test methods. Most in vitro models for ocular toxicology attempt to reproduce the corneal epithelial tissue which consists of 4-5 layers of non-keratinized corneal epithelial cells that form tight junctions, thereby limiting the penetration of chemicals, xenobiotics, and pharmaceuticals. Also, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of more complex three-dimensional (3D) equivalents to study wound healing, drug permeation, and bioavailability. This review focuses on in vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models and their utilization in ocular toxicology as well as their application to pharmacology and ophthalmic research. Current human 3D corneal epithelial cell culture models have replaced in vivo animal eye irritation tests for many applications, and substantial validation efforts are in progress to verify and approve alternative eye irritation tests for widespread use. The validation of drug absorption models and further development of models and test methods for many ophthalmic and ocular disease applications is required.
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A new corneal epithelial biomimetic 3D model for in vitro eye toxicity assessment: Development, characterization and applicability. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ko KY, Jeon HL, Kim J, Kim TS, Hong YH, Jeong MK, Park KH, Kim BH, Park S, Jang WH, Cho SA, An S, Cho AR, Yi JS, Kim JY, Kim H, Lee JK, Park KS. Two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods and minimizing the use of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium tests for the evaluation of eye irritation potency of test chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104675. [PMID: 31648046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of single in vitro eye irritation tests, Integrated Approaches to Testing Assessment strategies have been suggested for evaluating eye irritation. This study developed two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods. They were designed in consideration of the solubility property of test chemicals and to use the RhCE tests at final steps. The tiered approach A is composed of the STE, BCOP, HET-CAM or RhCE tests, whereas the tiered approach B is designed to perform simultaneously two in vitro test methods at the first stage and the RhCE test at the final stage. The predictive capacity of the two tiered approaches was estimated using 47 chemicals. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity value of the tiered approach A were 95.7% (45/47), 100% (34/34), and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, whereas those of the tiered approach B were 95.7% (45/47), 97.1% (33/34), and 92.3% (12/13), respectively. The approach A and B were considered to be available methods for distinguishing test chemicals of Category 1 (all 73.3%) and No Category (84.6% and 92.3%), respectively. Especially, the approach B was considered as an efficient method as the Bottom-Up approach, because it predicted correctly test chemicals classified as No Category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yuk Ko
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lyun Jeon
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Hong
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Jeong
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Hyun Park
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Park
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Jang
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Cho
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Yi
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sook Park
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
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Development of a defined approach for eye irritation or serious eye damage for neat liquids based on cosmetics Europe analysis of in vitro RhCE and BCOP test methods. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:100-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Park J, Lee H, Park K. Eye irritation tests of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) using a tissue model of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:e2019004. [PMID: 31286748 PMCID: PMC6620617 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2019004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants including polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and mixtures of chloromethylisothiazolinone/ methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) have been widely used in Korea to prevent microbial growth in the humidifier water, which triggered an outbreak of serious respiratory diseases. In addition to the respiratory syndrome, disease-related symptoms including liver toxicity, asthma, and skin allergies were also found after extensive survey of people exposed to the humidifier disinfectants (HDs). In this study, eye irritation tests were performed based on the Organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) test guidelines 492 using EpiOcularTM which is a tissue model of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium. As results, the raw materials of PHMG (26% as active ingredient) and CMIT/MIT (1.5% as active ingredient) were classified under UN globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemical (GHS) category 1 or category 2. However, aqueous dilutions of raw materials such as market products of HDs that contain 0.13% of PHMG and 0.03% of CMIT/MIT or further dilutions of the market products for humidifier that contain 0.0013% of PHMG and 0.0003% of CMIT/MIT were classified under any category, which suggested absence of eye irritation at the test concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
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Desmedt B, Vanhamme M, Vanhee C, Rogiers V, Deconinck E. Consumer protection provided by the European medical device and cosmetic legislation for condoms and lubricants. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Adriaens E, Verstraelen S, Alépée N, Kandarova H, Drzewiecka A, Gruszka K, Guest R, Willoughby J, Van Rompay A. CON4EI: Development of testing strategies for hazard identification and labelling for serious eye damage and eye irritation of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 49:99-115. [PMID: 28964898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Application of standard cell cultures and 3D in vitro tissue models as an effective tool in drug design and development. Pharmacol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Corvaro M, Gehen S, Andrews K, Chatfield R, Macleod F, Mehta J. A retrospective analysis of in vivo eye irritation, skin irritation and skin sensitisation studies with agrochemical formulations: Setting the scene for development of alternative strategies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:131-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kolle SN, Van Cott A, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Lacking applicability of in vitro eye irritation methods to identify seriously eye irritating agrochemical formulations: Results of bovine cornea opacity and permeability assay, isolated chicken eye test and the EpiOcular™ ET-50 method to classify according to UN GHS. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:33-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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