Sheehy S, Brock M, Palmer JR, Albert MA, Cozier Y, Rosenberg L. Perceived Interpersonal Racism in Relation to Incident Coronary Heart Disease Among Black Women.
Circulation 2024;
149:521-528. [PMID:
38235551 PMCID:
PMC10926238 DOI:
10.1161/circulationaha.123.066471]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Racism is highly prevalent in the United States. Few data exist about whether perceived interpersonal racism is associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
METHODS
We followed 48 305 participants in the Black Women's Health Study through biennial mailed and Internet-based health questionnaires from 1997, when they provided information on perceived interpersonal racism and were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer, until the end of 2019. We averaged participant responses to 5 validated questions about perceived interpersonal racism in everyday activities, such as "people act as if they think you are dishonest." We summed the positive responses to 3 questions about perceived racism in interactions that involved jobs, housing, and police; scores ranged from 0 (no to all) to 3 (yes to all). CHD cases were defined as nonfatal myocardial infarctions confirmed through medical records, fatal cases identified through the National Death Index, and self-reported revascularization events. We used Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for major confounders to estimate hazard ratios (HRs).
RESULTS
During 22 years of follow-up, we identified 1947 incident CHD cases. For women who reported experiences of racism in employment, housing, or involving the police relative to women who reported no such experiences, the age-adjusted HR for CHD was 1.35 (95% CI, 1.13-1.61; Ptrend=0.006), and the multivariable HR for CHD was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.05-1.51; Ptrend=0.05). For women in the highest quartile of perceived interpersonal racism in daily life relative to women in the lowest quartile, the age-adjusted HR for CHD was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07-1.46; Ptrend=0.006). After multivariable adjustment, the HR was attenuated and no longer statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
Perceived experiences of interpersonal racism in employment, in housing, and with the police were associated with higher incidence of CHD among Black women, whereas perceived racism in everyday life was not associated with higher risk.
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