Failure of antireflux surgery: causes and management strategies

Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic redo antireflux surgery in children: A cost-effectiveness study

INTRODUCTION

Robotic-assisted redo fundoplication has some advantages compared to the laparoscopic approach in adults, although to date there are no studies in children.

METHODS

A retrospective case-control study was performed among consecutive children who underwent redo antireflux surgery between 2004 and 2020, divided into two groups: LAF group (laparoscopic redo-fundoplication) and RAF group (robotic-assisted redo-fundoplication). Demographics, clinical, intraoperative, postoperative and economic data were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 24 patients were included (10 LAF group; 14 RAF group) without demographic or clinical differences. The RAF group presented lower intraoperative blood loss (52 ± 19 vs. 145 ± 69 mL; p < 0.021), shorter surgery time (135 ± 39 vs. 179 ± 68 min; p = 0.009) and shorter length of hospital stay (median 3 days [2-4] vs. 5 days [3-7]; p = 0.002). The RAF group presented a higher rate of symptom improvement (85.7% vs. 60%; p = 0.192) and lower overall associated economic costs (25 800$ vs. 45 500$; p = 0.012).

CONCLUSION

Robotic-assisted redo antireflux surgery may offer several benefits over the laparoscopic approach. Prospective studies are still needed.

Esophageal hiatal hernia: risk, diagnosis and management

Esophageal hiatal hernia involves abnormal abdominal entry into thoracic cavity. It is classified based on orientation between esophageal junction and diaphragm. Sliding hiatal hernia (Type-I) comprises the most frequent category, emanating from right crus of diaphragm. Type-II esophageal hernia engages both left and right muscular crura. Type-III and IV additionally include the left crus. Age and increased body mass index are key risk factors, and congenital skeletal aberrations trigger pathogenesis through intestinal malrotations. Familiar manifestations include gastric reflux, nausea, bloating, chest and epigastric discomfort, pharyngeal and esophageal expulsion and dysphagia. Weight loss and colorectal bleeding are severe symptoms. Areas covered: This review summarizes updated evidence of pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management of hiatal hernias. Laparoscopy and oesophagectomy procedures have been discussed as surgical procedures. Expert commentary: Endoscopy identifies untreatable gastric reflux; radiology is better for pre-operative assessments; manometry measures esophageal peristalsis, and CT scanning detects gastric volvulus and associated organ ruptures. Gastric reflux disease is mitigated using antacids and proton pump and histamine-2-receptor blockers. Severe abdominal penetration into chest cavity demands surgical approaches. Hence, esophagectomy has chances of post-operative morbidity, while minimally invasive laparoscopy entails fewer postoperative difficulties and better visualization of hernia and related vascular damages.

Primary and Redo Antireflux Surgery: Outcomes and Lessons Learned

INTRODUCTION

Some patients require one or more reoperative interventions after undergoing primary antireflux surgery (ARS). We compared outcomes after primary and reoperative ARS.

METHODS

We queried a prospectively maintained database to identify patients who underwent ARS from September 23, 2003 to May 28, 2016. Patients were categorized into four groups: A (primary ARS), B (first reoperative ARS), C (second reoperative ARS), or D (≥ third reoperative ARS). Patients completed follow-up foregut symptom surveys and satisfaction questionnaires at regular intervals.

RESULTS

In total, 940 patients were studied (A: n = 545, B: n = 302, C: n = 80, D: n = 13). Age, sex, and BMI were comparable across groups. Heartburn was the most common preoperative symptom in A, whereas dysphagia was more common in B-D. Open approach, mean operative time, and mean blood loss increased from A to D (P < 0.05), as did need for Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Vagal injury (2-19-33-54%; P < 0.05), visceral perforation (2-20-36-23%; P < 0.05), postoperative leak (0.2-2-6-8%; P < 0.05 A vs. all), and morbidity (2-10-14-39%; P < 0.05) also increased from A to D. At mean follow-up of 36 months, the proportion of patients who reported no significant symptoms, excellent satisfaction, and likeliness to recommend this surgery to a friend progressively declined with each successive reintervention (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Complications and patient-reported outcomes worsen with each reoperative ARS.

Short- and Long-Term, 11-22 Years, Results after Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication in Obese versus Nonobese Patients

BACKGROUND

Some studies suggest that obesity is associated with a poor outcome after Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (LNF), whereas others have not replicated these findings. The effect of body mass index (BMI) on the short- and long-term results of LNF is investigated.

METHODS

Inclusion criteria were only patients who undergone a LNF with at least 11-year follow-up data available, patients with preoperative weight and height data available for calculation of BMI (Kg/m2), and patients with a BMI up to a maximum of 34.9.

RESULTS

201 patients met the inclusion criteria: 43 (21.4%) had a normal BMI, 89 (44.2%) were overweight, and 69 (34.4%) were obese. The operation was significantly longer in obese patients; the use of drains and graft was less in the normal BMI group (p < 0.0001). The hospital stay, conversion (6,4%), and intraoperative and early postoperative complications were not influenced by BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

BMI does not influence short-term outcomes following LNF, but long-term control of reflux in obese patients is worse than in normal weight subjects.

Unilateral versus bilateral wrap crural fixation in laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for children

Introduction:

Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is common in neurologically impaired (NI) children. Fundoplication and gastrostomy have previously been indicated in NI children with GERD who have not responded to medical treatment. The most common reason for fundoplication failure is intrathoracic migration of the wrap.

Objective:

The aim of the study is to measure the effect of wrap fixation on the final outcome of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in NI children.

Patients and Methods:

A retrospective file review was conducted for all NI children who underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in 2 tertiary pediatric surgery centers in the United Arab Emirates from February 15, 2006 to February 15, 2013. Redo fundoplication patients were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 in which the fundoplication wrap was fixed to the right crus only, and group 2 in which the wrap was fixed to the right and left crus simultaneously.

Results:

The study population included 68 patients; there were 47 male and 21 female children. Mean age at time of surgery was 8.2 years. Recurrent GERD at 1 year postoperatively was 26% versus 7% in group 1 and group 2, respectively, by upper contrast study. Redo surgery was required in 21% versus 3% in group 1 and group 2, respectively.

Conclusions:

Bilateral fixation of the wrap to diaphragmatic crura significantly reduced recurrent GERD, in laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for neurologically impaired children, with no increased risk of morbidities. Future prospective studies should be conducted with larger patient populations and longer follow-up periods.

Endoscopic clipping of the Z-line (CMZL) helps recognize anatomical failures after Nissen fundoplication: technical report of a new method

Introduction

Nearly 15% of patients after laparoscopic antireflux surgery experience recurrence of symptoms or develop new gastrointestinal symptoms. Some of them require redo procedures. It can be demanding to reveal anatomical failure after previous fundoplication.

Aim

To present a method which assists in recognition of anatomical failures after Nissen fundoplication.

Material and methods

Five patients with previous laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and severe gastrointestinal symptoms were included in this study. During the esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) two radiopaque metal clips were placed to mark the Z-line (“clips-marked Z-line” – CMZL). It was done to achieve precise visualization of the gastroesophageal junction area in the video contrast investigation. Distinctions between conclusions after the EGDS, ordinary video contrast investigation, video contrast investigation with CMZL and intraoperative findings were analyzed.

Results

All patients underwent laparoscopic refundoplication with good postoperative results. There were 4 cases misdiagnosed by contrast investigation without clips and four cases misdiagnosed by EGDS. Endoscopic clipping helped to recognize correctly all anatomical failures.

Conclusions

Applying CMZL as a routine investigation before redo fundoplication can reduce frequency of misdiagnosis and help to perform redo fundoplication in appropriate patients, but it requires further studies on larger cohorts of patients.

Evaluation and management of patients with symptoms after anti-reflux surgery

Over the past two decades, there has been an increase in the number of anti-reflux operations being performed. This is mostly due to the use of laparoscopic techniques, the increasing prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the population, and the increasing unwillingness of patients to take acid suppressive medications for life. Laparoscopic fundoplication is now widely available in both academic and community hospitals, has a limited length of stay and postoperative recovery time, and is associated with excellent outcomes in carefully selected patients. Although the operation has low mortality and postoperative morbidity, it is associated with late postoperative complications, such as gas bloat syndrome, dysphagia, diarrhea, and recurrent GERD symptoms. This review summarizes the diagnostic evaluation and appropriate management of such postoperative complications. If a reoperation is needed, it should be performed by experienced foregut surgeons.

Identification of preoperative risk factors for persistent postoperative dysphagia after laparoscopic antireflux surgery

BACKGROUND

Postoperative dysphagia is common after antireflux surgery and generally runs a self-limiting course. Nevertheless, part of these patients report long-term dysphagia. Inadequate surgical technique is a well documented cause of this result.

AIM

This retrospective study evaluated the preoperative risk factors not surgery-related for persistent dysphagia after primary laparoscopic antireflux surgery.

METHODS

Patients who underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery by the modified technique of Nissen were evaluated in the preoperative period retrospectively. Postoperative severity of dysphagia was evaluated prospectively using a stantardized scale. Dysphagia after six weeks were defined as persistent. Statistical tests of association and logistic regression were used to identify risk factors associated with persistent dysphagia.

RESULTS

A total of 55 patients underwent primary antireflux surgery by a single surgeon team. Of these, 25 patients had preoperative dysphagia (45,45%). Persistent postoperaive dysphagia was reported by 20 (36,36%). Ten patients (18,18%) required postoperative endoscopic dilatation for dysphagia. There was statistical association between satisfaction with surgery and postoperative dysphagia and requiring the use of antireflux medication after the procedure; and between preoperative dysphagia and postoperative dysphagia. Logistic regression identified significant preopertive dysphagia as risk factor for persistent postoperative dysphagia. No correlations were found with preoperative manometry.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with significant preoperative dysphagia were more likely to report persistent postoperative dysphagia. This study confirms that the current manometric criteria used to define esophageal dysmotility are not reliable to identify patients at risk for post-fundoplication dysphagia. Minucious review of the clinical history about the presence and intensity of preoperative dysphagia is important in the selection of candidates for antireflux surgery.

Reoperation rates after laparoscopic fundoplication

INTRODUCTION

Current literature on redo antireflux surgery has limitations due to small sample size or single center experiences. This study aims to evaluate the reoperation rate of laparoscopic fundoplication in a large population database.

METHODS

A longitudinal version of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database from 1995 to 2010 was used. Inclusion criteria were patients who received a laparoscopic fundoplication for uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or hiatal hernia. Patients were excluded if they had complications of GERD, esophageal or gastric cancer, prior esophageal or gastric surgery, vagotomy, esophageal dysmotility, and diaphragmatic hernia with gangrene or obstruction. The outcome was reoperation, specified as another fundoplication or reversal. Analysis was carried out via a Kaplan-Meier plot, hazard curve, and multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race, gender, comorbidities, insurance status, hospital teaching status, and year of procedure.

RESULTS

13,050 patients were included in the study. The 5 and 10-year cumulative reoperation rates were 5.2 % (95 % CI 4.8-5.7%) and 6.9 % (95 % CI 6.1-7.9%), respectively. Of these reoperations, 30 % were performed at a different hospital from that of the initial fundoplication. Reoperation rate was highest at 1 year post-operatively (1.7 % per year), and steadily declined until 4 years post-operatively, after which it remained at approximately 0.5 % per year. Multivariate analysis demonstrated significantly higher rates of reoperation among younger patients (HR = 3.56 for <30yo; HR = 1.89 for 30-50yo; HR = 1.65 for 50-65yo) and female patients (HR = 1.35).

CONCLUSIONS

Nearly one third of reoperations after failed laparoscopic fundoplication occur at a hospital different from the initial operation, which raises concern that existing literature does not reflect the true reoperation rate. The reoperation rate is highest in the first year postoperatively. The reasons for the higher rate of reoperation in females and younger patients remain unclear and warrant further study.

MRI patterns of Nissen fundoplication: normal appearance and mechanisms of failure

PURPOSE

The purpose of the study was to assess the role of MR fluoroscopy in the evaluation of post-surgical conditions of Nissen fundoplication due to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

METHODS

A total of 29 patients (21 patients with recurrent/persistent symptoms and eight asymptomatic patients as the control group) underwent MRI of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ) at 1.5 T. Bolus transit of a buttermilk-spiked gadolinium mixture was evaluated with T2-weighted half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) and dynamic gradient echo sequences (B-FFE) in three planes. The results of MRI were compared with intraoperative findings, or, if the patients were treated conservatively, with endoscopy, manometry, pH-metry and barium swallow.

RESULTS

MRI was able to determine the position of fundoplication wrap in 27/29 cases (93% overall accuracy) and to correctly identify 4/6 malpositions (67%), as well as all four wrap disruptions. All five stenoses in the GEJ were identified and could be confirmed intraoperatively or during dilatation. MRI correctly visualized three cases with motility disorders, which were manometrically confirmed as secondary achalasia. Three patients showed signs of recurrent reflux without anatomical failure.

CONCLUSION

MRI is a promising diagnostic method to evaluate morphologic integrity of Nissen fundoplication and functional disorders after surgery.

KEY POINTS

MRI offers simultaneous morphological and functional imaging in one diagnostic method. MR fluoroscopy offers the possibility to identify the wrap position. MRI enables a non-invasive diagnosis, providing detailed information for the surgeon.

Surgical treatment of GERD: where have we been and where are we going?

Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease has evolved from relatively invasive procedures requiring open laparotomy or thoracotomy to minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques. Although side effects may still occur, with careful patient selection and good technique, the overall symptomatic control leads to satisfaction rates in the 90% range. Unfortunately, the next evolution to endoluminal techniques has not been as successful. Reliable devices are still awaited that consistently produce long-term symptomatic relief with correction of pathologic reflux. However, newer laparoscopically placed devices hold promise in achieving equivalent symptomatic relief with fewer side effects. Clinical trials are still forthcoming.

Radiologic and endoscopic characteristics of laparoscopic antireflux wrap: correlation with outcome

After antireflux surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 10% to 15% of patients may have unsuccessful results as a result of abnormal restoration of the esophagogastric junction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postoperative endoscopic and radiologic characteristics of the antireflux barrier and their correlation with the postoperative results. After surgery, endoscopic and radiologic features of the antireflux wrap were evaluated in 120 consecutive patients. Jobe's classification of the postoperative valve was used for the definition of a "normal" or "defective" wrap. Patients were evaluated 3 to 5 years later in order to determine the clinical and objective failed fundoplication. A "normal" antireflux wrap was associated with successful results in 81.7% of the patients. On the contrary, defective radiologic or endoscopic antireflux wrap was observed in 19% of cases. Among these patients, hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter was observed in 50% to 65% of patients, abnormal 24-hour pH monitoring in 91%, and recurrent postoperative erosive esophagitis in 50% of patients, respectively (P < 0.001). "Defective" antireflux fundoplication is associated with recurrent reflux symptoms, presence of endoscopic esophagitis, hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter, and abnormal acid reflux.

Evaluation of laparoscopic management of recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease and hiatal hernia: long term results and evaluation of changing trends

INTRODUCTION

Recurrent gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) following fundoplication remains a common problem. This study evaluates a long-term experience with laparoscopic management of these cases.

METHODS

From January 1994 to December 2012, 252 patients with recurrent GERD underwent a laparoscopic redo Nissen (LRN) fundoplication with average age of 6.8years. Eighty-four had previous open fundoplications and 144 previous LNRs. Thirty-two had more than one previous fundoplication.

RESULTS

All procedures were completed laparoscopically. The average operative time was 82min. The intra-operative complication rate was 5.1%, the most common being a gastrostomy during the mobilization. The average time to full feeds was 1.4days, and the average hospital stay was 1.6days. The post-operative complication rate was 3.6%. The wrap failure rate was 6.2%. The most common cause of wrap failure was H/H, with increasing incidence of slipped wrap during the second half. The highest recurrence rate was in patients receiving their LNR before 4months of age.

CONCLUSIONS

Redo Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is safe and effective, with the same benefits as a primary laparoscopic Nissen, with low morbidity and quick recovery. A change in the etiology of recurrence suggests that there is a failure to adequately identify and mobilize the GE junction in laparoscopic cases.

Evaluation of gastrectomy in patients with delayed gastric emptying after antireflux surgery or large hiatal hernia repair

BACKGROUND

Revision antireflux surgery and large hiatal hernia repair require extensive dissection at the gastroesophageal junction. This may lead to troublesome symptoms due to delayed gastric emptying, eventually requiring gastrectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of gastrectomy for severely delayed gastric emptying after large hiatal hernia repair or redo antireflux surgery.

METHODS

Eleven patients were treated between 1995 and 2010 and entered in the study. Preoperative and operative data were retrospectively collected. Standardized questionnaires were sent to all of the patients to evaluate symptomatic outcome.

RESULTS

The primary intervention was Nissen fundoplication in nine patients, Toupet fundoplication in one, and cruroplasty in another. The repairs were for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease in five patients and a symptomatic large hiatal hernia in six. Subsequent gastrectomy was partial in four patients, subtotal in six, and total in one. There was one minor postoperative complication. After a mean (±SD) duration of 102 ± 59 months, nine patients were available for symptomatic follow-up. Eight patients experienced daily symptoms related to dumping. Daily symptoms indicative of delayed gastric emptying were present in seven patients at follow-up. Mean general quality of life was increased from 3.8 ± 2.2 before gastrectomy to 5.4 ± 1.8 at follow-up. Eight patients reported gastrectomy as worthwhile.

CONCLUSION

Gastrectomy after previous antireflux surgery or large hiatal hernia repair is safe with the potential to improve quality of life. Although upper gastrointestinal symptoms tend to persist, gastrectomy can be considered a reasonable, last-resort surgical option for alleviating upper gastrointestinal symptoms after this kind of surgery.

Two decades of experience with laparoscopic nissen fundoplication in infants and children: a critical evaluation of indications, technique, and results

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease has become a common procedure performed in infants and children over the last 20 years. This report describes a 20-year experience with nearly 2000 consecutive laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

With Institutional Review Board approval, the data of all patients undergoing fundoplication from 1992 to 2011 were reviewed. Data were kept prospectively from the time of first encounter with each patient. Ages ranged from 5 days to 18 years, and weight ranged from 1.2 to 120 kg. The 2008 fundoplications were performed by or under the direct supervision of a single surgeon. Patients were divided into groups based on age: <6 months, 6-12 months, 1-6 years, and >6 years. Data on indications, surgical demographics, postoperative course including any complications, and long-term follow-up were kept prospectively on each patient.

RESULTS

Average operative time dropped dramatically from 109 minutes for the first 30 cases compared with 35 minutes for the last 30. Of the 283 procedures that were redo fundoplications, 85 patients had had previous open surgery, and 198 cases had had previous laparoscopic surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were 0.13% and 4.0%, respectively, in the primary group but were 2.2% and 4.2%, respectively, in the redo group. Average time to discharge post-fundoplication for the primary group was 1.1 days. The overall wrap failure rate for primary fundoplications was 4.6% and was highest in the <6-month age group. The failure rate in the redo group was 6.8%. The most common causes of wrap failure were hiatal hernia (46%) and slipped Nissen (34%).

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows in a large operative experience over 20 years that laparoscopic fundoplication is safe and effective in the pediatric population. Technical considerations are paramount to improved outcomes, and key points include adequate creation of intraabdominal esophagus, limited hiatal dissection, creation of a tension-free and appropriate orientation, and positioning of the wrap. Clinical results are favorable to the traditional open fundoplication but with a significant decrease in morbidity and hospitalization. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication should be considered the gold standard for antireflux procedures.

Impaired postoperative EGJ relaxation as a determinant of post laparoscopic fundoplication dysphagia: a study with high-resolution manometry before and after surgery

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic fundoplication (FP) reduces gastroesophageal reflux (GER) efficiently. Dysphagia is its main complication, but no clear data have been published in literature to evaluate risk factors associated with it. The goal of this retrospective study was to identify factors associated with dysphagia occurring after FP for GER disease, with high-resolution manometry (HRM) performed before and after surgery.

METHODS

Twenty patients (11 women; mean age, 49 (range, 19-68 years) underwent HRM before and 2-3 months after laparoscopic Nissen-Rossetti FP. Analysis was performed with esophageal pressure topography according to the Chicago Classification.

RESULTS

Before FP, ten patients had a manometric hiatal hernia (none after FP). Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressures increased after surgery (p < 0.01). Bolus pressurization was present in 2% of all swallows before FP and in 22% after (p = 0.01). Postoperative bolus pressurization percentage was significantly correlated with EGJ relaxation as measured with integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) (r = 0.79, p < 0.01). Eight patients reported dysphagia after FP. The only pre- or post-operative parameter significantly associated with dysphagia was postoperative IRP (5.1 mmHg without vs. 10.3 with dysphagia, p < 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

FP establishes an efficient antireflux mechanism by correcting hiatal hernia and increasing EGJ pressures. EGJ relaxation as measured by IRP is significantly altered after surgery, leading to more frequent motility disorders, and bolus pressurization. Postoperative dysphagia was associated with higher values of IRP.

The impact of fibrin glue in the prevention of failure after Nissen fundoplication

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Good long term result after Nissen fundoplication is achieved in most of the patients in specialized centres. Still failure occurs in some cases and reoperation after failed conservative treatment is done in 3-6% of the cases. Reoperation is more dangerous and results worse than after primary fundoplication. Therefore we wanted to analyze factors related to failure of Nissen fundoplication with special emphasis on utilization of crural closure, anchor-ing of the fundic wrap and the use of fibrin glue.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients records of 258 patients were analyzed by an independent ob-server. Defective fundic wrap, recurrent oesophagitis and hiatal hernia were defined as failure.

RESULTS

Failure after Nissen fundoplication was found in 29 patients (14.9%). Crural closure (p = 0.021), anchoring of the wrap (p = 0.020) and fibrin glue (p = 0.029) decreased the incidence of failure. However, only crural closure (p = 0.010) and fibrin glue (p = 0.019) were independent factors in the prevention of failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Fibrin glue as a new method might be worth utilizing to further decrease the incidence of failure after Nissen fundoplication. Because our study was retrospective, prospective randomized study should be performed before universal use of fibrin glue in the prevention of failure after fundoplication.

Barrett's esophagus: surgical treatments

The following on surgical treatments for Barrett's esophagus includes commentaries on the indications for antireflux surgery after medical treatment; the effects of the various procedures on the lower esophageal sphincter; the role of impaired esophageal motility and delayed gastric emptying in the choice of the surgical procedure; indications for associated highly selective vagotomy, duodenal switch, and gastric electrical stimulation; therapeutic strategies for detection and treatment of shortened esophagus; the role of antireflux surgery on the regression of metaplastic mucosa and the risk of malignant progression; the detection of asymptomatic reflux brfore bariatric surgery; the role of non-GERD symptoms on the results of surgery; and the indications of Collis gastroplasty and choice of the type of fundoplication.

Robotic redo fundoplication for incompetent wrapping after antireflux surgery: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is high. antireflux surgery with specific indications could be an option. Nissen fundoplication is the most popular surgical procedure for GERD, and recent results using laparoscopy have reported excellent short- and mid-term results. Regarding surgical outcome of antireflux surgery, the rate of complications has been reported as below 2.4%, but rare cases still require reoperation.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 53-year old male patient underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication three years ago owing to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) troubled by dysphagia and heartburn However, despite undergoing surgery, his symptoms did not show improvement .A robotic redo fundoplication was planned. The patient recovered uneventfully, and the esophagography on postoperative day four revealed improvement of previous upward contrast reflux and distension of the distal esophagus during swallowing had disappeared. Dysphagia and heartburn had still not occurred at one year follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Redo antireflux surgery for postoperative stricture is not an easy procedure due to postoperative adhesion and anatomical change. Robotic surgery may be more helpful for precise dissection of the adhesion site by a previous operation and robotic suturing for re-fundoplication was more effective.

CONCLUSION

Re-do fundoplication using a robot, which is a complicated procedure compared with primary anti-reflux surgery would be a general procedure in the near future.

Simple suture or prosthesis hiatal closure in laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia: a retrospective cohort study

Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) involves removal of the hernia sac, cruroplasty, and fundoplication. Mesh application to cruroplasty seems to reduce hernia recurrence rate, but may be associated with dysphagia. The aim of the study was to review the clinical and laboratory outcomes of a series of patients with PEH after laparoscopic repair. Patients with PEH, who had laparoscopic repair and 1-year postoperative follow-up, were included in the study. Pre- and postoperative testing included symptom questionnaires, barium esophagogram, pH-monitoring, barium swallow testing. In the first half cases, suturing of large hernia gaps was reinforced with prosthesis (PR), whereas in the second half only suture cruroplasty (SC) was performed. Sixty-eight patients (36 male) with PEH were included in the study. There were no conversions to open. Postoperatively, dysphagia grading was significantly correlated to esophageal transit time (P < 0.001). There were seven recurrences; one paraesophageal and six wrap migrations. Also, four cases with stenosis were identified all in the PR group. Dysphagia was more common (P= 0.05) and esophageal transit more delayed (P= 0.034) after PR than after SC. Two revisions, one for esophageal stenosis and one for recurrent PEH, derived from the SC group. Reflux was more common after Toupet fundoplication than after Nissen fundoplication (NF) (P= 0.031) in patients with impaired esophageal motility. Laparoscopic repair of PEH with SC is associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes and low rate of wrap migration, at least similar to PR hiatal repair. NF is effective as an antireflux procedure in all cases.

Identification of risk factors for postoperative dysphagia after primary anti-reflux surgery

BACKGROUND

Transient postoperative dysphagia is not uncommon after antireflux surgery and usually runs a self-limiting course. However, a subset of patients report long-term dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for persistent postoperative dysphagia at 1 year after surgery.

METHODS

All patients who underwent antireflux surgery were entered into a prospectively maintained database. After obtaining institutional review board approval, the database was queried to identify patients who underwent primary antireflux surgery and were at least 1 year from surgery. Postoperative severity of dysphagia was evaluated using a standardized questionnaire (scale 0-3). Patients with scores of 2 or 3 were defined as having significant dysphagia.

RESULTS

A total of 316 consecutive patients underwent primary antireflux surgery by a single surgeon. Of these, 219 patients had 1 year postoperative symptom data. Significant postoperative dysphagia at 1 year was reported by 19 (9.1%) patients. Thirty-eight patients (18.3%) required postoperative dilation for dysphagia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preoperative dysphagia (odds ratio (OR), 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-15.5; p = 0.023) and preoperative delayed esophageal transit by barium swallow (OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 1.6-42.2; p = 0.012) as risk factors for postoperative dysphagia. Female gender was a risk factor for requiring dilation during the early postoperative period (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3-10.2; p = 0.016). No correlations were found with preoperative manometry. There also was no correlation between a need for early dilation and persistent dysphagia at 1 year of follow-up (p = 0.109).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with preoperative dysphagia and delayed esophageal transit on preoperative contrast study were significantly more likely to report moderate to severe postoperative dysphagia 1 year after antireflux surgery. This study confirms that the manometric criteria used to define esophageal dysmotility are not reliable to identify patients at risk for postfundoplication dysphagia, and that there is need for standardization of contrast swallow assessment of esophageal function.

Outcomes after esophagectomy in patients with prior antireflux or hiatal hernia surgery

BACKGROUND

Esophagectomy is indicated occasionally for the treatment of patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or recurrent hiatus hernia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of previous gastroesophageal operations on outcomes after esophagectomy for recurrent GERD or hiatus hernia.

METHODS

Using a prospectively accumulated database, a retrospective review was performed to identify patients undergoing esophagectomy for complicated GERD or hiatus hernia. Mortality, perioperative and functional outcomes, and need for reoperation were evaluated, assessing esophagectomy patients who had undergone prior operations for GERD or hiatus hernia.

RESULTS

Of 258 patients with GERD or hiatus hernia undergoing esophagectomy, 104 had undergone a previous operation, with a median interval to esophagectomy of 28 months. Transhiatal resection was accomplished in fewer patients undergoing reoperation (87 of 104 versus 151 of 154; p<0.005). A gastric conduit was used as an esophageal replacement in fewer patients with previous operation(s) (89 of 104 versus 150 of 154; p<0.005). Esophagectomy patients with a history of prior gastroesophageal surgery, as compared with those without, sustained more blood loss and were more likely to require reoperation, and fewer reported good to excellent swallowing function (p<0.05). There was no difference in the occurrence of anastomotic leak.

CONCLUSIONS

Esophagectomy in patients who have undergone prior operations for either GERD or hiatus hernia can be accomplished without thoracotomy and with satisfactory intermediate-term quality of life. Such patients should be evaluated and prepared for the use of alternative conduits should the remobilized stomach prove to be an unsatisfactory esophageal substitute at the time of esophagectomy.

Failed laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery and indications for revision. A retrospective study

Revisional anti-reflux surgery is required in certain patients for either early post-operative complications or recurrence of their original symptoms. The aim of this study is to review our revisional surgeries, learn the lessons and to highlight the treatment options for recurrent gastrooesophageal symptoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three hundred and fifty one patients underwent laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery through January 2000 to March 2006 at our minimal access unit. Thirty-seven patients were diagnosed with failure of anti-reflux surgery. Patient's data and follow up were retrieved from medical records. All recurrences were investigated for underlying cause and their managements were planned accordingly.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven (10.54%) patients who developed early post-operative complications or recurrence of gastroesophageal symptoms were 25 women and 12 men. Heartburn was the commonest recurrent symptom. The majority of failures occurred in the first two years. Fourteen patients underwent revisional surgery while 23 patients were treated with acid reducing medications and showed a good response. The re-operation rate is 3.98%. There was no mortality and the total morbidity rate for revisional surgery is 7.14%.

CONCLUSION

Early surgical complications of the initial procedures are managed by revisional surgery and the results were satisfactory provided these complications are detected early. Chronic failure of anti-reflux surgery can be managed by revisional surgery or medications depending on clinical symptoms and patients preference.

Anatomical failure following laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS): does it really matter?

INTRODUCTION

Failure rates of laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) vary from 2-30%. A degree of anatomical failure is common, and the most common failure is intrathoracic wrap herniation. We have assessed anatomical integrity of the crural repair and wrap using marking Liga clips placed at the time of surgery and compared this with symptomatic outcome.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective study was undertaken on 50 patients who underwent LARS in a single centre over a 3-year period. Each had an X-ray on the first postoperative day and a barium swallow at 6 months at which the distance was measured between the marking Liga clips. An increase in interclip distance of > 25-49% was deemed 'mild separation', and an increase of > 50% 'moderate separation'. Patients completed a standardised symptom questionnaire at 6 months.

RESULTS

At 6 months' postoperatively, 22% had mild separation of the crural repair with a mean Visick score of 1.18, and 54% had moderate separation with a mean Visick score of 1.26. Mild separation of the wrap occurred in 28% with a mean Visick score of 1.21 and 22% moderate separation with a mean Visick score of 1.18. Three percent had mild separation of both the crural repair and wrap with a mean Visick score of 1.0, and 16% moderate separation with a mean Visick score of 1.13. Of patients, 14% had evidence of some degree of failure on barium swallow but only one of these was significant intrathoracic migration of the wrap which was symptomatic and required re-do surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of some form of anatomical failure, as determined by an increase in the interclip distance, is high at 6 months' postoperatively following LARS. However, this does not seem to correlate with a subjective recurrence of symptoms.

Surgical reintervention after failed antireflux surgery: a systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Outcome and morbidity of redo antireflux surgery are suggested to be less satisfactory than those of primary surgery. Studies reporting on redo surgery, however, are usually much smaller than those of primary surgery. The aim of this study was to summarize the currently available literature on redo antireflux surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A structured literature search was performed in the electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

RESULTS

A total of 81 studies met the inclusion criteria. The study design was prospective in 29, retrospective in 15, and not reported in 37 studies. In these studies, 4,584 reoperations in 4,509 patients are reported. Recurrent reflux and dysphagia were the most frequent indications; intraoperative complications occurred in 21.4% and postoperative complications in 15.6%, with an overall mortality rate of 0.9%. The conversion rate in laparoscopic surgery was 8.7%. Mean(+/-SEM) duration of surgery was 177.4 +/- 10.3 min and mean hospital stay was 5.5 +/- 0.5 days. Symptomatic outcome was successful in 81.1% and was equal in the laparoscopic and conventional approach. Objective outcome was obtained in 24 studies (29.6%) and success was reported in 78.3%, with a slightly higher success rate in case of laparoscopy than with open surgery (85.8% vs. 78.0%).

CONCLUSION

This systematic review on redo antireflux surgery has confirmed that morbidity and mortality after redo surgery is higher than after primary surgery and symptomatic and objective outcome are less satisfactory. Data on objective results were scarce and consistency with regard to reporting outcome is necessary.

[Hiatus hernia and recurrence : the Achilles heel of antireflux surgery?]

Long-term studies show good postoperative results after laparoscopic antireflux surgery, but still approximately 10% of patients suffer from new or recurrent symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In the majority of cases the symptoms are caused by morphological changes of the fundic wrap or are related to the hiatal closure. Closure of the esophageal hiatus is therefore becoming more and more the key point of antireflux surgery. The aim of this study was to show the problems caused by the esophageal hiatus and to offer possible solutions. Therefore 1,201 laparoscopic antireflux procedures and 240 refundoplications performed in our department between 1993 and 2007 were analyzed with respect to morphologic reasons for failures and the corresponding symptoms. The most common morphological reason for complications after surgery was failure of the hiatal closure with consecutive intrathoracic migration of the fundic wrap, the so-called slipped Nissen. In the past the typical problems after open antireflux surgery were either that the wrap was too loose, a breakdown of the wrap or a so-called telescope phenomenon, all caused by failure of the fundic wrap and now a rarity since laparoscopic surgery. Even after repeated laparoscopic refundoplications the main problem was always the hiatus. This shows the importance of the crural closure and the necessity of a specific definition of size and form of the hiatus.The aim of this study was to initiate a discussion leading to a new definition of the hiatus with the focus on the "hiatal surface area" for a better basis for comparison of the published results of antireflux or hiatal surgery.

The Rossetti-Nissen fundoplication--effective in managing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

BACKGROUND

The report herein details a prospective audit of a unit's eight-year experience of the Rossetti-Nissen fundoplication using a predominantly laparoscopic technique, selective hiatal repair, no bougie and a standardised protocol of pre- and post-operative functional endoscopic and symptom assessment.

METHODS

Three hundred and seventy-eight patients underwent the Rossetti-Nissen fundoplication. All patients had documented data on endoscopy, health related quality of life (HR-QoL), surgical details and complications pre-operatively and at six months post-operatively. Repeat physiological testing was performed at six months.

RESULTS

At a median follow-up of six (range 3-13) months there was improved symptom scoring and HR-QoL after fundoplication with an 89% patient satisfaction rate. Ninety-five patients (25%) reported some early dysphagia, and 91 of these reported the outcome of surgery to be excellent or good. Thirty-eight patients (10%) had recurrent heartburn and 28 (7%) were back on medication at six months post-operatively. At follow-up pH study at a median of six months, 89% of patients had normalised acid reflux scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Rossetti-Nissen fundoplication, with no use of an oesophageal bougie and no division of short gastric vessels, is an effective procedure giving 89% patient satisfaction and significant improvement in QoL parameters and physiological measurements.

Failed antireflux surgery: results after reoperation

BACKGROUND

Since laparoscopy has become a common surgical approach for antireflux surgery, little is known regarding reoperation for failed antireflux surgery.

METHODS

Records of all patients who underwent reoperation without esophageal resection for symptoms of recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease or hiatal hernia between July 1, 1995 and April 1, 2004 were reviewed. There were 126 patients. Two patients declined research participation. The remaining 124 patients (71 women and 53 men) formed the basis for this study. Median age was 53 years (range, 19 to 83 years). The initial operation was a laparoscopic antireflux procedure in 76 patients (61.3%) and an open repair in 48 (38.7%). A single previous operation had been done in 100 patients, two operations in 20, and three operations in 4. The median interval between the most recent reoperation and the previous operation was 28 months. All patients were symptomatic. The surgical approach was a thoracotomy in 83 patients, laparotomy in 36, laparoscopy in 4, and thoracoabdominal in 1. A Nissen fundoplication was performed in 86 patients (69.4%), Belsey fundoplication in 31(25.0%), and others in 7.

RESULTS

There were no operative deaths. Complications occurred in 27 patients (21.7%). Median hospitalization was 6 days (range, 5 to 58 days). Follow-up ranged from 10 days to 10 years (median, 9.7 months). Improvement was observed in 114 patients (91.9%). Functional results were classified as excellent in 69 patients (55.6%), good in 19 (15.4%), fair in 26 (20.9%), and poor in 10 (8.1%). No single operative approach was functionally superior.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that reoperation for failed antireflux surgery is safe and effective. Results of reoperation were not affected by the type of reoperation or whether the previous approach was laparoscopic or open.

Risk factors for recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease after fundoplication in pediatric patients: a case-control study

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease (rGERD) is a common problem after fundoplication. Previous studies attempting to identify risk factors for rGERD have failed to control for confounding variables. The purpose of this study was to identify significant risk factors for rGERD after controlling for potential confounding variables.

METHODS

A retrospective, matched case-control study was conducted at a tertiary children's hospital. Cases (n = 116) met 1 of these criteria: reoperation for rGERD, symptomatic rGERD (confirmed by upper gastrointestinal series, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or pH monitoring), or postoperative reinstitution of antireflux medication for more than 8 weeks. Controls (n = 209) were matched for surgeon, approach (laparoscopic/open), technique (partial/complete), and approximate operative date. Univariate and multivariable associations were analyzed by conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

Significant risk factors for rGERD were age of less than 6 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-7.5), preoperative hiatal hernia (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.3), postoperative retching (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.6-10.0), and postoperative esophageal dilatation (OR, 10.8; 95% CI, 1.8-65.4). Interestingly, significant association was not found between neurologic impairment and rGERD after controlling for potential confounding variables.

CONCLUSION

Age of less than 6 years, preoperative hiatal hernia, postoperative retching, and postoperative esophageal dilatation are independently associated with increased risk of rGERD. Neurologic impairment alone does not increase the risk of developing rGERD.

Results of laparoscopic reoperation for failed antireflux surgery: does the indication for redo surgery affect the outcome?

Short and medium term outcomes from laparoscopic antireflux surgery are generally excellent. A small number of patients suffer recurrent reflux or intolerable side-effects and may require reoperation. In this paper we describe our experience of 35 laparoscopic reoperations from a single center. Data on patients undergoing antireflux surgery in our unit has been prospectively collected and includes more than 600 primary laparoscopic antireflux operations since 1993. Laparoscopic reoperations have been performed between 1996 and 2005 for patients suffering recurrent reflux, dysphagia or severe gas bloat symptomatic despite medical treatment. All patients underwent preoperative barium studies and endoscopy with selective manometry and pH studies. Symptomatic outcomes were evaluated at 6 weeks and 12 months with Visick scores. Anatomical results were assessed with barium studies at between 6 and 12 months. Thirty-five laparoscopic reoperations were performed in 20 women and 13 men (median age 56 years). Primary surgery had been performed in our unit in 27 (77%) and elsewhere in eight (23%). Median time from primary surgery was 28.5 months (5-360). Two patients underwent a second reoperation. Indication was recurrent reflux in 28 (80%), dysphagia in five (14%) and gas bloat in two (6%). Thirty-two of the 35 reoperations (91.4%) were completed laparoscopically, median operating time was 120.5 min (65-210) and median hospital stay 2 days. There was no mortality and there were only five minor complications. Twelve-month follow-up was available for 32 reoperations (91%). Overall good symptomatic outcomes were obtained in 26 (74%) Visick I or II at 6 weeks and 24 of 32 (75%) at 12 months. In reoperations for dysphagia/gas bloat there was a relative risk of 4.26 of a poor symptomatic outcome (Visick III or IV) at 12 months compared to those for recurrent reflux (P < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Laparoscopic reoperation is feasible with low conversion rates and minimal morbidity for patients who have undergone previous abdominal or thoracic hiatal repair. Symptomatic outcomes are generally good, particularly if the indication is recurrent reflux.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: integrating the barium esophagram before and after antireflux surgery

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common medical problem in the United States. As a result, laparoscopic antireflux surgery is a common surgical procedure. At the authors' institution, the barium esophagram before and after antireflux surgery is a critical examination in patients with GERD. This article summarizes the authors' examination protocol and describes how the findings are integrated in the care of these patients.

A comparison between fluoroscopically guided radiofrequency energy delivery and conventional technique in an animal model of fundoplication failure

BACKGROUND

The use of radiofrequency energy (RFe) treatment at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) has been considered an alternative to surgery after fundoplication disruption. It is unknown whether the recommended delivery technique for primary gastroesophageal reflux disease applies to an anatomically altered GEJ following fundoplication. The aim of this study was to determine whether modifications to the standard technique using fluoroscopic guidance more accurately localizes ablation zones compared with standard technique alone.

METHODS

Ten pigs were randomized to either conventional or fluoroscopically guided RFe ablation. All pigs had a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication that was subsequently disrupted by severing all but the most cranial fundoplication stitch. Conventional RFe delivery included usage of markers located on the Stretta catheter. After labeling the z-line via submucosal contrast injection, fluoroscopic guidance involved using fluoroscopic markers to guide RFe ablation. Ablations were acutely marked, measured, and agreed upon by a panel of three researchers analyzing harvested tissue. Distances from the target zone for each ablation line (e.g., 1 cm was the target zone for line 1) were calculated and analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Fischer's tests.

RESULTS

Fluoroscopic guidance was significantly more accurate than the conventional technique (0.2 +/- 0.2 cm vs. 1.8 +/- 0.8 cm, p < 0.0001). Analyzing the individual distances for each of the six ablation lines revealed that all within Group B were closer than Group A (p < 0.01 for all except lines 1 and 2). Overall, the total ablation treatment length for conventionally treated animals was 4.48 +/- 0.7 cm and for those who underwent fluoroscopic guidance it was 2.92 +/- 0.5 cm (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In a porcine model of fundoplication disruption, fluoroscopic guidance improved RFe accuracy.

[Relaparoscopy as an alternative to laparotomy for laparoscopic complications]

In the field of visceral surgery, complications requiring reintervention following laparoscopy are currently most likely to be approached with conventional laparotomy. However, relaparoscopy has the theoretical advantage of maintaining the reduced morbidity allowed by the first procedure. Essential to the success of relaparoscopy is a clear understanding of the various specific complications. Should the surgeon decide on relaparoscopy, then prompt action is of central importance. Following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, it is fundamentally technically possible through renewed laparoscopy to treat not only subhepatic abscesses but also smaller lesions of the bile duct, for example from the gall bladder fossa. Revision of complications following fundoplication is technically very demanding and should be performed only by those most experienced in the techniques of laparoscopy. In contrast to interventional drainage, relaparoscopy of abscesses following laparoscopic appendectomy has the theoretical advantage of allowing recognition and treatment of the causes, for example in the case of appendicular stump insufficiency. Relapses very shortly after endoscopic surgery of inguinal herniae result from erroneous technique and may be corrected endoscopically in most cases. Complications following colon surgery have so far been dealt with using open surgery for technical reasons and also for patient safety. Given the uncertainty in the literature, patient safety must be paramount, when deciding on which technique is best to employ, particularly in cases of haemorrhage.

Radiofrequency energy delivery to the lower esophageal sphincter (Stretta procedure) in patients with recurrent reflux after antireflux surgery: can surgery be avoided?

BACKGROUND

Recurrent reflux following antireflux surgery (ARS) can be difficult to manage, especially in patients who also fail medical management. In these patients, redo ARS remains the only treatment option. Endoscopic radiofrequency energy delivery to the lower esophageal sphincter (the Stretta procedure; Stretta, Curon, Sunnyvale, CA) has been shown to significantly decreased symptom scores and improve quality of life in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the Stretta procedure in treating patients with recurrent reflux after fundoplication.

METHODS

Between March 2002 and December 2003, eight patients with recurrent reflux following ARS underwent the Stretta procedure. All patients were asked to complete an institutional symptom survey pre-Stretta and at 1, 6, and 12 months after the procedure. Patients rated 7 reflux-related symptoms (heartburn, dysphagia, regurgitation, cough, voice changes/hoarseness, asthma, chest pain) on a 0 (none) to 3 (severe) scale. Data were analyzed using a Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test where appropriate.

RESULTS

Complete data were obtained for seven of the eight patients, with a median follow-up of 253 days (range, 67-378 days). One patient was lost to follow-up and not included in our analysis. Symptom scores decreased significantly, with six patients noting both improved typical and atypical symptoms. Overall, six patients (85%) were satisfied with their results.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this small series, the Stretta procedure significantly reduces subjective symptoms of GERD. The Stretta procedure may serve an important role as an additional management strategy to help manage recurrent GERD after ARS.

Multichannel intraluminal impedance for the assessment of post-fundoplication dysphagia

Dysphagia often occurs after fundoplication, although its pathophysiology is not clear. We sought to better understand postfundoplication dysphagia by measuring esophageal clearance with multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) along with more traditional work-up (manometry, upper gastrointestinal imaging [UGI], endoscopy). We evaluated 80 consecutive patients after laparoscopic fundoplication between April 2002 and November 2004. Patients were evaluated clinically and underwent simultaneous manometry and MII, 24-hour pH monitoring, endoscopy, and UGI. For analysis, patients were divided into the following groups based on the presence of dysphagia and fundoplication anatomy (by UGI/endoscopy): (1) Dysphagia and normal anatomy; (2) Dysphagia and abnormal anatomy; (3) No dysphagia and abnormal anatomy; and (4) No dysphagia and normal anatomy. Patients with dysphagia (Groups 1 & 2) had similar peristalsis (manometry), but were more likely to have impaired clearance by MII (32 pts, 62%) than those without dysphagia (9 pts, 32%, P = 0.01). Patients with abnormal anatomy (Groups 2 & 3) were also more likely to have impaired esophageal clearance (66%vs. 38%, P = 0.01). Finally, of patients that had normal fundoplication anatomy, those with dysphagia were much more likely to have impaired clearance (12 pts, 52%) than those with dysphagia (4 pts, 21%, P = 0.03). MII after fundoplication provides objective evidence of esophageal clearance, and is commonly abnormal in patients with abnormal fundoplication anatomy and/or dysphagia. Esophageal clearance is impaired in the majority of patients with postoperative dysphagia, even with normal fundoplication anatomy and normal peristalsis. MII may detect disorders in esophageal motility not detected by manometry.

Long-term control of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms after laparoscopic Nissen-Rosetti fundoplication

Laparoscopic fundoplication is the gold standard surgical treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease, although some patients develop recurrence or collateral symptoms related to surgery. The aims of this study were to describe the long-term symptoms control in patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication, to analyze the patterns of failure and to correlate postoperative symptoms with anatomic and physiologic findings. Extensive preoperative and postoperative work-up including symptom questionnaire, barium meal, endoscopy, manometry, and 24-hour pH-metry were performed in 130 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication. Mean follow-up was 52 months. After laparoscopic fundoplication, 117 patients (90%) were asymptomatic with Visick grade I and II symptoms reported by 124 patients (95%). On evaluation, 119 (92%) patients were satisfied and willing to repeat surgery. Two failure patterns, anatomic abnormalities (wrap migration into the chest or down onto the stomach with or without repair disruption) and functional (incompetence of antireflux mechanism), were reported in 17 patients. Reflux can be controlled in up to 90% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with relatively few complications and a high degree of patient satisfaction. The most common cause of recurrent symptoms is an anatomic failure of the fundoplication.

EUS characteristics of Nissen fundoplication: normal appearance and mechanisms of failure

BACKGROUND

In patients who develop symptoms after Nissen fundoplication, the precise mechanism of failure can be difficult to determine. Current testing modalities do not demonstrate sufficient anatomic detail to definitively determine the mechanism. This observational study establishes that EUS can determine fundoplication integrity and hiatal anatomic relationships after Nissen fundoplication.

METHODS

EUS was performed on the native esophagogastric junction and after Nissen fundoplication in two swine. The EUS characteristics of a properly performed fundoplication were determined. Subsequently, complications of Nissen fundoplication were created, and EUS was performed on each. The EUS criteria of each mechanism of failure were defined.

RESULTS

EUS provided sufficient axial resolution to distinguish the esophagus, the fundoplication, and the surrounding hiatal structures within a single image. US of the native esophagogastric junction discerned the length of intra-abdominal esophagus, esophagogastric junction, crura, and anterior hiatus, and, thus, the point of entry into the abdominal cavity. EUS of Nissen fundoplication revealed a 5-layered pattern in a 360 degree configuration. These layers represent the following: (1) the esophageal wall, (2) the space between the esophagus and the fundoplication, (3) the inner gastric wall of the fundoplication, (4) the gastric lumen, and (5) the outer gastric wall of the fundoplication. A slipped repair was identified by the presence of an echogenic gastric serosa within the fundoplication. A tight fundoplication results in attenuation of the gastric walls, thickening of the esophageal wall, and loss of the 5-layer pattern secondary to obliteration of the potential spaces of the gastric lumen. Dehiscence of the fundoplication was evidenced by a less than 360 degree 5-layer pattern.

CONCLUSIONS

EUS of hiatal anatomic relationships is feasible and provides detailed information regarding the integrity and the position of a Nissen fundoplication. EUS may enable a precise determination of the anatomic causes of failure after antireflux surgery.

Antireflux surgery for Barrett's esophagus: comparative results of the Nissen and Collis-Nissen operations

Using a Collis-Nissen repair instead of a standard Nissen fundoplication to treat the reflux disease of Barrett's esophagus is controversial. This paper compares the Nissen and Collis-Nissen operations when treating Barrett's esophagus. Thirty-three patients with documented Barrett's esophagus (male : female, 26 : 7, median age, 48.8 years) had a Nissen fundoplication during 1976-1989. Fifty-one patients (male : female = 41 : 10, median age = 53.2 years) underwent a Collis-Nissen operation between 1990 and 1999. Clinical assessments, esophagogram, radionuclide emptying, manometry, 24-h pH study, and endoscopy were obtained pre- and postoperatively. There was no operative death in either group. Median follow-up was 8.0 years for the Nissen group and 6.5 years for the Collis group. Postoperative reflux symptoms were more frequent in the Nissen group (52%) when compared to the Collis group (7%, P < 0.001). These symptoms correlated with the 24-h pH recordings revealing an increased acid exposure in the Nissen group (3.4%) as opposed to 1% in the Collis group (P = 0.003). Endoscopy revealed mucosal erosions and ulcers in 39% of patients receiving a standard Nissen repair while these damages were seen in 7% of patients who were offered an elongation gastroplasty with a total fundoplication (P = 0.007). The cumulative success rate was 83% for the Nissen group and 100% for the Collis group at 5 years, and 63% versus 90% at 10 years (Log-rank test, P = 0.004). The Collis-Nissen fundoplication provides better reflux protection for Barrett's patients than a standard Nissen repair. It lowers the risk of fundoplication failure.

Austrian experiences with redo antireflux surgery

BACKGROUND

From 1996, the entire number of fundoplications performed in Austria increased dramatically, favoring the laparoscopic technique. Despite good results, some patients experience failure of antireflux surgery and therefore require redo surgery if medical therapy fails to control symptoms. The aim of the study was to describe the refundoplication policy in Austria with evaluation of the postoperative results.

METHODS

A questionnaire was sent to all Austrian surgical departments at the beginning of 2003 with questions about redo fundoplications (number, techniques, intraoperative complications, history, migration of patients, preoperative workup, mortality, and postoperative long-term complaints). It also included questions about primary fundoplications (number, technique, postoperative symptoms).

RESULTS

Out of 4,504 primary fundoplications performed in Austria since 1990, 3,952 have been carried out laparoscopically. In a median of 31 months after the primary operation, 225 refundoplications have been performed, laparoscopically in the majority of patients. The Nissen and the partial posterior fundoplication were the preferred techniques. The conversion rate in these was 10.8%, mainly because of adhesions and lacerations of the spleen, the stomach, and the esophagus. The mortality rate after primary fundoplications was 0.04%, whereas the rate after refundoplications was 0.4%, all resulting from an open approach.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic refundoplications are widely accepted as a treatment option after failed primary antireflux surgery in Austria. However, the conversion rate is 6 times higher and the mortality rate is 10 times higher than for primary antireflux surgery. Therefore, redo fundoplications should be performed only in departments with large experience.

Evaluation of esophageal function for antireflux surgery

Antireflux surgery has become well established as an effective and durable therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. The outcome of antireflux surgery, however, is only as good as the evaluation to document the association between pathologic esophageal acid exposure and the patient's symptoms. This article discusses the well-established diagnostic modalities used to assess foregut structure and function and includes several more sophisticated secondary studies that may aid the clinician in elucidating the cause of the problem in patients in whom standard testing is inadequate.

Metabolic changes in the lower esophageal sphincter influencing the result of anti-reflux surgical interventions in chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease

AIM: With the availability of a minimally invasive approach, anti-reflux surgery has recently experienced a renaissance as a cost-effective alternative to life-long medical treatment in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We are not aware of the fact whether reflux episodes causing complaints for a long time i.e., at least for one year are associated with metabolic changes in the lower esophageal sphincter, and if so, whether these may influence functional results achieved after anti-reflux surgery.

METHODS: Between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2002 we performed anti-reflux surgery on 79 patients. Muscle samples were taken from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 33 patients during anti-reflux surgery. Inclusion criteria were: LES resting pressure below 10 mmHg and a marked, pH proven acid exposure to the esophagus of at least one year’ duration, causing subjective complaints and requiring continuous proton pump inhibitor treatment. Control samples were obtained from muscle tissue in the gastroesophageal junction that had been removed from 17 patients undergoing gastric or esophageal resection. Metabolic and lysosomal enzyme activities and special protein concentrations 16 parameters in total were evaluated in tissue taken from control specimens and tissue taken from patients with GERD. The biochemical parameters of these intra-operative biopsies were used to correlate the results of anti-reflux operations (Visick I and II-III).

RESULTS: In the reflux-type muscle, we found a significant increase of the energy-enzyme activities e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransaminase-. The concentration of the structural protein S-100 and the myofibrillar protein troponin I were also significantly increased. Among lysosomal enzymes, we found that the activities of cathepsin B, tripeptidyl-peptidase I, dipeptidyl-peptidase II, β-hexosaminidase B, β-mannosidase and β-galactosidase were significantly decreased as compared to the control LES muscles. By analyzing the activity values of the 9 patients in Visick groups II and III at two months post-surgery, we found a significant increase in the activity of the so-called energy-enzyme values and in the concentration of structural and myofibrillar proteins as compared to the rest of the reflux patients.

CONCLUSION: Our results call attention to the metabolic changes that occurred in the LES muscles of reflux patients. The developing hypertrophy-like changes of LES muscles may be a reason for complaints after anti-reflux surgery, which consisted mainly of reports of persisting dysphagia.