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Merhi A, Kordahi R, Hassan HF. A review on the pesticides in coffee: Usage, health effects, detection, and mitigation. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1004570. [PMID: 36424972 PMCID: PMC9681499 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1004570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee is considered among the most popular beverages and is classified as the second most exported item worldwide. The presence of pesticides in this staple commodity is a challenge to import and export activities, in addition to the fact that pesticides are toxins of public health concern. Even if pesticides are applied properly and their residues are within the acceptable range, it is important to know the fate of these pesticides prior to their ingestion. A plethora of research has been done to optimize methods and thus to have valid procedures to test for the presence of pesticides in coffee. In this review, the analytical methods used in these articles to detect and quantify the pesticides in coffee beans, roasted coffee, and coffee infusion were identified. This review highlights as well the main factors that play a key role in having good separation, identification, and recovery of pesticide residues in the aforementioned items. In addition, the review explains the effect of pesticides on human health and the mitigation techniques for pesticide exposure.
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Gustavsson J, Wiberg K, Nguyen MA, Josefsson S, Laudon H, Ahrens L. Seasonal trends of legacy and alternative flame retardants in river water in a boreal catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1097-1105. [PMID: 31539941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests store large amounts of atmospherically deposited (semi-)persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The terrestrial POPs may be exported to streams and rivers through processes that are heavily impacted by seasonality. In this screening study, concentrations of 4 legacy and 45 alternative flame retardants (FRs) were determined in the dissolved and particulate phase in streams within a relatively pristine boreal catchment in northern Europe (Krycklan Catchment Study; 3 sites) and in rivers more impacted by human activities further downstream towards the Baltic Sea (3 sites). The sampling included the main hydrological seasons (snow-free, snow-covered, and spring flood) and was conducted during two consecutive years (2014-2016). Of the 49 analyzed FRs, 11 alternative halogenated FRs (HFRs), 13 alternative organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs), and 4 legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in at least one sample. The average bulk (dissolved + particulate) concentrations of ∑FRs (including all sites) were highest for ∑HFRs (38 ± 70 ng L-1), followed by the ∑OPFRs (3.9 ± 4.9 ng L-1) and the ∑PBDEs (0.0040 ± 0.016 ng L-1). Bulk concentrations of HFRs, OPFRs, and PBDEs were highly variable with season and sampling location, e.g., during spring flood, bulk concentrations were up to 600 times, 3.7 times, and 4.9 times higher for HFRs, OPFRs and PBDEs, respectively, than during periods of lower flow. Bulk concentrations of ∑OPFRs, were elevated at all sites ~6 days before the actual start of the spring flood in 2015, suggesting that hydrophobicity fractionation had occurred within the snowpack. Similar to previous studies of other POPs in the same headwater catchment, there was a general trend that levels of ∑FRs were higher at the mire site than at the forested site. Annual fluxes of FRs were found to be ~15 times higher downstream the city of Umeå compared to at the outlet of the pristine catchment. This study should be regarded as a screening study considering the large number of diverse FRs analyzed and variability in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gustavsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Minh A Nguyen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Development and comparison of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of flame retardants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Andrade-Eiroa A, Canle M, Leroy-Cancellieri V, Cerdà V. Solid-phase extraction of organic compounds: A critical review. part ii. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Determination of traces of several pesticides in sunflower oil using organic phase immuno electrodes (OPIEs). Talanta 2014; 132:503-12. [PMID: 25476337 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Testing for traces of different pesticides (triazinic, organophosphates and chlorurates), present in hydrophobic matrices such as sunflower oil was checked using new immunosensors working in organic solvent mixtures (OPIEs). The competitive process took place in an n-hexane-chloroform 75% (V/V) mixture, while the subsequent final enzymatic measurement was performed in decane using tert-butylhydroperoxide as substrate of the enzymatic reaction. A Clark electrode was used as transducer and peroxidase enzyme as marker. A linear response of between about 10 nM and 4 μM was usually obtained in the presence of sunflower oil. Immunosensors show satisfactory selectivity and precision and recovery tests carried out on commercial sunflower oil samples gave excellent results. Lastly, theoretical confirmation of the possibility that immunosensors can act positively in organic solvent mixtures was discussed on the basis of Hill׳s coefficient values.
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Rahman MM, Abd El-Aty A, Shim JH. Matrix enhancement effect: A blessing or a curse for gas chromatography?—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 801:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Tian J, Chen G, He Z. Overcoming matrix effects: GC method development for the determination of triethylamine and dimethyl sulfoxide in a drug substance. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 52:36-41. [PMID: 23264320 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A direct injection gas chromatography method was developed for the determination of triethylamine and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a drug substance (ML-189). Matrix effects were found to result in the overestimation of DMSO when methanol was used as diluent. Multiple approaches to eliminate matrix effects were unsuccessful; these included changes in sample size, split ratio, injector temperature and injector liner (e.g., deactivated liner). Ultimately, matrix effects were eliminated after the diluent was changed from methanol to acetone. A mechanism was proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Tian
- Merial Limited, Analytical R&D, 631 US Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
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Pizzutti IR, de Kok A, Dickow Cardoso C, Reichert B, de Kroon M, Wind W, Weber Righi L, Caiel da Silva R. A multi-residue method for pesticides analysis in green coffee beans using gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Mazzotti F, Di Donna L, Macchione B, Maiuolo L, Perri E, Sindona G. Screening of dimethoate in food by isotope dilution and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1515-1518. [PMID: 19370544 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Crop control is an important issue in both developed and developing countries. An environmentally friendly approach is represented by the so-called Integrated Pest Management (IPM), whereby synthetic pesticides are only applied as a last resort, under the strict control of suitable experts. European and US regulatory authorities, such as the US EPA, are constantly assessing the risks of exposure to the organophosphate (OP) class of pesticides and, among these, specifically dimethoate. The use of dimethoate is still allowed in many crops, including olives, which once was based in the Mediterranean area but now is expanding rapidly throughout the world. An important aspect of IPM protocols is represented by the availability of reliable and sensitive methods to detect pesticides residues. This paper describes an isotope dilution dimethoate assay based on the application of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) by means of a deuterium-labeled internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Zhou Q, Bai H, Xie G, Xiao J. Trace determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental samples by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:148-53. [PMID: 18346747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper described a new approach for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides by temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Methylparathion and phoxim, two of the typical organophosphorus pesticides, were used as the model analytes for the investigation of the development and application of the new microextraction method. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C6MIM][PF6] was used as the extraction solvent and the factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as the volume of [C6MIM][PF6], pH of working solutions, extraction time, centrifuging time, dissoluble temperature and salt effect were optimized. Under the optimal extraction conditions, methylparathion and phoxim exhibited good linear relationship in the concentration range of 1-100 ng mL(-1). The detection limits were 0.17 ng mL(-1) and 0.29 ng mL(-1), respectively. Precisions of proposed method (RSDs, n=6) were 2.5% and 2.7%, respectively. This proposed method was successfully applied in the analysis of four real environmental water samples and good spiked recoveries over the range of 88.2-103.6% were obtained. These results indicated that temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction had excellent application prospect in environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Muhamad HB, Ai TY, Sahid IB. Determination of the herbicide fluroxypyr in oil matrices. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2008; 43:134-140. [PMID: 18246505 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701795072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the determination of fluroxypyr (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluro2-pyridyloxyacetic acid) residue in palm oil namely crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). The method involves the extraction of the herbicide from the oil matrix followed by low temperature precipitation and finally quantification of the residues using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction efficiency of the method was evaluated by conducting recovery studies. The recovery of fluroxypyr from the fortified CPO samples ranged from 78%-111% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 1.4 to 8.6%. Furthermore, the recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked CPKO samples ranged from 91-107% with the relative values for the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.6 to 4.5%. The minimum detection limit of fluroxypyr in CPO and CPKO was 0.05 microg/g. The method was used to determine fluroxypyr residues from the field-treated samples of CPO and CPKO. When fluroxypyr was used for weed control in oil palm plantations no residue was detected in CPO and CPKO irrespective of the sampling interval and the dosage applied at the recommended or double the manufacturer's recommended dosage.
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Díaz-Plaza EM, Cortés JM, Vázquez A, Villén J. Automated determination of pesticide residues in olive oil by on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface with electron-capture and nitrogen–phosphorus detectors operating simultaneously. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:145-50. [PMID: 17643444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in olive oil is presented. Pesticides are analyzed by on-line coupling reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface with subsequent simultaneous electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection by post-column splitter. An autosampler is employed and the olive oil is simply filtered before the chromatographic analysis. Organophosphorus, organochlorine and triazine pesticides are determined in one run. The limits of detection are below the required maximum residue levels and calibration curves are linear in the range tested. Repeatabilities (intra-day and inter-days) are good. The method was satisfactory applied to the routine analysis of numerous olive oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Díaz-Plaza
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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13
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Garcés-García M, Brun EM, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Immunochemical determination of four organophosphorus insecticide residues in olive oil using a rapid extraction process. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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di Donna L, Grassi G, Mazzotti F, Perri E, Sindona G. High-throughput assay of rotenone in olive oil using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2004; 39:1437-1440. [PMID: 15578754 DOI: 10.1002/jms.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput method is presented for the determination of rotenone in contaminated matrices. The procedure involves atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a triple-quadrupole instrument and the use as internal standard of a cycloadduct derivative of rotenone itself. The method was applied to the evaluation of the decay of rotenone in olives and olive oil at various times after exposure to the contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo di Donna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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15
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Hajšlová J, Holadová K, Kocourek V, Poustka J, Godula M, Cuhra P, Kempný M. Matrix-induced effects: a critical point in the gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Determination of dimethoate and fenitrothion in estuarine samples by C-18 solid-phase extraction and high-resolution gas-chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Modeste F, Caude M, Devaux P. On-line coupling of liquid chromatography and capillary gas chromatography for the determination of a trace pyrethroid insecticide in fruit extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240191002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Coulibaly K, Jeon IJ. An overview of solid‐phase extraction of food flavor compounds and chemical residues. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129609541070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Wan HB, Wong MK, Lim PY, Mok CY. Small-scale multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables. J Chromatogr A 1994; 662:147-52. [PMID: 8136918 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple and inexpensive multi-residue method is described for the determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables. Pesticides in vegetables were extracted with ethanol and partitioned into toluene. A mini-column packed with 0.5 g of Florisil was used for further clean-up prior to gas chromatographic determination. The detection limits were 0.02-0.05 microgram/g without concentrating the extract, which are below the maximum residue limits set by the Singapore government. The recoveries of the pesticides from fortified samples were 65-97% at the 0.1 microgram/g level and 87-114% at the 0.5 microgram/g level. The amounts of the reagents required for analysing one sample are only 100 ml of ethanol, 6 ml of toluene and 0.5 g of Florisil. Among fifteen vegetable samples collected from the Singapore local market and were analysed by this method, five were found to contain detectable amount of organochlorine pesticides. One sample contained 22 micrograms/g of endosulfan but the residue levels in other four samples were below 1 microgram/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Wan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore
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20
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Lacorte S, Molina C, Barceló D. Screening of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental matrices by various gas chromatographic techniques. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85341-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Explanation of the matrix-induced chromatographic response enhancement of organophosphorus pesticides during open tubular column gas chromatography with splitless or hot on-column injection and flame photometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)85007-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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