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Salm E, Zhong Y, Reddy B, Duarte-Guevara C, Swaminathan V, Liu YS, Bashir R. Electrical detection of nucleic acid amplification using an on-chip quasi-reference electrode and a PVC REFET. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6968-75. [PMID: 24940939 PMCID: PMC4215847 DOI: 10.1021/ac500897t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrical detection of nucleic acid amplification through pH changes associated with nucleotide addition enables miniaturization, greater portability of testing apparatus, and reduced costs. However, current ion-sensitive field effect transistor methods for sensing nucleic acid amplification rely on establishing the fluid gate potential with a bulky, difficult to microfabricate reference electrode that limits the potential for massively parallel reaction detection. Here we demonstrate a novel method of utilizing a microfabricated solid-state quasi-reference electrode (QRE) paired with a pH-insensitive reference field effect transistor (REFET) for detection of real-time pH changes. The end result is a 0.18 μm, silicon-on-insulator, foundry-fabricated sensor that utilizes a platinum QRE to establish a pH-sensitive fluid gate potential and a PVC membrane REFET to enable pH detection of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). This technique is highly amendable to commercial scale-up, reduces the packaging and fabrication requirements for ISFET pH detection, and enables massively parallel droplet interrogation for applications, such as monitoring reaction progression in digital PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Salm
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yu Zhong
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bobby Reddy
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Carlos Duarte-Guevara
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vikhram Swaminathan
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yi-Shao Liu
- Taiwan
Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Micro
and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Reinhoudt DN, Nijenhuis WF, van der Wal PD. Host-guest interactions in thin membranes: selective ion transport and transduction into electronic signals. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 158:42-51; discussion 51-4, 92-7. [PMID: 1935425 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514085.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic receptor molecules that selectively complex with charged guest molecules can be used to transport salts through liquid membranes and to transduce chemical information into electronic signals. In both cases the receptor molecules are present in thin membranes in contact with aqueous solutions. Extreme lipophilicity of the receptor molecules is therefore required: calix crown ethers and calixspherands meet these requirements. Their synthesis and complexation properties will be discussed. In order to mimic the large rates of transport through biomembranes, thin supported liquid membranes (less than 100 microns), in which the receptor molecules are present, were investigated. The selective ion transport has been studied as a function of the experimental parameters and interpreted via computer simulations of the transport processes. The transduction of complexation into electronic signals can be achieved via the 'immobilization' of receptor molecules on the gate surface of an ISFET chip. Parameters that govern the signal transduction in multilayer systems have been studied and stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Reinhoudt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Suzuki H, Shiroishi H, Sasaki S, Karube I. Microfabricated Liquid Junction Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode and Its Application to a One-Chip Potentiometric Sensor. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac990437t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee HJ, Hong US, Lee DK, Shin JH, Nam H, Cha GS. Solvent-Processible Polymer Membrane-Based Liquid Junction-Free Reference Electrode. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | - Uk Sun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | - Dong Kwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | - Hakhyun Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | - Geun Sig Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea
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Högg G, Lutze O, Cammann K. Novel membrane material for ion-selective field-effect transistors with extended lifetime and improved selectivity. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brunink JA, Haak JR, Bomer JG, Reinhoudt DN, McKervey M, Harris SJ. Chemically modified field-effect transistors; a sodium ion selective sensor based on calix[4]arene receptor molecules. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(91)90011-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Chemically modified ion-sensitive field-effect transistors: application in flow-injection analysis cells without polymeric encapsulation and wire bonding. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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van der Wal PD, Sudhölter EJ, Reinhoudt DN. Design and properties of a flow-injection analysis cell using potassium-selective ion-sensitive field-effect transistors as detection elements. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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