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Francois G, Fabrice V, Didier M. Traceability of fruits and vegetables. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 173:112291. [PMID: 32106013 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Food safety and traceability are nowadays a constant concern for consumers, and indeed for all actors in the food chain, including those involved in the fruit and vegetable sector. For the EU, the principles and legal requirements of traceability are set out in Regulation 178/2002. Currently however the regulation does not describe any analytical traceability tools. Furthermore, traceability systems for fruits and vegetables face increasing competition due to market globalization. The current challenge for actors in this sector is therefore to be sufficiently competitive in terms of price, traceability, quality and safety to avoid scandal and fraud. For all these reasons, new, flexible, cheap and efficient traceability tools, as isotopic analysis, DNA fingerprinting and metabolomic profiling coupled with chemometrics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyon Francois
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, Laboratoire de Bordeaux/Pessac, 3 Avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, 33608, Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Vaillant Fabrice
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d'Avignon, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France; AGROSAVIA (Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research), C.I. La Selva, Km 7 via las Palmas, Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Montet Didier
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d'Avignon, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Neves LA, Rodrigues JM, Daroda RJ, Silva PRM, Ferreira AA, Aranda DAG, Eberlin MN, Fasciotti M. The influence of different referencing methods on the accuracy of δ(13) C value measurement of ethanol fuel by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1938-1946. [PMID: 26443391 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane bioethanol in the world. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is the technique of choice to certify the origin/raw materials for ethanol production, but the lack of certified reference materials (CRMs) for accurate measurements of δ(13) C values traceable to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), the international zero point for (13) C/(12) C measurements, certified and compatible with gas chromatography (GC)/IRMS instruments may compromise the accuracy of δ(13) C determinations. METHODS We evaluated the influence of methods for the calibration and normalization of raw δ(13) C values of ethanol samples. Samples were analyzed by GC/C/IRMS using two different GC columns. Different substances were used as isotopic standards for the working gas calibration. The δ(13) C values obtained with the three methods of normalization were statistically compared with those obtained with elemental analyzer (EA)/IRMS, since the δ(13) C results obtained using EA are traceable to VPDB via the NBS 22 reference material. RESULTS It was observed that both the isotopic reference material for CO2 calibration and the GC column have a major effect on the δ(13) C measurements, leading to a bias of almost 2-3 ‰ in the δ(13) C values. All three methods of normalization were equivalent in performance, enabling an improvement in the GC/C/IRMS accuracy, compared with the EA/IRMS reference values for the samples. CONCLUSIONS All the methods of CO2 calibration, chromatography and normalization presented in this work demonstrated several sources of traceability and accuracy loss for the determination of δ(13) C values in ethanol fuel samples by GC/C/IRMS. This work has also shown the importance of using proper CRMs traceable to VPBD that should be compatible and certified using GC/C/IRMS, ideally in a wide range of δ(13) C values. This is important not only for bioethanol fuel samples, but also for many analytes commonly analyzed by IRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Neves
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Green Technologies - GREENTEC, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Technology Center, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janaína M Rodrigues
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Romeu J Daroda
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo R M Silva
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Ferreira
- PETROBRAS Research and Development Center - CENPES, Division of Geochemistry, 21941-915, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Donato A G Aranda
- Laboratory of Green Technologies - GREENTEC, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Technology Center, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Fasciotti
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology -INMETRO, Division of Chemical Metrology, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Guyon F, Gaillard L, Brault A, Gaultier N, Salagoïty MH, Médina B. Potential of ion chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry via a liquid interface for beverages authentication. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1322:62-8. [PMID: 24267317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New tools for the determination of characteristic parameters for food authentication are requested to prevent food adulteration from which health concerns, unfair competition could follow. A new coupling in the area of compound-specific carbon 13 isotope ratio (δ(13)C) analysis was developed to simultaneously quantify δ(13)C values of sugars and organic acids. The coupling of ion chromatography (IC) together with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can be achieved using a liquid interface allowing a chemical oxidation (co) of organic matter. Synthetic solutions containing 1 polyol (glycerol), 3 carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and 12 organic acids (gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, oxalic, fumaric, citric and isocitric) were used to optimize chromatographic conditions (concentration gradient and 3 types of column) and the studied isotopic range (-32.28 to -10.65‰) corresponds to the values found in food products. Optimum chromatographic conditions are found using an IonPac AS15, an elution flow rate of 0.3mLmin(-1) and a linear concentration gradient from 2 to 76mM (rate 21mMmin(-1)). Comparison between δ(13)C value individually obtained for each compound with the coupling IRMS and elemental analyzer, EA-IRMS, and the ones measured on the mixture of compounds by IC-co-IRMS does not reveal any isotope fractionation. Thus, under these experimental conditions, IC-co-IRMS results are accurate and reproducible. This new coupling was tested on two food matrices, an orange juice and a sweet wine. Some optimization is necessary as the concentration range between sugars and organic acids is too large: an increase in the filament intensity of the IRMS is necessary to simultaneously detect the two compound families. These first attempts confirm the good results obtained on synthetic solutions and the strong potential of the coupling IC-co-IRMS in food authentication area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Guyon
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, 3 Avenue du Dr A. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac, France.
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Consonni R, Cagliani LR. Nuclear magnetic resonance and chemometrics to assess geographical origin and quality of traditional food products. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2010; 59:87-165. [PMID: 20610175 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(10)59004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this globalization era, the opening of the markets has put at almost everybody's disposal a wide variety of foods, allowing everybody to taste food flavors and aromas from different nations. Notwithstanding this opportunity, countries try to preserve their markets by developing protection policies. A few countries have adopted different denominations to label their "typical food" products in order to give them additional value. Besides, the term "typical food" is widely thought of as something anchored to the local traditions, with geographical meaning and made with typical raw materials. Then a "typical food" starts to be considered "traditional" when it is made following specific and old recipes. As a matter of fact, these products acquire particular organoleptic characteristics that are not reproducible when produced in different places. In this review, NMR studies coupled to multivariate statistical analysis are presented with the aim of determining geographical origin and key quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Consonni
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, ISMAC, National Council of Research, Lab, NMR, Milan, Italy
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Stocker A, Rossmann A, Kettrup A, Bengsch E. Detection of royal jelly adulteration using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:181-4. [PMID: 16345127 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope ratios ((13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N) were measured in royal jelly (RJ) samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to evaluate authenticity and adulteration. Carbon and nitrogen isotope contents (given as delta values relative to a standard, delta(13)C, delta(15)N) of RJ samples from various European origins and samples from commercial sources were analyzed. Uniform delta(13)C values from -26.7 to -24.9 per thousand were observed for authentic RJ from European origins. Values of delta(15)N ranged from -1.1 to 5.8 per thousand depending on the plant sources of nectars and pollen. High delta(13)C values of several commercial RJ samples from -20.8 to -13.3 per thousand indicated adulteration with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a sugar source. Use of biotechnologically produced yeast powder as protein source for the adulterated samples was assumed as delta(15)N values were lower, as described for C(4) or CAM plant sources. RJ samples from authentic and from adulterated production were distinguished. The rapid and reliable method is suitable for urgent actual requirements in food monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stocker
- Biologische Chemie, Fachgebiet Physikalische Biochemie, TU München-Weihenstephan, D-85350 Freising, Germany
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Consonni R, Gatti A. 1H NMR studies on Italian balsamic and traditional balsamic vinegars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3446-3450. [PMID: 15161213 DOI: 10.1021/jf0355147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present work Principal Component Analysis applied to (1)H NMR spectra of balsamic and traditional balsamic vinegars is used to establish a simple and rapid aging determination protocol. Chemical composition of vinegar is dominated by carbohydrates even though several small components can be clearly observed in the proton NMR spectrum. Quantitative determination of some selected metabolites such as ethanol, acetic acid, malic acid, glucose, and HMF, considered as potential aging indicators, has been performed. (1)H NMR spectroscopy provides noninvasive characterization of such compounds, and our data demonstrate the validity of this approach, giving very promising results for assessing the quality of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Consonni
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Lab NMR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Careri M, Bianchi F, Corradini C. Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry in food-related analysis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:3-64. [PMID: 12350102 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented on recent applications of mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques for the analysis of compounds of food concern. Substances discussed are naturally occurring compounds in food products such as lipids, oligosaccharides, proteins, vitamins, flavonoids and related substances, phenolic compounds and aroma compounds. Among xenobiotics, applications of MS techniques for the analysis of pesticides, drug residues, toxins, amines and migrants from packaging are overviewed. Advances in the analysis of trace metals of nutritional and toxicological interest by MS with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source are presented. The main features of mass spectrometry combined with separation instruments are discussed in food-related analysis. Examples of mass spectrometry and tandem MS (MS-MS) are provided. The development and application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray (ESI) to the analysis of peptides and proteins in food is discussed. This survey will attempt to cover the state-of-the-art up from 1999 to 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy.
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