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Drakopoulou M, Oikonomou G, Soulaidopoulos S, Toutouzas K, Tousoulis D. Management of patients with concomitant coronary and carotid artery disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 17:575-583. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2019.1642106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drakopoulou
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Athens University, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Oikonomou
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Athens University, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Athens University, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Athens University, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Athens University, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Poi MJ, Echeverria A, Lin PH. Contemporary Management of Patients with Concomitant Coronary and Carotid Artery Disease. World J Surg 2018; 42:272-282. [PMID: 28785837 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ideal management of concomitant carotid and coronary artery occlusive disease remains elusive. Although researchers have advocated the potential benefits of varying treatment strategies based on either concomitant or staged surgical treatment, there is no consensus in treatment guidelines among national or international clinical societies. Clinical studies show that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with either staged or synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is associated with a high procedural stroke or death rate. Recent clinical studies have found carotid artery stenting (CAS) prior to CABG can lead to superior treatment outcomes in asymptomatic patients who are deemed high risk of CEA. With emerging data suggesting favorable outcome of CAS compared to CEA in patients with critical coronary artery disease, physicians must consider these diverging therapeutic options when treating patients with concurrent carotid and coronary disease. This review examines the available clinical data on therapeutic strategies in patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease. A treatment paradigm for considering CAS or CEA as well as CABG and percutaneous coronary intervention is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun J Poi
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Angela Echeverria
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Peter H Lin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,University Vascular Associates, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Aydin E, Ozen Y, Sarikaya S, Yukseltan I. Simultaneous coronary artery bypass grafting and carotid endarterectomy can be performed with low mortality rates. Cardiovasc J Afr 2014; 25:130-3. [PMID: 25000443 PMCID: PMC4120123 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2014-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is controversy over the best approach for patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease. In this study, we report on our experience with simultaneous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in our clinic in the light of data in the literature. Methods Between January 1996 and January 2009, a total of 110 patients (86 males, 24 females; mean age 65.11 ± 7.81 years; range 44–85 years), who were admitted to the cardiovascular surgery clinic at our hospital, were retrospectively analysed. All patients underwent simultaneous CEA and CABG. Demographic characteristics of the patients and a history of previous myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, peripheral arterial disease and smoking were recorded. Results One patient (0.9%) with major stroke died due to ventricular fibrillation. Peri-operative neurological complications were observed in seven patients (6%). Complications were persistent in two patients. Four patients (3%) had postoperative major stroke, whereas three patients (2%) had transient hemiparesis. No peri-operative myocardial infarction was observed. Conclusion Simultaneous CEA and CABG can be performed with low rates of mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebuzer Aydin
- Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yucel Ozen
- Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabit Sarikaya
- Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Open and Endovascular Management of Concomitant Severe Carotid and Coronary Artery Disease: Tabular Review of the Literature. Ann Vasc Surg 2012; 26:125-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reprinted Article “Carotid Artery Disease and Stroke During Coronary Artery Bypass: A Critical Review of the Literature”. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42 Suppl 1:S73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Anselmi A, Gaudino M, Risalvato N, Lauria G, Glieca F. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease in Valvular Heart Surgery. Angiology 2011; 63:171-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319711409921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery disease in patients scheduled for valvular cardiac surgery. Preoperative screening of the carotid arteries was performed. Among 1012 patients scheduled for valvular cardiac surgery, 267 (26.4%) had carotid stenosis graded >50%; 37 had carotid stenosis >70% and underwent combined valvular surgery and carotid endarterectomy (CEA); and 230 (86%) had carotid stenosis >50% to ≤69% and received valvular cardiac surgery under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Operative mortality and the rate of perioperative adverse neurological events were comparable among the groups. During 6.8 years of follow-up, patients with carotid stenosis not exceeding 69% at the time of surgery had CEA more frequently ( P < .05) and stroke/transient ischemic attack ([TIA] P < .05) versus patients treated with combined surgery. The prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis is not negligible in patients undergoing isolated valvular surgery. Combined valvular and carotid surgery is safe and reduces the incidence of CEA and stroke/TIA during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Anselmi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Glieca
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Naylor AR, Bown MJ. Stroke after Cardiac Surgery and its Association with Asymptomatic Carotid Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41:607-24. [PMID: 21396854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Naylor
- The Department of Vascular Surgery at Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Synchronous Carotid Endarterectomy and Off-pump Coronary Bypass: An Updated, Systematic Review of Early Outcomes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 37:375-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Iyem H, Buket S. Early results of combined and staged coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy in advanced age patients in single centre. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2009; 3:8-14. [PMID: 19430573 PMCID: PMC2678823 DOI: 10.2174/1874192400903010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In present study, we aimed to compare the staged and combined surgery in patients with severe carotid stenosis and coronary atherosclerosis and detect the factors affecting mortality and morbidity. Material and method: Between 2004 and 2008, 120 patients with predominant ischemic heart disease were enrolled to study. Patients were divided into three groups on basis surgery procedure. Group 1 (n=40) includeed patients had coronary artery disease without carotid disease underwent coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) operation. Group 2 (n=40): included patients underwent combined surgery procedure including CABG and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Patients underwent staged CABG and CEA were enrolled to Group 3 (n=40). All patients were in advanced aged and were had the same risk factors atributable atherosclerosis Results: Mean age of the patients in all groups were 68±6, 69±3, 71±2 respectively, and 83% were male. Eight patients died in all groups at follow-up(seven in group 2 and 3, and one in group 1) and the difference between both groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). The follow-up period in the intensive care unit, and hospitalization period were not statistically different between CABG group and combined CEA plus CABG group. Conclusion: We think that the results of staged or combined CABG plus CEA surgery are satisfactory in patients with severe carotid disease and advanced coronary artery disease. However, the mortality and morbidity in both procedures are higher than those of alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Iyem
- Dicle University, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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Bell PRF. Is carotid angioplasty followed by cardiac surgery a safe and effective treatment for carotid artery stenosis? NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2008; 5:246-247. [PMID: 18349824 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R F Bell
- Department of Surgery, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Kougias P, Kappa JR, Sewell DH, Feit RA, Michalik RE, Imam M, Greenfield TD. Simultaneous Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Results in Specific Patient Groups. Ann Vasc Surg 2007; 21:408-14. [PMID: 17502133 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the safety of performing synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in specific groups of patients with coexistent cerebral and coronary vascular disease. Between 1981 and 2003, 8,277 patients who underwent CABG in our institution had noninvasive screening for carotid disease. Two hundred seventy-seven (3.34%) patients were found to have severe (>70%) carotid stenosis. This patient population was divided into three subgroups: group A had unilateral carotid disease (n = 200), group B had bilateral carotid disease (n = 55), and group C had contralateral carotid occlusion (n = 22). In 29 patients (10.4%), the carotid disease was symptomatic. A simultaneous CABG and CEA was performed in all three subgroups. Patients in group B underwent initially repair of the most dominant lesion, soon followed by contralateral CEA. Patients who underwent only CABG (n = 8,000) served as controls. Overall combined hospital mortality regardless of etiology for the combined group was 3.61% vs. 1.7% for the patients who had CABG only (P > 0.1). The stroke and/or myocardial infarction-associated mortality for the simultaneous CEA-CABG group was 2.52%. There were six deaths in group A (3%), two in group B (3.6%), and two in group C (9.09%). Early stroke complicated the course of four (2%) patients in group A, one (1.8%) patient in group B, and three (13.64%) patients in group C compared to a stroke rate of 1.28% in controls. Overall stroke rate in the combined group was 2.8%. History of previous stroke and age 70-80 were the most important predictors of postoperative stroke and death. In the combined surgery group, the postoperative myocardial infarction rate was 0.72% vs. 0.58% in the control group. The mean length of hospital stay was 9 days for patients who had the combined procedure vs. 8.1 days for patients who had CABG only. Use of the combined procedure for patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease was justified in the patients under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kougias
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tarrío RF, Cuenca JJ, Gomes V, Campos V, Herrera JM, Rodríguez F, Valle JV, Portela F, García-Carro J, Adrio B, Vázquez F, Juffé A. Off-pump total arterial revascularization: our experience. J Card Surg 2005; 19:389-95. [PMID: 15383048 DOI: 10.1111/j.0886-0440.2004.04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting with both the internal thoracic arteries, such as the Tector technique, can reduce the morbidity associated with extracorporeal circulation and aortic cross-clamp. The aim of the present study is to describe our experience and the results obtained. METHODS From April 1998 to December 2003, the off-pump Tector technique was performed on 743 patients, of whom 621 were male (83.5%), with a mean age of 65.3 +/- 9.5 years (23-90). Preoperative risk factors were diabetes mellitus in 29.5% and peripheral vasculopathy in 14.7% of the patients. Angiography showed left main disease in 25.6% and triple-vessel disease in 50.3% of the patients, with a mean ejection fraction of 60%+/- 13% (23-88). Both the internal thoracic arteries were harvested using the skeletonization technique and were anastomosed as "Y" or "T" grafts. Intraoperative graft patency was checked using a Doppler flowmeter. RESULTS A total of 2028 distal anastomoses were performed, the average being 2.7 (1 to 5) per patient. At least three distal anastomoses were undertaken in 62% of the patients. Postoperative complications included atrial fibrillation in 40 patients (5.4%), myocardial infarction in 24 (3.2%), mediastinitis and reoperation for bleeding in 7 (0.9%) and stroke in 3 (0.4%). Twenty-four patients (3.2%) died in the first month postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS The off-pump Tector technique appears to be safe, showing a low surgical morbidity.
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Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in surgical, cardiopulmonary bypass and anaesthetic techniques during the last three decades, brain damage remains an important complication of adult cardiac surgery. Effective brain protection strategies are already implemented today, but ongoing research is needed to meet the challenges faced in operating on increasingly old and disabled patients. The incidence of brain injury may be reduced by modifying the surgical procedure according to carotid duplex scanning and epiaortic echocardiography, by using techniques to reduce microembolization during cardiopulmonary bypass and by optimizing patient temperature during and after surgery. Increased knowledge will aid in choosing the best procedure or combination of procedures in each case to ensure that risks do not outweigh benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahonen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Naylor R, Cuffe RL, Rothwell PM, Loftus IM, Bell PR. A systematic review of outcome following synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass: Influence of surgical and patient variables. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003; 26:230-41. [PMID: 14509884 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Outcomes after synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) plus coronary artery bypass (CABG) relative to surgical and patient based variables. DESIGN Systematic review of 94 published series (7863 synchronous procedures). RESULTS 11.5% of patients died or suffered a stroke/myocardial infarction in the peri-operative period (95% CI 10.1-12.9). The risk of death/stroke appeared to significantly diminish in studies published between 1993-2002, compared with 1972-1992 (7.2% (95% CI 6.5-9.1) versus 10.7% (95% CI 8.9-12.5), p = 0.03). However, increasing operative experience was not associated with significantly lower risks of death/stroke; (1-49 cases (9.6% (95% CI 7.5-11.8); 50-99 cases (9.1% (95% CI 6.4-11.8); 100+ cases (8.4% (95% CI 6.9-10.1) (p = 0.64)). Patients with severe bilateral carotid disease were significantly more likely to suffer death and/or stroke compared to patients with unilateral disease (odds ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-5.0, p = 0.001). Similarly, patients with a prior history of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) were significantly more likely to suffer a further stroke than asymptomatic patients (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.8, p = 0.008). There was no difference in the risk of death/stroke relative to the timing of CEA (pre- versus on-cardiopulmonary bypass), but recent small studies indicate that improved outcomes might be achieved by performing CABG 'off-bypass'. CONCLUSIONS Synchronous CEA + CABG is associated with a not insignificant cardiovascular risk. No comparable information is available for similar patients undergoing CABG without prophylactic CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naylor
- Department of Vascular Surgery at Leicester Royal Infirmary, Clinical Neurology, The Radcliffe Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, U.K
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Naylor AR, Cuffe RL, Rothwell PM, Bell PRF. A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003; 25:380-9. [PMID: 12713775 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to determine the overall cardiovascular risk for patients with combined cardiac and carotid artery disease undergoing synchronous coronary artery bypass (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA), staged CEA then CABG and reverse staged CABG then CEA. DESIGN systematic review of 97 published studies following 8972 staged or synchronous operations. RESULTS mortality was highest in patients undergoing synchronous CEA+CABG (4.6%, 95% CI 4.1-5.2). Reverse staged procedures (CABG-CEA) were associated with the highest risk of ipsilateral stroke (5.8%, 95% CI 0.0-14.3) and any stroke (6.3%, 95% CI 1.0-11.7). Peri-operative myocardial infarction (MI) was lowest following the reverse staged procedure (0.9%, 95% CI 0.5-1.4) and highest in patients undergoing staged CEA-CABG (6.5%, 95% CI 3.2-9.7). The risk of death+/-any stroke was highest in patients undergoing synchronous CEA+CABG (8.7%, 95% CI 7.7-9.8) and lowest following staged CEA-CABG (6.1%, 95% CI 2.9-9.3). The risk of death/stroke or MI was 11.5% (95% CI 10.1-12.9) following synchronous procedures versus 10.2% (95% CI 7.4-13.1) after staged CEA then CABG. CONCLUSIONS 10-12% of patients undergoing staged or synchronous procedures suffered death or major cardiovascular morbidity (stroke, MI) within 30 days of surgery. Overall, there was no significant difference in outcomes for staged and synchronous procedures and no comparable data for patients with combined cardiac and carotid disease not undergoing staged or synchronous surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Naylor
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, PO Box 65, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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Abstract
Currently, 15% to 30% of the patients that undergo coronary artery surgery are diabetics. As a group, they have less favorable anatomic and clinical characteristics than the general population. Specifically, diabetics have more extensive coronary disease, more vessels involved, and more diffuse stenosis, so they need a higher number of distal anastomoses to achieve complete revascularization. In spite of these drawbacks, they can undergo coronary artery bypass procedures with an operative mortality similar to that of non-diabetic patients. However, some postoperative complications are significantly more prevalent among diabetics, mainly renal failure, neurological accidents, sternal dehiscence, and infection. In early studies of the late results of surgical revascularization, mainly based on venous grafts, late survival and clinical improvement were less satisfactory in diabetics than in non-diabetics. However, in recent experiences, in which the internal mammary artery has been used extensively, the clinical outcome of diabetics has been similar to that of non-diabetics, confirming this procedure as the preferred one in revascularizing the coronary arteries of diabetics with multivessel disease. Off-pump surgery and extensive use of arterial grafts are becoming established strategies for reducing operative risk and improving long-term clinical results. However, continuous, strict medical management of hyperglycemia and other known coronary risk factors, especially lipid levels, is essential.
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Lev-Ran O, Ben-Gal Y, Matsa M, Paz Y, Kramer A, Pevni D, Locker C, Uretzky G, Mohr R. 'No touch' techniques for porcelain ascending aorta: comparison between cardiopulmonary bypass with femoral artery cannulation and off-pump myocardial revascularization. J Card Surg 2002; 17:370-6. [PMID: 12630532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2001.tb01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of severe atherosclerotic ascending aorta during coronary artery bypass grafting requires alterations in the standard surgical technique to reduce the probability of stroke-related atheroembolization. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) confers the benefits of avoiding aortic cannulation and clamping, and may therefore attenuate this risk. METHODS OPCAB (n = 41) was compared to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using femoral arterial cannulation and hypothermic fibrillatory arrest (n = 15), in patients with porcelain ascending aorta undergoing myocardial revascularization. In both groups, a 'no touch' technique was applied by avoiding aortic cannulation and clamping. Proximal anastomoses on the atherosclerotic aorta were avoided by arterial grafting, (in-situ or T-graft configurations) in all cases. RESULTS Operative mortality was comparable (2.4% and 6.6% in the OPCAB and CPB groups respectively, p = NS). The rate of adverse neurological events, (two strokes and one transient ischemic attack), was higher in the CPB group (p = 0.0164). Based on brain CT, the nature of the recorded stroke suggested retrograde emboli. Three year survival (Kaplan-Meier) for the OPCAB and CPB groups was 86.7% and 81.3%, respectively (p = NS). Occurrence of late neurological adverse events during follow-up (8-51 months) was similar. CONCLUSIONS In patients with porcelain ascending aorta undergoing myocardial revascularization, neurological outcome of OPCAB patients is better than CPB using femoral artery cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Lev-Ran
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Teodori G, Di Giammarco G, Cirmeni S, Contini M, Iacò AL, Pano M. Impact of aortic manipulation on incidence of cerebrovascular accidents after surgical myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73:1387-93. [PMID: 12022522 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)03470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of aortic manipulation on incidence of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) was evaluated in patients who underwent myocardial revascularization. METHODS From January 1988 to December 2000, 4,875 patients had coronary operations; 33 who survived less than 24 hours and 19 who had aortic cannulation without cross-clamping were excluded. According to the degree of aortic manipulation, patients were divided into two groups: group A, aortic cannulation, cross-clamping, with (A1, n = 597) or without (A2, n = 2,233) side-clamping, and group B, with (B1, n = 460) or without (B2, n = 1,533) side-clamping. Patients in group A (n = 2,830) were operated on with and patients in group B (n = 1,993) were operated on without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to identify independent predictors of higher incidence of CVAs. RESULTS Forty-nine patients (1.0%) had a postoperative CVA, 24 early and 25 delayed, with a 30-day mortality of 34.7%. Independent CVA predictors were low output syndrome, presence of extracoronary vasculopathy, conversion from off to on pump, and any aortic manipulation. This latter risk factor was significant in patients with extracoronary vasculopathy, but not in patients without. Side-clamping was not a risk factor in patients operated on with CPB, but it was in no-CPB cases. Patients in group B1 had the same CVA incidence as patients in group A2. Therefore CPB, per se, was not a risk factor for higher CVA incidence. CONCLUSIONS Aortic manipulation must be avoided in patients with extracoronary vasculopathy. Maintenance of a good hemodynamic status is crucial for any patient to reduce CVA incidence. Patients with extracoronary vasculopathy are at higher risk, and a correct surgical strategy should be tailored for each case. In no-CPB cases use of side-clamping provides the same CVA risk as in patients in whom CPB, aortic cannulation, and cross-clamping were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Calafiore
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
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Naylor AR, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM, Bell PRF. Carotid artery disease and stroke during coronary artery bypass: a critical review of the literature. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23:283-94. [PMID: 11991687 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to determine the role of carotid artery disease in the pathophysiology of stroke after coronary artery bypass (CABG). DESIGN systematic review of the literature. RESULTS the risk of stroke after CABG was 2% and remained unchanged between 1970-2000. Two-thirds occurred after day 1 and 23% died. 91% of screened CABG patients had no significant carotid disease and had a <2% risk of peri-operative stroke. Stroke risk increased to 3% in predominantly asymptomatic patients with a unilateral 50-99% stenosis, 5% in those with bilateral 50-99% stenoses and 7-11% in patients with carotid occlusion. Significant predictive factors for post-CABG stroke included; (i) carotid bruit (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.8-4.6), (ii) prior stroke/TIA (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.7-4.9) and (iii) severe carotid stenosis/occlusion (OR 4.3, 95% CI 3.2-5.7). However, the systematic review indicated that 50% of stroke sufferers did not have significant carotid disease and 60% of territorial infarctions on CT scan/autopsy could not be attributed to carotid disease alone. CONCLUSIONS carotid disease is an important aetiological factor in the pathophysiology of post-CABG stroke. However, even assuming that prophylactic carotid endarterectomy carried no additional risk, it could only ever prevent about 40-50% of procedural strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Naylor
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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Terramani TT, Hood DB, Rowe VL, Peyre C, Nuno IN, Katz SG, Kohl RD, Starnes VA, Weaver FA. The utility of preoperative routine carotid artery duplex scanning in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Ann Vasc Surg 2002; 16:163-7. [PMID: 11972246 DOI: 10.1007/s10016-001-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) typically have a cardiac murmur that radiates to the neck and may be indistinguishable from a cervical bruit secondary to carotid artery occlusive disease. The purpose of this report was to determine the prevalence of significant asymptomatic carotid artery occlusive disease in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). All patients scheduled for AVR were prospectively studied. Preoperative carotid artery color-flow duplex was performed in all patients. A total of 204 patients were included in the study and significant carotid disease (>50% stenosis of the internal carotid artery) was found in 17 (8%). In patients with isolated aortic valve disease, 4/129 (3%) had significant stenosis. Of the patients with concurrent aortic valve and coronary artery disease, 13/75 (17%) had significant stenosis. The incidence of significant carotid stenosis in patients with aortic valve disease was over five fold higher in patients with concurrent coronary artery disease (3% vs. 17%, p <0.001). The yield of routine carotid duplex scanning for patients undergoing isolated AVR is low. However, in the subset of patients with concurrent coronary disease, the yield is higher. This finding supports the use of routine carotid duplex scanning in patients with coexistent aortic valve and coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Terramani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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21
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Gaudino M, Glieca F, Luciani N, Cellini C, Morelli M, Spatuzza P, Di Mauro M, Alessandrini F, Possati G. Should severe monolateral asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis be treated at the time of coronary artery bypass operation? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19:619-26. [PMID: 11343942 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The optimal treatment of severe monolateral asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (SMACS) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is still controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is based on the in-hospital and mid-term (>5 years) clinical results of a cohort of 139 consecutive CABG patients with SMACS operated at our Institution between January 1989 and December 1995. In the first 73 patients (no carotid surgery group), the SMACS was left untouched at the time of coronary surgery, whereas in the remaining 66 (carotid endoarterectomy group), the carotid stenosis was treated either immediately before or concomitantly with the CABG procedure (depending on the severity of the anginal symptoms). RESULTS The overall preoperative characteristics of the patients were comparable. The in-hospital results were similar between the two groups with regard to mortality, stroke and major postoperative complications. However, at mid-term follow-up, significantly more patients of the no carotid surgery group suffered cerebral events (transient or permanent) ipsilateral to the SMACS or the lesion had to be operated on. CONCLUSIONS The concomitant treatment (either staged or simultaneous) of SMACS at the time of CABG does not influence the in-hospital results, but confers significant neurological protection during the years after the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaudino
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Conroy BP, Grafe MR, Jenkins LW, Vela AH, Lin CY, DeWitt DS, Johnston WE. Histopathologic consequences of hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:1325-34. [PMID: 11308181 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)02401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether 34 degrees C or 31 degrees C hypothermia during global cerebral ischemia with hyperglycemic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in surviving pigs improves electroencephalographic (EEG) recovery and histopathologic scores when compared with normothermic animals. METHODS Anesthetized pigs were placed on CPB and randomly assigned to 37 degrees C (n = 9), 34 degrees C (n = 10), or 31 degrees C (n = 8) management. After increasing serum glucose to 300 mg/dL, animals underwent 15 minutes of global cerebral ischemia by temporarily occluding the innominate and left subclavian arteries. Following reperfusion, rewarming, and termination of CPB, animals were recovered for 24 (37 degrees C animals) or 72 hours (34 degrees C and 31 degrees C animals). Daily EEG signals were recorded, and brain histopathology from cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar regions was graded by an independent observer. RESULTS Before ischemia, serum glucose concentrations were similar in the 37 degrees C (307+/-9 mg/dL), 34 degrees C (311+/-14 mg/dL), and 31 degrees C (310+/-15) groups. By the first postoperative day, EEG scores in 31 degrees C animals (4.2+/-0.6) had returned to baseline and were greater than those in the 34 degrees C (3.4+/-0.5) and 37 degrees C (2.5+/-0.4) groups (p < 0.05, respectively, between groups). Cooling to 34 degrees C showed selective improvement over 37 degrees C in hippocampal, temporal cortical, and cerebellar regions, but the greatest improvement in all regions occurred with 31 degrees C. Cumulative neuropathology scores in 31 degrees C animals (13.5+/-2.2) exceeded 34 degrees C (6.8+/-2.2) and 37 degrees C (1.9+/-2.1) animals (p < 0.05, respectively, between groups). CONCLUSIONS Hypothermia during CPB significantly reduced the morphologic consequences of severe, temporary cerebral ischemia under hyperglycemic conditions, with the greatest protection at 31 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Conroy
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0591, USA
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Kasiske BL, Vazquez MA, Harmon WE, Brown RS, Danovitch GM, Gaston RS, Roth D, Scandling JD, Singer GG. Recommendations for the outpatient surveillance of renal transplant recipients. American Society of Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001. [PMID: 11044969 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11suppl_1s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many complications after renal transplantation can be prevented if they are detected early. Guidelines have been developed for the prevention of diseases in the general population, but there are no comprehensive guidelines for the prevention of diseases and complications after renal transplantation. Therefore, the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Transplantation developed these guidelines to help physicians and other health care workers provide optimal care for renal transplant recipients. The guidelines are also intended to indirectly help patients receive the access to care that they need to ensure long-term allograft survival, by attempting to systematically define what that care encompasses. The guidelines are applicable to all adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, and they cover the outpatient screening for and prevention of diseases and complications that commonly occur after renal transplantation. They do not cover the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and complications after they become manifest, and they do not cover the pretransplant evaluation of renal transplant candidates. The guidelines are comprehensive, but they do not pretend to cover every aspect of care. As much as possible, the guidelines are evidence-based, and each recommendation has been given a subjective grade to indicate the strength of evidence that supports the recommendation. It is hoped that these guidelines will provide a framework for additional discussion and research that will improve the care of renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kasiske
- Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55415, USA.
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Snider F, Rossi M, Manni R, Modugno P, Glieca F, Scapigliati A, Luciani N, Vincenzoni C, Schiavello R. Combined Surgery for cardiac and carotid disease: management and results of a rational approach. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 20:523-7. [PMID: 11136587 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2000.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to apply a rational plan for simultaneous cardiac and carotid surgery in high-risk patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A consecutive series of 89 patients with coexisting severe cardiac and carotid disease were operated on during a 5-year period with routinary carotid shunting, moderate hypothermia and balanced anaesthesia. The combined surgical procedures were coronary artery by-pass grafts (CABG) + carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in 81 patients, CABG + CEA + aortic valve replacement (AVR) in four patients, and four cases of CEA + AVR. RESSULTS: Two deaths (2%), three acute myocardial infarctions (3%) and one (1%) major stroke occurred in five patients during the perioperative (30 days) period for a combined rate of death and/or disabling stroke of 3%. There were five reversible neurological deficits. Carotid and aortic mean clamping times were 9 and 60 min respectively. Patients were discharged after a mean length of stay in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of 131 h and 7 days of hospitalisation post-ICU. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, combined interventions of CEA and CABG can be performed with an acceptable morbidity and mortality when severe carotid stenosis is associated with advanced, symptomatic cardiac disease. The management of these patients needs careful and appropriate pre-intra and post-operative assessment and timing aimed to reduce the ischaemic injuries, both cardiac and cerebral, especially during CBP time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Snider
- Institute of Surgical Semeiothic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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25
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Gaudino M, Glieca F, Alessandrini F, Luciani N, Cellini C, Pragliola C, Possati G. The unclampable ascending aorta in coronary artery bypass patients: A surgical challenge of increasing frequency. Circulation 2000; 102:1497-502. [PMID: 11004139 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.13.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unclampable ascending aorta (UAA) is a condition increasingly encountered during CABG procedures. We report our experience with CABG patients with UAA and place particular emphasis on the preoperative diagnosis and surgical management. METHODS AND RESULTS UAA was diagnosed in 211 of 4812 consecutive CABG patients (4.3%). On the basis of the chest radiograph, echocardiogram, and coronary angiograph, a preoperative diagnosis was achieved in only 58 patients (27.4%). An age of >70 years, diabetes, smoking, unstable angina, diffuse coronaropathy, and peripheral vasculopathy were all predictors of UAA. Patients were treated with hypothermic ventricular fibrillation (no-touch technique n=129) or beating heart revascularization (no-pump technique n=82) depending on the possibility of founding an arterial cannulation site. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 2.8% (6 of 211) with no differences between the 2 surgical strategies. The no-touch technique was associated with a greater incidence of neurological complications (stroke and transient ischemic attack), renal insufficiency, and stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. However, at midterm follow-up, more patients of the no-pump group had ischemia recurrence. CONCLUSIONS A preoperative diagnosis of UAA is achievable only in a minority of patients, which highlights the necessity revising the current diagnostic protocols. The use of the no-touch technique is associated with an high perioperative risk but a superior possibility of complete revascularization, whereas adoption of the no-pump strategy ensures a smoother postoperative course at the expense of an higher incidence of ischemia recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaudino
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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26
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Cuenca JJ, Herrera JM, Rodríguez-Delgadillo MA, Paladini G, Campos V, Rodríguez F, Valle JV, Portela F, Crespo F, Juffé A. [Total arterial myocardial revascularization with both mammary arteries without extracorporeal circulation]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000; 53:632-41. [PMID: 10816171 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(00)75141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tector has described the off-pump total arterial revascularization technique, using multiple anastomosis with both internal thoracic arteries. To reduce surgical morbid-mortality, we have proposed the use of this technique without extracorporeal circulation. PATIENTS AND METHODS From April, 1998 the off-pump <<Tector>> technique was performed in 92 patients, 74 male (80%) and 18 female (20%), with a mean age of 64.9+/-8.1 years (42-78). Preoperative angiography demonstrated triple-vessel disease in 58 (63%) patients, and left main disease was present in 19 (20.5%) patients. Forty patients (43.5%) showed unstable angina, 24 patients (26%) significant peripheral vascular disease, and 26 (28%) diabetes mellitus. Both internal thoracic arteries were harvested using the skeletonization technique and were used like a <<T or T>> graft. The flow in the graft was measured using a flowmeter, and in 24 (26%) patients by angiographic study. RESULTS A total of 274 distal anastomoses were performed, 122 (44.6%) in the lateral or inferior wall, and 69 (25.2%) were sequential, with an average of 2.98 bypass/patient. In 59.8% of the patients a triple bypass was performed, 22% double bypass, 17% cuadruple bypass and 1 patient a quintuple bypass. During the initial six hours 64.9% of patients were extubated. Only one patient (1.1%) needed intraaortic ballon pumping and 3 (3.2%) inotropics during the postoperative course. Hospital mortality was 3 (3.2%) patients. Reoperation for bleeding was needed in just one patient (1.1%), and 78.3% of patients were not transfused. Mediastinitis occurred in 3 patients (3.2%). Postoperative stroke was not observed. At 7.7+/-2.8 months of mean follow-up all patients were free of symptoms and the global patency rate of 94%. CONCLUSIONS Off-pump Tector technique appears to be safe, offering a complete arterial revascularization and showing a reduction of surgical morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cuenca
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital Juan Canalejo, A Coruña
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27
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Gaudino M, Martinelli L, Di Lella G, Glieca F, Marano P, Schiavello R, Possati G. Superior extension of intraoperative brain damage in case of normothermic systemic perfusion during coronary artery bypass operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 118:432-7. [PMID: 10469956 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(99)70179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the controversies on the potential detrimental effects of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on neurologic outcome, to date no correlation between the severity of intraoperative brain lesions and the cardiopulmonary bypass temperature used at operation has been reported. This study compares the prevalence and the severity of brain lesions in patients who underwent operation in condition of normothermic versus hypothermic systemic perfusion. METHODS Data are derived from the analysis of 2987 consecutive primary isolated myocardial revascularizations performed at our institution between April 1990 and January 1997. Of these cases, 1385 procedures were hypothermic and 1602 procedures were normothermic systemic perfusion. In all cases the neurologic outcome and extent of ischemic areas were prospectively recorded. RESULTS Overall, 31 patients had a perioperative stroke (1.0%). The prevalence of neurologic events was similar in the 2 groups (15 cases in the hypothermic group and 16 cases in the normothermic perfusion group; P, not significant). However, the mean Glasgow Outcome Scale score and computed tomography-demonstrated extent of brain lesions were significantly worse in the normothermic group. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevalence of intraoperative stroke was similar with hypothermic or normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, the use of normothermic systemic perfusion was associated with more extended brain damage at computed tomographic scan and with a worse neurologic outcome. These results demand caution in the use of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and claim further investigation on the neurologic safety of normothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaudino
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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