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Towle I, Davenport C, Irish JD, De Groote I. High frequency of dental caries and calculus in dentitions from a British medieval town. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105777. [PMID: 37556981 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental pathology and tooth wear data can offer valuable insights into the diet and behaviour of past populations. This study aimed to investigate the presence of dietary continuity by examining different types of dental pathology and tooth wear in a medieval sample from the United Kingdom, comparing them to earlier and later samples from the same location. DESIGN A comprehensive examination was conducted on 41 individuals (comprising 914 permanent teeth) retrieved from the medieval cemetery of St. Owens Church in Southgate Street, Gloucester, UK. The research focused on documenting and analysing various types of dental pathology and tooth wear, such as dental caries, calculus, and tooth chipping. The frequency of these specific pathologies and wear patterns was then compared to existing literature. Additionally, non-masticatory tooth wear was also evaluated as part of the study. RESULTS The sample exhibits high levels of carious lesions and calculus (24 % and 74 % of teeth respectively). Anterior teeth also show an elevated chipping frequency, and along with occlusal notches on the maxillary central incisors suggest teeth were regularly used for non-masticatory purposes. CONCLUSIONS Caries frequency is similar to sites from later periods and may relate to the early adoption of consuming refined carbohydrates. However, remains from the same area, but the earlier Roman period, also shows high rates of caries and calculus, suggesting a continuation of consuming certain cariogenic foods, or certain behavioural/environmental factors, may instead be responsible for these pathology and wear patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Towle
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Carole Davenport
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom; Blake Emergency Services, Disley SK12 2DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciences, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom; Ghent University, Department of Archaeology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Bertl K, Tangl S, Rybaczek T, Berger B, Traindl-Prohazka M, Schuller-Götzburg P, Grossschmidt K. Prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a historical Austrian population. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:931-945. [PMID: 32658361 PMCID: PMC7689777 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective To assess the prevalence and severity of periodontitis based on different diagnostic methods in a historical Austrian population from the early middle ages. Background The description of the oral health status of archaeological material can provide interesting insights into prevalence, severity, and extent of oral diseases. Herein, the periodontal health status of the skeletal remains of medieval Avars (700‐800 AD), which were considered as one of the earliest Avarian settlements in Austria, was investigated. Methods The skeletal remains of 128 Avars were examined; age and gender were estimated by standard forensic methods and tooth loss and root caries were recorded. Periodontitis was assessed by (a) measurement of the alveolar bone levels (ABL) and (b) evaluation of the interdental septa. Results A mean ABL of 4.8 mm was determined, root caries tended to accumulate in teeth with a higher alveolar bone loss, and on average, 6.2 teeth were lost antemortem. Independent of the diagnostic method >90% of the subjects were judged as periodontally diseased, and age and tooth type were significant predictors. However, on the tooth level the presence of periodontitis varied considerably depending on the diagnostic method; that is, 7.6% versus 47.2% of the teeth were judged as healthy based on ABL or interdental septa, respectively. Conclusion The periodontal status of the skeletal remains of medieval Avars revealed a considerable high prevalence of periodontitis (ie, >90% of this population displayed periodontal tissue breakdown). However, the diagnostic method, disease definition, and data presentation should be considered when comparing results of archaeological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bertl
- Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Rybaczek
- Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Berger
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Schuller-Götzburg
- Division of Prosthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Grossschmidt
- Bone and Biomaterials Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Balaji VR, Niazi TM, Dhanasekaran M. An unusual presentation of dental calculus. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019; 23:484-486. [PMID: 31543623 PMCID: PMC6737844 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_680_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calculus is a mineralized bacterial plaque that is formed on natural teeth surfaces where there is constant supply of saliva. Dental calculus is commonly seen over the buccal surfaces of maxillary molars and lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth where the salivary duct opens into the oral cavity. This case report presents an unusual presentation of a large hard calcified mass in the left side of retromolar region associated with partially erupted tooth; hard mass was excised and examined histochemically which suggested the presence of calculus. Elimination of such nidus shall prevent formation of such calculus in such unusual position. This can also be achieved with proper oral hygiene measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thanvir Mohammed Niazi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Raitapuro-Murray T, Molleson TI, Hughes FJ. The prevalence of periodontal disease in a Romano-British population c. 200-400 AD. Br Dent J 2016; 217:459-66. [PMID: 25342357 PMCID: PMC4340975 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Describes the prevalence of periodontal and other dental disease in an ancient British population from the examination of dried skulls. Estimates that the prevalence of established periodontitis in this population was around 5%, considerably lower than prevalence estimates for modern humans.
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis in an ancient British cohort c. 200-400 AD. Design Observational study to assess periodontal and other oral disease parameters. Setting Natural History Museum, London. Subjects and methods 303 skulls from a Romano-British burial site in Poundbury, Dorset were examined for evidence of dental disease. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was presence of moderate to severe periodontitis. Secondary outcomes included: amount of horizontal bone loss; prevalence of ante-mortem tooth loss; and presence of other dental pathologies. Results The overall prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis was just greater than 5%. The prevalence rate remained nearly constant between ages 20 to 60, after which it rose to around 10%. The number of affected teeth increased with age. Horizontal bone loss was generally minor. Caries was seen in around 50% of the cohort, and evidence of pulpal and apical pathology was seen in around 25%. Conclusions The prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis was markedly decreased when compared to the prevalence in modern populations, underlining the potential importance of risk factors such as smoking and diabetes in determining susceptibility to progressive periodontitis in modern populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raitapuro-Murray
- 1] [2] Barts &The London School of Medicine &Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
| | | | - F J Hughes
- 1] Barts &The London School of Medicine &Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London [2] Kings College London Dental Institute, Floor 21 Tower Wing, Guys Hospital. London, SE1 9RT
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Gonçalves PCG, Griffiths G, Rawlinson A. A study of the periodontal state of a late Medieval United Kingdom population. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1797-801. [PMID: 26453772 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the severity of bone loss in a Medieval UK population, and compare this with other ancient UK populations from different time periods. DESIGN Skulls from a burial site in York (XI-XV century) were investigated. Skulls with a minimum of 17 teeth were included and were divided from childhood into five age groups. Direct measurements from the cement enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest (AC) were undertaken at six points around each tooth with a UNC 15 probe. The mean bone loss was calculated for each tooth type. RESULTS Seventy five skulls were included in the study (12-60 years of age). Bone loss was found to increase with age, but stabilized in older individuals (>45 years). The mean CEJ-AC distance varied from 2.1mm in the youngest group to a maximum of 4.1mm in 36-45 year olds. Results were compared with a Roman-British population (Whittaker et al., 1982) where comparable values for mean bone loss were 2.2mm and 5.4mm respectively, and a population of XVIII century Londoners (Whittaker et al., 1998) where bone loss of 1.1mm and 4.0mm was reported for the youngest and oldest age groups respectively. CONCLUSION Measuring the CEJ-AC distance in dried skulls from ancient populations may be used as a proxy for the levels of periodontal disease irrespective of tooth wear. The findings from the current study suggest that the severity of periodontitis as determined by measurements of alveolar bone loss on dried skulls from this ancient population, seems to have declined in the United Kingdom from the III-V century to XVIII century. This may be due to changes in environmental factors including living conditions and diet, together with individual characteristics including systemic illness and genetic make up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rawlinson
- Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Huynh H, Verneau J, Levasseur A, Drancourt M, Aboudharam G. Bacteria and archaea paleomicrobiology of the dental calculus: a review. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H.T.T. Huynh
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
- URMITE; UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - J. Verneau
- URMITE; UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - A. Levasseur
- URMITE; UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - M. Drancourt
- URMITE; UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - G. Aboudharam
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
- URMITE; UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
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Dental health and diet in early medieval Ireland. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bonsall L. A comparison of female and male oral health in skeletal populations from late Roman Britain: implications for diet. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1279-300. [PMID: 25150533 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Textual sources from the Roman period point to the existence of dietary differences between the sexes. The aim of this study was to assess the palaeopathological evidence for such gender differences in dietary habits in Roman Britain by comparing the oral health of sexed individuals from two late Romano-British sites (Ancaster, Lincolnshire, and Winchester, Hampshire, England). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-seven females (1243 teeth and 1950 sockets) and 112 males (1984 teeth and 2903 sockets) were examined for the presence of five dento-alveolar conditions, namely caries, calculus, periapical lesions, periodontal disease, and antemortem tooth loss. The frequency of each condition was calculated at the per individual and per tooth/socket level, and the results were compared between the sexes using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Caries and antemortem tooth loss were slightly more common among women, but differences between the sexes were generally not significant. Males experienced higher rates of calculus and periodontal disease. There were no sex differences in the frequency of periapical lesions. CONCLUSIONS Comparable rates of caries, periapical lesions and antemortem tooth loss in females and males indicate broad similarity in the diets of men and women. The greater levels of calculus and periodontal disease in males might point to some dietary differences, but could also be explained by non-dietary factors. Overall, the findings suggest that significant gender differences in diet, described in some contemporaneous textual sources, were not widely observed in Roman Britain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonsall
- University of Edinburgh, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Mid Lothian EH8 9AG, United Kingdom.
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Sardana V, Balappanavar AY, Deshpande S, Shigli A, Indushekar KR, Gogia G. Evaluation of marginal alveolar bone height for early detection of periodontal disease in pediatric population: clinical and radiographic study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:37-45. [PMID: 24939263 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish a normal range for the radiographic distance between cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest and the factors affecting distances for the early assessment of periodontal disease in Dravidian pediatric population. METHODS Fifty children aged 6 to 8 years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clinical and radiographic examination was performed. All the surfaces were examined starting from the distal surface of primary canine to the mesial surface of first permanent molar. The various risk factors like plaque, calculus, proximal caries, restoration and bleeding on probing were recorded. A pair of bitewing radiographs was taken for each child. Bitewing radiographs were traced and analyzed. RESULTS It showed that CEJ-ABC distance in primary teeth is about 1 ± 0.5 mm. In the permanent teeth, it was found to be 0.6 ± 0.5 mm in 6 to 8 years age group. CEJ-ABC distance was also affected by different variables like physiologic (eruption and exfoliation) and pathologic factors (plaque, calculus, dental caries, restorations, stainless steel crowns, bleeding on probing and probing depth). CONCLUSION CEJ-ABC distances greater than 2.5 mm should be considered under recall and follow-up. Children and adolescents susceptible to periodontal disease should be identified by radiographic means as early as possible in order to prevent the advance of an otherwise possibly destructive disease. The concept of oral health examination and treatment must include examination of the periodontal status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sardana
- Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, ITS Institute of Dental Sciences, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aswini Y Balappanavar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobha Deshpande
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Yerala Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Shigli
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bharti Vidyapeeth Institute of Dental Sciences, Sangli, Maharashtra India
| | - K R Indushekar
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Guneet Gogia
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, Rama Institute of Dental Sciences Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vodanović M, Peroš K, Zukanović A, Knežević M, Novak M, Šlaus M, Brkić H. Periodontal diseases at the transition from the late antique to the early mediaeval period in Croatia. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1362-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Malčić AI, Vodanović M, Matijević J, Mihelić D, Mehičić GP, Krmek SJ. Caries prevalence and periodontal status in 18th century population of Požega-Croatia. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1592-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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