1
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Çetinel ZÖ, Bilge D. Investigation of miltefosine-model membranes interactions at the molecular level for two different PS levels modeling cancer cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024:10.1007/s10863-024-10025-y. [PMID: 38833041 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-024-10025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Miltefosine (MLT) is a broad-spectrum drug included in the alkylphospholipids (APL) used against leishmania and various types of cancer. The most crucial feature of APLs is that they are thought to only kill cancerous cells without harming normal cells. However, the molecular mechanism of action of APLs is not completely understood. The increase in the phosphatidylserine (PS) ratio is a marker showing the stage of cancer and even metastasis. The goal of this research was to investigate the molecular effects of miltefosine at the molecular level in different PS ratios. The effects of MLT on membrane phase transition, membrane orders, and dynamics were studied using DPPC/DPPS (3:1) and DPPC/DPPS (1:1) multilayer (MLV) vesicles mimicking DPPS ratio variation, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our findings indicate that miltefosine is evidence at the molecular level that it is directed towards the tumor cell and that the drug's effect increases with the increase of anionic lipids in the membrane depending on the stage of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duygu Bilge
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey.
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2
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Zambrano P, Manrique-Moreno M, Petit K, Colina JR, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Suwalsky M, Strzalka K. Differential scanning calorimetry in drug-membrane interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149806. [PMID: 38579619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a central technique in investigating drug - membrane interactions, a critical component of pharmaceutical research. DSC measures the heat difference between a sample of interest and a reference as a function of temperature or time, contributing essential knowledge on the thermally induced phase changes in lipid membranes and how these changes are affected by incorporating pharmacological substances. The manuscript discusses the use of phospholipid bilayers, which can form structures like unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles, providing a simplified yet representative membrane model to investigate the complex dynamics of how drugs interact with and penetrate cellular barriers. The manuscript consolidates data from various studies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug - membrane interactions, the determinants that influence these interactions, and the crucial role of DSC in elucidating these components. It further explores the interactions of specific classes of drugs with phospholipid membranes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticancer agents, natural products with antioxidant properties, and Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. The manuscript underscores the critical importance of DSC in this field and the need for continued research to improve our understanding of these interactions, acting as a valuable resource for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zambrano
- Department of Bioscience, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Faculty of Natural of Exact Sciences, Chemistry Institute, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Karla Petit
- LabMAT, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
| | - José R Colina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mario Suwalsky
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Banyal A, Tiwari S, Sharma A, Chanana I, Patel SKS, Kulshrestha S, Kumar P. Vinca alkaloids as a potential cancer therapeutics: recent update and future challenges. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:211. [PMID: 37251731 PMCID: PMC10209376 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinca alkaloids including vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinflunine are chemotherapeutic compounds commonly used to treat various cancers. Vinca alkaloids are one of the first microtubule-targeting agents to be produced and certified for the treatment of hematological and lymphatic neoplasms. Microtubule targeting agents like vincristine and vinblastine work by disrupting microtubule dynamics, causing mitotic arrest and cell death. The key issues facing vinca alkaloids applications include establishing an environment-friendly production technique based on microorganisms, as well as increasing bioavailability without causing harm to patient's health. The low yield of these vinca alkaloids from the plant and the difficulty of meeting their huge colossal demand around the globe prompted researchers to create a variety of approaches. Endophytes could thus be selected to produce beneficial secondary metabolites required for the biosynthesis of vinca alkaloids. This review covers the significant aspects of these vital drugs, from their discovery to the present day, in a concise manner. In addition, we emphasize the major hurdles that must be overcome in the coming years to improve vinca alkaloid's effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Shubham Tiwari
- IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201009 India
| | - Aparajita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Ishita Chanana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
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Altunayar-Unsalan C, Unsalan O, Mavromoustakos T. Molecular interactions of hesperidin with DMPC/cholesterol bilayers. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110131. [PMID: 36037876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since cell membranes are complex systems, the use of model lipid bilayers is quite important for the study of their interactions with bioactive molecules. Mammalian cell membranes require cholesterol (CHOL) for their structure and function. For this reason, the mixtures of phospholipid and cholesterol are necessary to use in model membrane studies to better simulate the real systems. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the incorporation of hesperidin in model membranes consisting of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and CHOL by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). ATR-FTIR results demonstrated that hesperidin increases the fluidity of the DMPC/CHOL binary system. DSC findings indicated that the presence of 5 mol% hesperidin induces a broadening of the main phase transition consisting of three overlapping components. AFM experiments showed that hesperidin increases the thickness of DMPC/CHOL lipid bilayer model membranes. In addition to experimental results, molecular docking studies were conducted with hesperidin and human lanosterol synthase (LS), which is an enzyme found in the final step of cholesterol synthesis, to characterize hesperidin's interactions with its surrounding via its hydroxyl and oxygen groups. Then, hesperidin's ADME/Tox (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) profile was computed to see the potential impact on living system. In conclusion, considering the data obtained from experimental studies, this work ensures molecular insights in the interaction between a flavonoid, as an antioxidant drug model, and lipids mimicking those found in mammalian membranes. Moreover, computational studies demonstrated that hesperidin may be a great potential for use as a therapeutic agent for hypercholesterolemia due to its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cisem Altunayar-Unsalan
- Ege University Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ozan Unsalan
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece.
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Çetinel ZÖ, Bilge D. The effects of miltefosine on the structure and dynamics of DPPC and DPPS liposomes mimicking normal and cancer cell membranes: FTIR and DSC studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mazumder K, Aktar A, Roy P, Biswas B, Hossain ME, Sarkar KK, Bachar SC, Ahmed F, Monjur-Al-Hossain ASM, Fukase K. A Review on Mechanistic Insight of Plant Derived Anticancer Bioactive Phytocompounds and Their Structure Activity Relationship. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093036. [PMID: 35566385 PMCID: PMC9102595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disorder that rigorously affects the human population worldwide. There is a steady demand for new remedies to both treat and prevent this life-threatening sickness due to toxicities, drug resistance and therapeutic failures in current conventional therapies. Researchers around the world are drawing their attention towards compounds of natural origin. For decades, human beings have been using the flora of the world as a source of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, clinically approved anticancer compounds are vincristine, vinblastine, taxanes, and podophyllotoxin, all of which come from natural sources. With the triumph of these compounds that have been developed into staple drug products for most cancer therapies, new technologies are now appearing to search for novel biomolecules with anticancer activities. Ellipticine, camptothecin, combretastatin, curcumin, homoharringtonine and others are plant derived bioactive phytocompounds with potential anticancer properties. Researchers have improved the field further through the use of advanced analytical chemistry and computational tools of analysis. The investigation of new strategies for administration such as nanotechnology may enable the development of the phytocompounds as drug products. These technologies have enhanced the anticancer potential of plant-derived drugs with the aim of site-directed drug delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced toxicity. This review discusses mechanistic insights into anticancer compounds of natural origins and their structural activity relationships that make them targets for anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (A.A.); (P.R.); (B.B.); (M.E.H.); (K.K.S.)
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence: or (K.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Asma Aktar
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (A.A.); (P.R.); (B.B.); (M.E.H.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Priyanka Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (A.A.); (P.R.); (B.B.); (M.E.H.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Biswajit Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (A.A.); (P.R.); (B.B.); (M.E.H.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Md. Emran Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (A.A.); (P.R.); (B.B.); (M.E.H.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Kishore Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (A.A.); (P.R.); (B.B.); (M.E.H.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Sitesh Chandra Bachar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (S.C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Firoj Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (S.C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - A. S. M. Monjur-Al-Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Correspondence: or (K.M.); (K.F.)
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7
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Insights into molecular mechanism of action of citrus flavonoids hesperidin and naringin on lipid bilayers using spectroscopic, calorimetric, microscopic and theoretical studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Patel A, Vanecha R, Patel J, Patel D, Shah U, Bambharoliya T. Development of Natural Bioactive Alkaloids: Anticancer perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:200-212. [PMID: 34254913 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210712111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a frightful disease that still poses a 'nightmare' worldwide, causing millions of casualties annually due to one of the human race's most significant healthcare challenges that requires a pragmatic treatment strategy. However, plants and plant-derived products revolutionize the field as they are quick, cleaner, eco-friendly, low-cost, effective, and less toxic than conventional treatment methods. Plants are repositories for new chemical entities and have a promising cancer research path, supplying 60% of the anticancer agents currently used. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery and development. However, some alkaloids derived from natural herbs display anti-proliferation and antimetastatic activity on different forms of cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids have also been widely formulated as anticancer medications, such as camptothecin and vinblastine. Still, more research and clinical trials are required before final recommendations can be made on specific alkaloids. This review focuses on the naturally-derived bioactive alkaloids with prospective anticancer properties based on the information in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravi Vanecha
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Jay Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Divy Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Umang Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Morais CM, Cardoso AM, Cunha PP, Aguiar L, Vale N, Lage E, Pinheiro M, Nunes C, Gomes P, Reis S, Castro MMCA, Pedroso de Lima MC, Jurado AS. Acylation of the S4 13-PV cell-penetrating peptide as a means of enhancing its capacity to mediate nucleic acid delivery: Relevance of peptide/lipid interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2619-2634. [PMID: 30291923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively exploited in gene therapy approaches as vectors for intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules. The ability of CPPs to be internalized into cells and their capacity to complex nucleic acids depend on their molecular structure, both primary and secondary, namely regarding hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. CPP acylation has been used as a strategy to improve this structural feature. METHODS Acyl groups (from 6 to 18 carbon atoms) were attached to the S413-PV peptide and their effects on the peptide competence to complex siRNAs and to mediate gene silencing in glioblastoma (GBM) cells were studied. A systematic characterization of membrane interactions with S413-PV acyl-derivatives was also conducted, using different biophysical techniques (surface pressure-area isotherms in Langmuir monolayers, DSC and 31P NMR) to unravel a relationship between CPP biological activity and CPP effects on membrane stability and lipid organization. RESULTS A remarkable concordance was noticed between acylated-S413-PV peptide competence to promote gene silencing in GBM cells and disturbance induced in membrane models, the lauroyl- and myristoyl-S413-PV peptides being the most effective. A cut-off effect was described for the first time regarding the influence of acyl-chain length on CPP bioactivity. CONCLUSIONS C12-S413-PV showed high capacity to destabilize lipid bilayers, to escape from lysosomal degradation and to mediate gene silencing without promoting cytotoxicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Besides unraveling a new CPP with high potential to be employed as a gene delivery vector, this work emphasizes the benefit from allying biophysical and biological studies towards a proper CPP structural refinement for successful pre-clinical/clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Morais
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Aguiar
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emílio Lage
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Margarida C A Castro
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Amália S Jurado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Martino E, Casamassima G, Castiglione S, Cellupica E, Pantalone S, Papagni F, Rui M, Siciliano AM, Collina S. Vinca alkaloids and analogues as anti-cancer agents: Looking back, peering ahead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2816-2826. [PMID: 30122223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer still represents a "nightmare" worldwide, causing annually millions of victims. Several antiproliferative molecules are currently used as drugs market and offer a pharmaceutical opportunity for attenuating and treating tumor manifestations. In this context, natural sources have a relevant role, since they provide the 60% of currently-used anticancer agents. Among the numerous natural products, acting via different mechanisms of action, microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) have a high therapeutic potential, since they disrupt the abnormal cancer cell growth, interfering with the continuous mitotic division. Vinca alkaloids (VAs) are the earliest developed MTAs and approved for clinical use (Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine, Vindesine, and Vinflunine) as agents in the treatment of hematological and lymphatic neoplasms. Here, we review the state-of-art of VAs, discussing their mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties and highlighting their therapeutic relevance and toxicological profile. Additionally, we briefly disclosed the technological approaches faced so far to ameliorate the pharmacological properties, as well as to avoid the drug resistance. Lastly, we introduced the recent advances in the discovery of new derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Martino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Casamassima
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia Castiglione
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Cellupica
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Pantalone
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Papagni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Rui
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Marika Siciliano
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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11
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Wei X, Patil Y, Ohana P, Amitay Y, Shmeeda H, Gabizon A, Barenholz Y. Characterization of Pegylated Liposomal Mitomycin C Lipid-Based Prodrug (Promitil) by High Sensitivity Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4339-4345. [PMID: 28045540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a lipidated prodrug of mitomycin C (MLP) on the membrane of a pegylated liposome formulation (PL-MLP), also known as Promitil, was characterized through high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cryo-TEM. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that MLP led to the formation of heterogeneous domains in the membrane plane of PL-MLP. MLP concentrated in prodrug-rich domains, arranged in high-ordered crystal-like structures, as suggested by the sharp and high enthalpy endotherm in the first heating scanning. After thiolytic cleavage of mitomycin C from MLP by dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment, the crystal-like prodrug domain disappears and a homogeneous membrane with stronger lipid interactions and higher phase transition temperature compared with the blank (MLP-free) liposomes is observed by DSC. In parallel, the rod-like discoid liposomes and the "kissing liposomes" seen by cryo-TEM in the PL-MLP formulation disappear, and liposome mean size and polydispersity increase after DTT treatment. Both MLP and the residual postcleavage lipophilic moiety of the prodrug increased the rigidity of the liposome membrane as indicated by DSC. These results confirm that MLP is inserted in the PL-MLP liposome membrane via its lipophilic anchor, and its mitomycin C moiety located mainly at the region of the phospholipid glycerol backbone and polar headgroup. We hypothesize that π-π stacking between the planar aromatic rings of the mitomycin C moieties leads to the formation of prodrug-rich domains with highly ordered structure on the PL-MLP liposome membrane. This thermodynamically stable conformation may explain the high stability of the PL-MLP formulation. These results also provide us with an interesting example of the application of high sensitivity DSC in understanding the composition-structure-behavior dynamics of liposomal nanocarriers having a lipid-based drug as pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC , Jerusalem, Israel.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yogita Patil
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel.,Hebrew University-School of Medicine , Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Hilary Shmeeda
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alberto Gabizon
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center , Jerusalem, Israel.,Hebrew University-School of Medicine , Jerusalem, Israel.,Lipomedix Pharmaceuticals , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC , Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Neumann J, Rose-Sperling D, Hellmich UA. Diverse relations between ABC transporters and lipids: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:605-618. [PMID: 27693344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It was first discovered in 1992 that P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1), an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, can transport phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, -ethanolamine and -serine as well as glucosylceramide and glycosphingolipids. Subsequently, many other ABC transporters were identified to act as lipid transporters. For substrate transport by ABC transporters, typically a classic, alternating access model with an ATP-dependent conformational switch between a high and a low affinity substrate binding site is evoked. Transport of small hydrophilic substrates can easily be imagined this way, as the molecule can in principle enter and exit the transporter in the same orientation. Lipids on the other hand need to undergo a 180° degree turn as they translocate from one membrane leaflet to the other. Lipids and lipidated molecules are highly diverse, so there may be various ways how to achieve their flipping and flopping. Nonetheless, an increase in biophysical, biochemical and structural data is beginning to shed some light on specific aspects of lipid transport by ABC transporters. In addition, there is now abundant evidence that lipids affect ABC transporter conformation, dynamics as well as transport and ATPase activity in general. In this review, we will discuss different ways in which lipids and ABC transporters interact and how lipid translocation may be achieved with a focus on the techniques used to investigate these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid order/lipid defects and lipid-control of protein activity edited by Dirk Schneider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dania Rose-Sperling
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Lee CT, Huang YW, Yang CH, Huang KS. Drug delivery systems and combination therapy by using vinca alkaloids. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:1491-500. [PMID: 25877096 PMCID: PMC4997956 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150414120547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Developing new methods for chemotherapy drug delivery has become a topic of great concern. Vinca alkaloids are among the most widely used chemotherapy reagents for tumor therapy; however, their side effects are particularly problematic for many medical doctors. To reduce the toxicity and enhance the therapeutic efficiency of vinca alkaloids, many researchers have developed strategies such as using liposome-entrapped drugs, chemical- or peptide-modified drugs, polymeric packaging drugs, and chemotherapy drug combinations. This review mainly focuses on the development of a vinca alkaloid drug delivery system and the combination therapy. Five vinca alkaloids (eg, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, and vinflunine) are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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14
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Bahadori F, Topçu G, Eroğlu MS, Önyüksel H. A new lipid-based nano formulation of vinorelbine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1138-48. [PMID: 24871553 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinorelbine (VLB) is a semi-synthetic Vinca alkaloid which is currently used in treatment of different cancer types mainly advanced breast cancer (ABC) and advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its marketed formulation has been reported to have serious side effects, such as granulocytopenia, which is the major dose-limiting toxicity. Other unwanted effects include venous discoloration and phlebitis proximal to the site of injection, as well as localized rashes and urticaria, blistering, and skin sloughing. Our long-term aim in synthesizing a novel nanomicellar vinorelbine formulation is to reduce or even eliminate these side effects and increase drug activity by formulating the drug in a lipid-based system as a nanomedicine targeted to the site of action. To this end, the purpose of this study was to prepare, characterize, and determine the in vitro efficacy of vinorelbine-loaded sterically stabilized, biocompatible, and biodegradable phospholipid nanomicelles (SSM; size, ∼15 nm). Our results indicated that vinorelbine incorporate at high quantities and within the interface between the core and palisade sections of the micelles. Incorporation ratio of drug within sterically stabilized micelles increased as the total amount of drug in the system increased, and no drug particles were formed at the highest drug concentrations tested. The nanomicellar formulation of vinorelbine was ∼6.7-fold more potent than vinorelbine dissolved in DMSO on MCF-7 cell line. Collectively, these data indicate that vinorelbine-loaded SSM can be developed as a new, safe, stable, and effective nanomedicine for the treatment of breast and lung cancers.
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Bourgaux C, Couvreur P. Interactions of anticancer drugs with biomembranes: what can we learn from model membranes? J Control Release 2014; 190:127-38. [PMID: 24859379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of anticancer drugs with cell membranes are of primary importance for drug transport, accumulation and activity. However, these interactions are very difficult to investigate because of the complexity of biological membranes. Lipid model membranes have therefore been built to gain insight into the collective role of lipids in drug-membrane interactions. Membranes can act as a barrier for drug molecules, sequester them or conversely may allow them to freely diffuse, thereby modulating the accumulation of drugs into cells. Lipid membranes also affect the ability of the efflux pump Pgp to bind and efflux anticancer drugs from cells. On the other hand, anticancer drugs can alter the structure and properties of lipid membranes, which are expected to influence the functioning of embedded proteins. The relevance of lipid model membranes to assess interactions between anticancer drugs and biomembranes is evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Bourgaux
- Institut Galien-Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92 296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien-Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92 296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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16
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Interactions at the bilayer interface and receptor site induced by the novel synthetic pyrrolidinone analog MMK3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:422-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Fotakis C, Christodouleas D, Chatzigeorgiou P, Zervou M, Benetis NP, Viras K, Mavromoustakos T. Development of a CP 31P NMR broadline simulation methodology for studying the interactions of antihypertensive AT1 antagonist losartan with phospholipid bilayers. Biophys J 2009; 96:2227-36. [PMID: 19289049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-polarization (CP) (31)P NMR broadline simulation methodology was developed for studying the effects of drugs in phospholipids bilayers. Based on seven-parameter fittings, this methodology provided information concerning the conformational changes and dynamics effects of losartan in the polar region of the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. The test molecule for this study was losartan, an antihypertensive drug known to exert its effect on AT(1) transmembrane receptors. The results were complemented and compared with those of differential scanning calorimetry, solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance. More specifically, these physical chemical methodologies indicated that the amphipathic losartan molecule interacts with the hydrophilic-head zone of the lipid bilayers. The CP (31)P NMR broadline simulations showed that the lipid molecules in the bilayers containing losartan displayed greater collective tilt compared to the tilt displayed by the load-free bilayers, indicating improved packing. The Raman results displayed a decrease in the trans/gauche ratio and increased intermolecular interactions of the acyl chains in the liquid crystalline phase. Additional evidence, suggesting that losartan possibly anchors in the realm of the headgroup, was derived from upfield shift of the average chemical shift sigma(iso) of the (31)P signal in the presence of losartan and from shift of the observed peak at 715 cm(-1) attributed to C-N stretching in the Raman spectra.
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18
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Demetzos C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): a tool to study the thermal behavior of lipid bilayers and liposomal stability. J Liposome Res 2008; 18:159-73. [PMID: 18770070 DOI: 10.1080/08982100802310261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamical techniques are applied for determining the thermal stress of medicinal compounds of the excipients as well as their interactions during the formulation process. The physicochemical properties and the stability of the medicinal products could be measured as a function of temperature or time using thermal analysis. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a suitable thermal analysis technique for determining the purity, the polymorphic forms and the melting point of a sample in the Pharmaceutical Industry. It is also considered as a tool to study the thermal behavior of lipid bilayers and of lipidic drug delivery systems, like liposomes by measuring thermodynamic parameters (i.e. DeltaH and Tm), which affect the stability of the liposomal suspension under given storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Demetzos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Greece.
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19
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Chemin C, Péan JM, Bourgaux C, Pabst G, Wüthrich P, Couvreur P, Ollivon M. Supramolecular organization of S12363-liposomes prepared with two different remote loading processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:926-35. [PMID: 19101501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The S12363 anticancer drug was encapsulated into liposomes in an attempt to increase its therapeutic index. Loading of S12363 was achieved using two different processes based on the formation of either a pH gradient or an ammonium gradient between the acidic inner liposomal compartment and the basic outer phase. High encapsulation yields (>90%) were obtained using both processes for sphingomyelin/cholesterol/cholesterol-PEG vesicles. Spectrofluorimetry measurements have shown that liposomes were characterized by an internal pH around 4 for both loading processes. This internal pH was stable over a period of at least 20 days. Differential scanning calorimetry coupled with time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to study the drug/carrier supramolecular organization. In ammonium sulfate, S12363 was inserted into the bilayer in the vicinity of the polar headgroup. In citrate buffer, S12363 was mainly adsorbed at the water-lipid interface. The drug partitioning into the membrane was inhomogeneous and led to the formation of drug-rich and drug-poor domains. This effect was enhanced in the presence of cholesterol, especially in ammonium sulfate. To conclude, for both processes, the encapsulated drug was found inside the liposome aqueous core but strongly interacting with the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chemin
- Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR CNRS 8612, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Mavromoustakos TM. The use of differential scanning calorimetry to study drug-membrane interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 400:587-600. [PMID: 17951761 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-519-0_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differential-scanning calorimetry is a thermodynamic technique widely used for studying drug-membrane interactions. This chapter provides practical examples on this topic, highlighting the caution to be taken in analyzing thermal data as well as scientific information that can be derived by the proper use of the technique. An example is given using model bilayers containing high concentration of the anesthetic steroid alphaxalone. It is shown that the breadth of the phase transitions and the maximum of the phase-transition temperature of the bilayer depend on the equilibration conditions before acquiring the thermal scan. In addition, the quality of the thermo-gram depends on its perturbation and incorporation effects; for dissecting these effects, a complementary technique such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is necessary. Differential-scanning calorimetry is a useful technique to study the interdigitation effect of a drug by monitoring DeltaH changes. Cholesterol, a main constituent of membrane bilayers, appears to disrupt the interdigitating effect. In general, the thermal effects of the drug incorporated into a membrane bilayer depends on the drug stereoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Mavromoustakos
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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21
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Koukoulitsa C, Kyrikou I, Demetzos C, Mavromoustakos T. The role of the anticancer drug vinorelbine in lipid bilayers using differential scanning calorimetry and molecular modeling. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 144:85-95. [PMID: 16962086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed to investigate the thermal changes caused by the anticancer alkaloid drug vinorelbine in dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. The total enthalpy change was increased by the presence of the drug molecule, indicating a partial interdigitation of the lipid alkyl chains. The presence of cholesterol in DPPC bilayers including vinorelbine induced an obstruction of the interdigitation, since cholesterol interrupts the upraise of enthalpy change. Vinorelbine's interdigitation ability and stabilizing properties with the active site of the receptor have been compared with those of similar in structure amphipathic and bulky alkaloid vinblastine. The obtained results may in part explain their similar mechanism of action but different bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koukoulitsa
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas. Constantinou 48, 11635 Athens, Greece
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22
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Static CP 31P NMR multilamellar bilayer broadlines in the absence and presence of the bioactive dipeptide β-Ala-Tyr or Glu. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Saroglou V, Hatziantoniou S, Smyrniotakis M, Kyrikou I, Mavromoustakos T, Zompra A, Magafa V, Cordopatis P, Demetzos C. Synthesis, liposomal formulation and thermal effects on phospholipid bilayers of leuprolide. J Pept Sci 2005; 12:43-50. [PMID: 15942935 DOI: 10.1002/psc.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel liposomal formulation was developed for the encapsulation of the oligopeptide leuprolide (GlpHisTrpSerTyr-D-LeuLeuArgProNHEt), a potent analogue of gonadotropin releasing hormone used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis and precocious puberty. Leuprolide was synthesized using solid phase methodology on a {3-[(ethyl-Fmoc-amino)-methyl]-1-indol-1-yl}-acetyl AM resin and Fmoc/tBu chemistry. The new liposomal formulation, called 'liposomes in liposomes' is composed of egg phosphatidylcholine:dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol in a molar ratio of 98.91:1.09 (internal liposomes) and egg phosphatidylcholine:dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol:cholesterol in a molar ratio of 68.71:0.76:30.53 (external liposomes). It offers high encapsulation efficiency (73.8% for leuprolide); it can provide new delivery characteristics and it may have possible advantages in future applications regarding the encapsulation and delivery of bioactive peptides to target tissues. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics (size distribution and zeta-potential) of the liposomal formulations and the thermal effects on leuprolide in model lipidic bilayers composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, the dynamic effects of leuprolide in an egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol system were examined using solid state 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saroglou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, University of Athens, Greece
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24
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Kyrikou I, Daliani I, Mavromoustakos T, Maswadeh H, Demetzos C, Hatziantoniou S, Giatrellis S, Nounesis G. The modulation of thermal properties of vinblastine by cholesterol in membrane bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:1-8. [PMID: 14967469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Revised: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the partitioning of vinblastine in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) single and multiple bilayer dispersions induces partial interdigitation of the lipid alkyl chains. Similar behavior has been observed for abietic and ursodeoxycholic acids and may well be generalized for the partitioning of bulky amphoteric molecules, which tend to localize in the vicinity of the polar heads. For the present study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed to investigate the role of lipid molecular characteristics such as the alkyl chain length and the polarity of the head-group, as well as the impact of cholesterol upon vinblastine-induced interdigitation. It is found that vinblastine does not induce interdigitation in lipids with either shorter or longer alkyl chains than DPPC, or having head-groups of different polarity. In addition, it is shown that the presence of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer tends to modulate the phase behavior of the lipid/vinblastine bilayer system. Preliminary studies show that such properties directly affect the encapsulation efficiency and the pharmacokinetics of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kyrikou
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Vasileos Constantinou 48, Athens 11635, Greece
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